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Bacterial contamination is a major public health concern on a global scale. Treatment resistance in bacterial infections is becoming a significant problem that requires solutions. We were interested in obtaining new polymeric functionalized compounds with antibacterial properties. Three components (polymeric amine, aldehyde, and phosphite) were used in the paper in a modified "one-pot" Kabachnik–Fields reaction, in tetrahydrofuran at 60 °C, to create the N-C-P skeleton in aminophosphonate groups. Two copolymers were thus prepared starting from an acrylonitriledivinylbenzene (AN-15%DVB) copolymer containing pendant primary amine groups modified by grafting aminophosphonate groups, i.e., aminobenzylphosphonate (Bz-DVB-AN) and aminoethylphosphonate (Et-DVB-AN). The two copolymers were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, TGA, and antibacterial properties. It was shown that the novel products have antibacterial qualities against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. The sample with the strongest antibacterial activity was Et-DVB-AN. We assessed how well the Weibull model and the first-order kinetic model represent the inactivation of microbial cells in our samples. The main advantage of the new antibacterial agents developed in this work is their easy recovery, which helps to avoid environmental contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focused on the hunting practices and potentially pathogenic bacterial species among European fallow deer (Dama dama). Within a five-year period, three hunting grounds from Western Romania were examined. During this period, a total of 1881 deer were hunted, and 240 samples were collected by rectal and nasal swabbing from 120 carcasses. Bacterial strains were identified utilizing bacteriological assays and the Vitek® 2 Compact system. Notably, the Socodor hunting ground exhibited a significant difference in harvesting quotas between the bucks (Group M) and does/yearlings (Group F), favoring the latter. In the Chișineu Criș–Sălișteanca hunting ground, a likely correlation in harvesting quotas between the two groups was observed. The identified potentially pathogenic bacteria were Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus faecium. These results highlight the importance of effectively managing the deer population and recognize the potential for Dama dama to spread zoonotic pathogens, emphasizing the necessity of adopting a One Health approach and maintaining ongoing surveillance of this game species' population dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The resistance phenotypes to animal pathogenic bacteria (both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) are increasing in frequency due to the use of antibiotic-based veterinary medicinal products in both in farm animals and pets. The research aimed to establish phenotypically the antibiotic resistance in bacterial strains isolated from dogs with various respiratory tract infections. Both susceptible Gram-positive and Gram-negative isolated strains had the highest frequency to enrofloxacin (82.45% and 81.81%). Gram-positive resistant strains had the highest frequency to penicillin G (70.18%), while Gram-negative strains had the highest frequency of resistance to lincomycin. The results confirm the marked increase of resistance phenotypes in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains to a wide range of antimicrobial substances, frequently used in the therapy of infectious diseases in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer, being a cationic polysaccharide, which is generally obtained by deacetylation of chitin. Aminophosphorylated chitosan is of interest due to the presence of its multiple functional groups of aminophosphonate type that can serve as chelating sites and their interesting biological and chemical properties. This paper presents the achievement of antibacterial adsorbent based on modified chitosan with aminphosphonic groups and Zn(II) ions. The new aminophosphonic adsorbent supported on chitosan was modified by impregnation with Zn(II) ions using the hydrothermal reaction. It was prepared from the natural biopolymer of chitosan type. The obtained product was characterized by different techniques: FTIR, SEM / EDX, XPS and thermogravimetric analysis. This research aimed to test modified chitosan against the strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). In order to highlight the effect of the presence of Zn(II) ions, both the chitosan functionalized with aminophosphonic groups and impregnated with Zn(II) ions (code: ChitPZn) and the chitosan functionalized with aminophosphonic groups (code: ChitP) were tested. It was found that Zn(II) ions impregnation on chitosan functionalized with aminophosphonic groups increases the antibacterial effect in both St. aureus as well as at Ps. aeruginosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African swine fever (ASF) is a viral infectious disease specific to domestic and wild swine of all ages, highly contagious and very serious, probably the most dangerous and damaging disease of pigs, able to produce in new outbreaks of domestic swine fever a mortality of up to 100%. This disease is produced by a deoxyribovirus of the genus Asfavirus, the family of Asfaviridae with at least 22 different genomic types. In Europe, the disease was first reported in 1957 in Portugal, around Lisbon. Although the first outbreaks were declared eradicated, in 1960 others appeared when the disease spread to Spain and after that it could not be eradicated until 1990, after great efforts and huge losses. ASF was also reported in other European countries as: France (1964), Italy (1967), Malta (1978), Belgium (1985), The Netherlands (1986). Of all this, ASF could be eradicated by extremely drastic and costly measures, except in Sardinia, where it would seem to persist in today's endemic form. In the middle of 2007 this disease appeared in countries of the former Soviet Union and in the Czech Republic, then in 2016 in Poland, in 2017 in Romania, Hungary and Belgium. In 2018 ASF spread in Bulgaria and Italy. The updated map of European Union outbreaks of swine fever in the European Union shows that Romania is the country most affected by the virus, with almost half of the counties in the red zone - officially