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We aimed to reveal the latitudinal trends in foliar δ13C and δ15N of Quercus variabilis, a widely distributed species in East Asia, associated with two ontogenetic stages (juvenile and mature trees) along a North-South transect (26°-40° N). The results showed that mature trees had higher foliar δ13C and δ15N values than juveniles. Foliar δ13C and δ15 values of trees with both ontogenetic stages were nonlinearly increased and decreased with latitude, respectively. No interaction between ontogenetic stage and latitude for the changes of foliar δ15N and δ13C indicated that both ontogenetic stages across the transect consistently responded to latitudinal environmental variations. Results from the random forest models indicated that foliar δ13N of Q. variabilis was mainly affected by soil nutrient contents, e. g., soil organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, whereas dominated factors for foliar δ13C were related to moisture, such as relative humidity, precipitation of growing season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular breeding via DNA shuffling can direct the evolution of viruses with desired traits. By using a positive-strand RNA virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as a model, rapid attenuation of the virus was achieved in this study by DNA shuffling of the viral envelope genes from multiple strains. The GP5 envelope genes of 7 genetically divergent PRRSV strains and the GP5-M genes of 6 different PRRSV strains were molecularly bred by DNA shuffling and iteration of the process, and the shuffled genes were cloned into the backbone of a DNA-launched PRRSV infectious clone. Two representative chimeric viruses, DS722 with shuffled GP5 genes and DS5M3 with shuffled GP5-M genes, were rescued and shown to replicate at a lower level and to form smaller plaques in vitro than their parental virus. An in vivo pathogenicity study revealed that pigs infected with the two chimeric viruses had significant reductions in viral-RNA loads in sera and lungs and in gross and microscopic lung lesions, indicating attenuation of the chimeric viruses. Furthermore, pigs vaccinated with the chimeric virus DS722, but not pigs vaccinated with DS5M3, still acquired protection against PRRSV challenge at a level similar to that of the parental virus. Therefore, this study reveals a unique approach through DNA shuffling of viral envelope genes to attenuate a positive-strand RNA virus. The results have important implications for future vaccine development and will generate broad general interest in the scientific community in rapidly attenuating other important human and veterinary viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravel (>2 mm) is one of the main parameters for estimating soil carbon pool. To assess the effects of gravel on soil bulk density (BD) and organic carbon density (SOCD) in Pinus massoniana plantations, we estimated the BD and SOCD at the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm soil depths of 131 plots under two different conditions, with and without removing gravel. The BD of each soil layer after removing gravel was 0.58-1.57, 0.60-1.67, and 0.59-1.75 g·cm -3 , respectively, which was significantly lower than that before removing gravel. Gravel increased the BD by 6.5%-6.8%. The SOCD of each soil layer before removing gravel was 8.93-65.97, 7.63-59.08, and 8.79-94.53 t·hm -2 , respectively, which was higher than that after removing gravel. Overall, by neglecting the effect of gravel, SOCD was overestimated by 4.9%-11.8%. As gravel content increased, the relative deviation in the estimated BD and SOCD among different methods increased. When the gravel content was higher than 20%, the estimated SOCD at soil layer of 0-40 cm showed a significant difference between neglecting gravel and removing gravel, with the former being 29.7%-47.4% higher than the latter. In conclusion, gravel markedly affected the estimations of BD and SOCD. It was recommended that SOCD should be estimated by the method that not only uses the BD after removing gravel but also considers gravel as a correction factor (especially when gravel content is above 20.0%) to avoid overestimation of soil carbon pool.

We aimed to reveal the latitudinal trends in foliar δ 13 C and δ 15 N of Quercus variabilis, a widely distributed species in East Asia, associated with two ontogenetic stages (juvenile and mature trees) along a North-South transect (26°-40° N). The results showed that mature trees had higher foliar δ 13 C and δ 15 N values than juveniles. Foliar δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of trees with both ontogenetic stages were nonlinearly increased and decreased with latitude, respectively. No interaction between ontogenetic stage and latitude for the changes of foliar δ 15 N and δ 13 C indicated that both ontogenetic stages across the transect consistently responded to latitudinal environmental variations. Results from the random forest models indicated that foliar δ 15 N of Q. variabilis was mainly affected by soil nutrient contents, e.g., soil organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, whereas dominated factors for foliar δ 13 C were related to moisture, such as relative humidity, precipitation of growing season.

To explore potential effects of soil nutrient on leaf thermal tolerance across geographical origins, five provenance, i.e., Chengbu of Hunan (CB), Zigui of Hubei (ZG), Neixiang of Henan (NX), Lincheng of Heibei (LC) and Pinggu of Beijing (PG), seedlings of Quercus variabilis were cultivated under nitrogen and phosphorus addition. Leaf thermal tolerance parameters (cold, heat and span), nutrient concentrations (nitrogen and phosphorus), nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), as well as non-structural carbohydrate (soluble sugar and starch) concentrations were analyzed. The results were shown as follows: Nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency varied between oak origins with no obvious geographical trends. PG had higher nutrient use efficiency (NUE and PUE), whereas NX had lower PUE under all treatments. CB had the highest PUE under phosphorus addition. Compared with the control, nutrient addition increased the cold tolerance of PG and LC, and to some extent, increased the heat tolerance of the three middle provenances (ZG, NX, LC). However, the thermal span was opposite to the cold tolerance, as nutrient addition decreased the thermal span of PG and LC but increased that of NX. The leaf cold tolerance had significantly positive correlation with soluble sugar concentration, while the heat tolerance negatively and positively correlated with leaf phosphorus and ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus, respectively. No significant correlation was found between leaf thermal span and leaf chemical substances. To sum up, nutrient use efficiency varying in provenances might be contributed by the original habitats and consequently presented with some local adaptation characteristics, which complicated the response of thermal tolerance to nutrient addition.

Age structures and spatial distribution patterns of Quercus variabilis populations were analyzed across geographical gradients (latitude, longitude and altitude) by using the size-grading method and the ratio of variance to mean. The results showed as following: Over the horizontal gradient, the northern, middle, southern and western populations of Q. variabilis exhibited an inverse-J shape, but the eastern populations declined. The spatial patterns of adult individuals were all clumped except the northern populations which were randomly distributed. Juveniles were clumped in the northern, middle and western populations, but were randomly distributed in the southern and eastern populations. The aggregation intensity of juveniles across latitude decreased with the order as the central, northern and southern populations, but as the central, southern and northern populations for adult individuals. The aggregation intensity of both juveniles and adults across longitude followed a decreased order as the central, western and eastern populations. Along the altitudinal gra-dient, the inverse-J type occurred only in the low- and middle-altitude populations, but populations in the high altitude declined. The juveniles in populations among altitude gradient all were clumped, but the adults were all clumped except the low-altitude populations which were randomly distributed. The aggregation intensities of both juveniles and adults were higher in the middle than the other altitudinal populations. Compared with adults, juveniles generally had higher aggregation intensities across various geographical gradients. Our results revealed that the age structure and spatial distribution pattern of Q. variabilis were mainly determined by environment variation across geographical gradients and the species' biological property, which supported the central-marginal hypothesis.