discovered pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with 2006, in Europe had been a lot of Bluetongue (BT) outbreaks evolving like hemorrhagic disease in ruminants, caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). This paper reviews an epidemiological situation of this disease in Europe and in Romania in the last years with all health and economic problems that followed the outbreaks. For the first time described in 1905 in Merino sheep from South Africa, BTV is an Arbovirus isolated from wild and domestic ruminants, with sublinical to fatal symptoms of disease. The name Bluetongue derived from necrosis, cell injuries with vascular thrombosis, oedema, haemorrhages that make the tongue cyanotic, with a blue colour. By historically point of view BTV is known to be prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas between 35° S and 45° N, but many outbreaks were than reported in further northwards, an emergence may be caused by climate changes, when a high temperature contributes to both distribution and competence of certain species of Culicoides midges, known to be the insect vector of BT disease. With the exception of Antarctica BTV was been isolated on every continent. From 1,400 species of Culicoides throught the world, only about 30 species have been discovered to be competent biological vectors. There are more regions in Europe believed previously to be not a risk for bluetongue evolution but the situation since 2006 demonstrates the contrary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with November 2016 beekeepers from Timiş county reported bee colonies losses. During the winter months the situation became more the situation has become more severe, increasing losses of bee families. From November 2016, untill February 2017 were been received samples of dead bees from 23 different apiaries in Timiş county. The dead honey bees were analized in the way to discover what kind of causes produced all these losses. Was also proceeded to analyze the bacterial flora from bees intestine. Bacteriological examination of bees intestine and the cultivation on special medium of culture emphasized rich cultures of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (Bacillus larvae), etiologic agent for American foulbrood. These bacteria were been isolated from bee intestine in samples provided from 18 apiaries (78.26%). There are many causes of high degree of bee mortality in winter 2016-2017 but the isolation of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae maybe was one of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many times when it is studied the therapeutic effect of honey appears an important question regarded to which type of honey is suitable for medical purpose and which type has the best antibacterial effect. In this study were been analyzed six samples of honey from different botanical origins, including unifloral (Acacia honey, Lime honey, Cole honey), and multifloral types (forest honey from low altitude, from high altitude and field honey) obtained direct from beekeepers localized in unpolluted areas from the Western part of Romania. Was been evaluated the pH from honey samples, microbiological characteristics (standard plate count or SPC) and antibacterial activity (method of growth inhibition) in some pathogen microorganisms cultures from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus. Also it was performed a study for bacterial, fungal or yeast organisms detection in all six honey samples. The count of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, mold and yeast registered low values, being absent from honey samples pathogen bacteria like coliform bacteria, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus and Clostridium species. After measuring of the size of zone diameter of inhibition (ZDI) for evaluate the honey antibacterial activity, the highest value was obtained in forest honey from high altitude (39 mm) and the lowest value in the case of Cole honey (11 mm) in the case of undiluted samples. All dilutions of honey samples registered lower values of ZDI than those undiluted. All these results, correlated with many others from many studies demonstrate once again that this natural and ancient product is so valuable by medical point of view and anytime can be used like alternative methods of treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to know that the intestinal flora of most organisms play a decisive role in nutrient assimilation or diseases defending action and honeybees are not an exception. The importance and composition of the intestinal micro-flora define the health and growth of honeybees. For this study were been collected as far as 10 honeybee workers from each area, from three different areas: Brasov County, near Perşani Mountains, Timiş County, from plane area and Arad County, from hillside area, from beekeepers, both in June and December. First was been detected the total number of bacteria contained in honeybees intestine samples through dilution method. The largest number of countered bacteria colonies was obtained from Timiş County (2946 colonies/millilitre) in December. The smallest number of countered bacteria colonies was obtained in Braşov County (527 colonies/millilitre) in June. After the growing colonies of bacteria from studied samples on special mediums of culture have been detected many species, Gram-positive including Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Gram-negative including Escherichia spp., Proteus, Citrobacter, Pseudomonas. Also have been detected Lactobacillus strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From our prior studies concerning eugenol's biologic activity we observed the very good in vitro antifungal efficiency of this natural compound. Those positive results generated the need to supplement the available information with a comparative in vivo animal model. In this context, our current study was proposed to ascertain and compare the effects of eugenol with nystatin with a placebo control group (saline solution) by evaluating the cytohistological alterations in immunosuppressed Wistar female rats genitally infected with Candida albicans. The observed histological alterations were most apparent in the placebo group. Candidiasis affected the liver, ovaries, kidneys, and spleen of the infected female rats. When compared to the groups treated with eugenol and nystatin, these alterations were either less discernible or were not reported at all, except for the liver degenerations, which were attributed to the immunosuppressive activity of drugs used and not to the Candida infection. The efficiency in the in vivo experimental candidiasis exerted by eugenol upon the tissues' histoarchitecture allows us to seriously consider it as a promising antifungal active substance, useful therapeutically in genital candidiasis and, in our opinion, with comparable biologic activity to that of nystatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antibacterial activity of an alcoholic extract of propolis from Apis mellifera was investigated using a method of growth inhibition in the culture medium of microorganisms. For this study were been chosen bacterial species implicated in severe infections in animals: Streptococcus suis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pasteurella haemolytica (Mannheimia haemolytica, 1999). The propolis extract demonstrated to possess bactericidal properties against studied microorganisms in descending order as follows: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pasteurella haemolytica, Salmonella spp. All these results demonstrates the possibility of using propolis in either treatment alone, as a natural alternative, be associated with an appropriate antibiotic for the potentiating effect in the event of serious infections in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sheep myiasis is a seriously debilitating disease that has the potential to generate a substantial stress to affected animals. All lesions severity and animals state of health can be retrieved in immunological parameters detection, because always results an immune response to challenge factors which intercede in their productive life. Today is important to find non-chemical methods of ectoparasites control, from natural resistance or vaccine induced resistance. The study was carried out on infected and uninfected sheep with larvae of Wohlfahrtia magnifica. From two groups of healthy and parasited sheep were been taken blood samples. From the group from sheep with myiasis were been detected the cutaneous lesions with W. magnifica maggots and the maggots have been collected. The mechanisms of unspecific immune defending have been studied through cellular effectors by leucogram. In leucogram appear quantitative differences between different categories of cells which take part in immune response, such as polymorphonuclears (neutrophiles, eozinophiles) and mononuclears (limphocytes). The immune specific answer has been detected through radial simple immunodiffusion test made with antigen prepared from W. magnifica maggots from the third stage of development, in the view of estimating the presence of an immune reaction through antibodies synthesis in infested sheep. In both studies have been detected immune responses of parasite hosts. All immunological studies may allow a sustainable ectoparasites control utilizing host resistance which seems to be attainable in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of biofilm in disease processes in humans and animals is now widely recognized. In animal species, the risk of infection is probably greater than the risk in humans. This is due to the difference in animal housing and living environments -- animals naturally live in environments with a large and much more diverse microbial community. Most oral bacteria live symbiotically in biofilm. This symbiotic association gives the bacteria different communal properties than individual planktonic bacteria. Bacteria that form biofilm live and develop in communities which are an important property for dental plaque formation that leads to dental calculus formation, periodontal diseases, dental caries and systemic diseases. The objective of this study is to reveal the role of dental plaque (oral biofilm) in pathogenesis of dental calculus, periodontal disease and dental caries in dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of stress on the main physiologic indicators: body temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, urinary cortisol and creatinine levels and fecal corticosterone in juvenile rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). One seven-week old group-reared rabbits were kept in individual isolation for 24 hours in metabolic cages. This caused the increase at the skin level of the mean body temperature measured, from 31.2°C to 31.5°C, also an increase of the mean heart rate, from 201 beats/min. to 217 beats/min. and an increase of the mean respiratory rate from 47 respirations/min. to 55 respirations/min. At the end of the individual isolation period, the average urinary cortisol/creatinine ratio was of: 9.09 × 10-6 and the average value of fecal corticosterone was 557 ng/g. Isolation of group-reared individuals, represents a stress factor that influence the welfare of animals used in scientific experiments, in this respect, fecal corticosterone and urinary cortisol measurements represent an useful non-invasive method for the stress assessment in laboratory animals used for scientific purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endotoxins are powerful pro-inflammatory agents, producing systemic effects and lung obstruction, even at low level of exposure. It is well known that farmers had a major risk to develop professional respiratory diseases. It was proven that exposure to organic dust could be substantial and can lead to respiratory diseases and to an annual accentuated deprivation of lung functions, endotoxins representing thus a significant respiratory risk. Exposure to airborne endotoxins is associated with a variety of acute (cough, fever, malaise, temporary decrease of lung function) and chronic respiratory symptoms, for example the toxic pneumonia and chronic obstructive bronchitis. It was considered that broilers housed on permanent bedding should present a desensitized immune system, which should demonstrate a better tolerance or resistance to endotoxins exposure, compared to caged broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was been performed to emphasizing the dynamics of immunological parameters in healthy and parasitically infested youth sheep from different private herds from Timis district. The researches were been made on 20 youth sheep 10-11 months aged from Turcana breed divided in two groups: first group (M) comprised 10 healthy sheep periodic treated with antiparasitic drugs and the second group (E) contained 10 sheep who never received any antiparasitic drugs. All animals are clinical healthy, but those of E group are more skinny and have long and bristled fleece. From both groups were been taken blood samples in the view of evaluation the dynamics of unspecific immune response, represented by some parameters, like seric properdine, seric lysozime, phagocytic index and leucogramme. The obtained results confirm that immune system in infected animals always tried to counteract the noxious action of parasitic agents through increased values of studied parameters. A coproscopic examination of both studied groups identified first instar larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria and Trichostrongylus spp. in E group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of fish meat is very different than animal meat. The physical, chemical and bacteriological characteristics of three different fish species (carp, pike, and catfish) were examined in this study. All of these characteristics were examined after sampling and then after 24, 48 and 72 hours of refrigeration between + 2 and + 4°C. For all three types of fish meat the physical and chemical indicators (pH and total volatile bases nitrogen) had an ascendant evolution in this period. The values of these parameters had overrun the admitted limit after 72 refrigeration hours. The biggest values for the studied characteristics were recorded in the pike meat. The bacteriological indicators studied (mesophilic and psychrophilics bacteria) were in the limits of meat salubrity at the beginning of the refrigeration period and their values were kept at the same level for a period of 24 hours. After 48 hours of refrigeration. in the pike meat both indicators had bigger values than the meat of the others fish species. After three days of refrigeration the differences were more accentuated and this was more evident for the psychrophilic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our research four live attenuated vaccines against avian infectious bursitis (two inland produced and two imported) were tested: Biavac, Biaromvac-Pa, Gumboro Vaccine Nobilis 228e and Live Virus Vaccine Tablets Gumboro, M.B. Strain. The research was made in production conditions on 44,400 broiler chickens maintained in industrial system and raised on bedding and in batteries. The broilers were kept in four poultry houses, each of them representing an experimental group. We mention that vaccines were administered only one time. Vaccines efficiency was assessed by immunoenzymatic test. In that purpose, for each poultry house, 20 broilers were isolated and identified by a tibial ring, their immune response being followed between 5 and 42 days of age. Analyzing the results about individual antibodies titer during the experiment, the significant differences were observed both in poultries and phases. The best results were obtained using Live Virus Vaccine Tablets Gumboro, M.B. strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The studies was carried out in a sturgeon farm located in the south-west region of Romania. In the context of high density of the fish, the first clinical signs of the disease was the anorexia, followed by the appearance of bleeding on the fin, tail, gills and abdominal tegument. The ascitis was present but not common. The bacteriological exam emphasized the presence of Vibrio alginolyticum and Photobacterium spp. (formerly Pasteurella spp) with high sensibility at fluorfenicol. This is the first outbreak of vibriosis associated with pasteurelosis at sturgeon in the southwest region of Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to assess the microbiological and chemical air quality in a municipal solid waste landfill and its inhabited surroundings, in a particular context in which Romania struggles with the incapacity to comply with its environmental commitments. The research was conducted on a landfill near the capital Bucharest between November 2018 and September 2019. To evaluate the chemical (oxygen, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and carbon monoxide–MX6 iBrid™ Détector multigas) and microbiological (airborne bacteria and fungi–aspiration method) parameters, eight sampling points were established, located both on the perimeter of the landfill and within its surroundings. CO and CH4 were not detected in any of the sampling points, during the study period; O2 was in normal values 20.09–21.05%; CO2 had a maximum average concentration of 620 ± 215; H2S had values between 0.1 and 5.0 ppm only in the sampling points inside the landfill; NH3 was present only once in a single sampling point with values between 1.0 and 3.0 ppm. The microbiological results provide an overview of the total plate count and total fungal count, with no significant differences between the level of contamination inside the landfill and within its surroundings (p > 0.05). Ten bacterial species and fungi from six genera have been identified. It was also found that the number of microorganisms in the air was significantly lower during the winter, spring and early summer months compared with the late summer and autumn months (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic disease of domestic and wild herbivores, hypodermosis is caused by the larval forms of warble fly species. This study aimed the emphasizing of hypodermosis prevalence in cattle from the south-western part of the country, in Mehedinţi district. Were been clinically examined for grub infestation 363 animals from 10 villages in Mehedinţi, 1-6 years aged, from particular breeders. Were been discovered 124 (34.15%) cattle with warbles on the back, flank and hump region, with a maximal average value of warbles on one animal of 21. From infected animals were been taken blood samples for haematological and biochemical examinations. The results of laboratory tests emphasized lower values of haematocrit, haemoglobin, eritrocytes number and a reduced level of seric glucose, proteins, albumins and calcium. All these results demonstrate the presence of anaemia and hyporeactivity state of parasitized animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]