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2. Notes

Author

Nichols, William

Published
2024

3. Index

Author

Nichols, William

Published
2024

6. Conclusion

Author

Nichols, William

Published
2024

13. The clinical impact of acquired von Willebrand syndrome secondary to Waldenström macroglobulinemia: an underrecognized source of major bleeding events

Author

Chohan, Karan L., Pruthi, Rajiv K., Zanwar, Saurabh, Paludo, Jonas, Go, Ronald, Pardanani, Animesh, Ashrani, Aneel, Cook, Joselle M., Thompson, Carrie A., Chanan-Khan, Asher, Ailawadhi, Sikander, Habermann, Thomas M., Witzig, Thomas E., Gertz, Morie A., Dingli, David, Buadi, Fransis K., Dispenzieri, Angela, Leung, Nelson, Kumar, Shaji K., Rajkumar, Vincent, Nichols, William L., Kyle, Robert A., Ansell, Stephen M., Kapoor, Prashant, Sridharan, Meera, and Abeykoon, Jithma P.

Published
2024
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25. Integrative Multiomics in the Lung Reveals a Protective Role of Asporin in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Author

Hong, Jason, Medzikovic, Lejla, Sun, Wasila, Wong, Brenda, Ruffenach, Grégoire, Rhodes, Christopher J., Brownstein, Adam, Liang, Lloyd L., Aryan, Laila, Li, Min, Vadgama, Arjun, Kurt, Zeyneb, Schwantes-An, Tae-Hwi, Mickler, Elizabeth A., Gräf, Stefan, Eyries, Mélanie, Lutz, Katie A., Pauciulo, Michael W., Trembath, Richard C., Perros, Frédéric, Montani, David, Morrell, Nicholas W., Soubrier, Florent, Wilkins, Martin R., Nichols, William C., Aldred, Micheala A., Desai, Ankit A., Trégouët, David-Alexandre, Umar, Soban, Saggar, Rajan, Channick, Richard, Tuder, Rubin M., Geraci, Mark W., Stearman, Robert S., Yang, Xia, and Eghbali, Mansoureh

Published
2024
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26. Metabolomic Profiles Differentiate Scleroderma-PAH From Idiopathic PAH and Correspond With Worsened Functional Capacity

Author

Alotaibi, Mona, Shao, Junzhe, Pauciulo, Michael W, Nichols, William C, Hemnes, Anna R, Malhotra, Atul, Kim, Nick H, Yuan, Jason X-J, Fernandes, Timothy, Kerr, Kim M, Alshawabkeh, Laith, Desai, Ankit A, Bujor, Andreea M, Lafyatis, Robert, Watrous, Jeramie D, Long, Tao, Cheng, Susan, Chan, Stephen Y, and Jain, Mohit

Subjects
Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Autoimmune Disease, Scleroderma, Lung, Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, Orphan Drug, Inflammatory and immune system, Humans, Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, Hypertension, Pulmonary, Scleroderma, Systemic, Prognosis, Lipids, biomarkers, metabolomics, pulmonary hypertension, scleroderma, Clinical Sciences, Respiratory System, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe prognosis and therapeutic responses are worse for pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis (SSc-PAH) compared with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). This discrepancy could be driven by divergence in underlying metabolic determinants of disease.Research questionAre circulating bioactive metabolites differentially altered in SSc-PAH vs IPAH, and can this alteration explain clinical disparity between these PAH subgroups?Study design and methodsPlasma biosamples from 400 patients with SSc-PAH and 1,082 patients with IPAH were included in the study. Another cohort of 100 patients with scleroderma with no PH and 44 patients with scleroderma with PH was included for external validation. More than 700 bioactive lipid metabolites, representing a range of vasoactive and immune-inflammatory pathways, were assayed in plasma samples from independent discovery and validation cohorts using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry-based approaches. Regression analyses were used to identify metabolites that exhibited differential levels between SSc-PAH and IPAH and associated with disease severity.ResultsFrom hundreds of circulating bioactive lipid molecules, five metabolites were found to distinguish between SSc-PAH and IPAH, as well as associate with markers of disease severity. Relative to IPAH, patients with SSc-PAH carried increased levels of fatty acid metabolites, including lignoceric acid and nervonic acid, as well as eicosanoids/oxylipins and sex hormone metabolites.InterpretationPatients with SSc-PAH are characterized by an unfavorable bioactive metabolic profile that may explain the poor and limited response to therapy. These data provide important metabolic insights into the molecular heterogeneity underlying differences between subgroups of PAH.

Published
2023

30. Teacher Efficacy and Attributes on the Implementation of Tiered Instructional Frameworks

Author

Nichols, Janys, Nichols, William D., and Rupley, William H.

Abstract

United States federal mandates and reforms to address the needs of at-risk students have resulted in many states being required to implement evidence-based practices (EBP) and tiered systems of support (TSS). We examined the relationships between successful implementation of EBP and tiered frameworks, specifically Positive Behavior Interventions and Support (PBIS) and the constructs of teacher self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and teacher attributions. Data were collected using the School-wide Evaluation Tool (SET), Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES), the Collective Efficacy Scale (CES), and Teachers' Attributions for Student Behavior Measure (TASBM). Significant correlations were found between PBIS implementation level and 1) Instructional Strategies subscale of the TSES; 2) Collective Efficacy Scale and both of its subscales; and 3) TASBM and its Stable and Blame subscales. Significant differences in mean ratings were found between high implementing schools and low implementing schools on the Instructional Strategies subscale of the TSES, on the CES, and both of its subscale. Results showed a decrease in mean ratings on the Blame subscale of the TASBM in schools that had higher implementation scores on the SET.

Published
2020

31. Fluency: Deep Roots in Reading Instruction

Author

Rupley, William H., Nichols, William Dee, Rasinski, Timothy V., and Paige, David

Abstract

Over the past two decades, reading fluency has been increasingly recognized as an important instructional variable for success in reading. Yet, this has not always been the case. This article presents a historical review of the nature and role of fluency instruction in the United States. The roots of oral reading fluency began in an age when texts and other forms of entertainment and information were limited. Historically, in America, oral reading was the predominant means for conveying ideas and passing the time at home with the family. In the 1800s, American education's primary method of instruction emphasized the need for being able to read aloud with expression and fluency, in order to hold the listeners' attention and convey information. As texts and other forms of information became more available, oral reading became deemphasized, and silent reading was viewed as a better approach to developing readers' comprehension at the cost of fluency development. With continued research and national reports that indicate the significant contributions of oral reading fluency to reading comprehension and academic proficiency, it is clear that the roots of oral reading run deep, and that fluent reading development is important to learners' academic achievement and reading comprehension.

Published
2020

32. Deficiency of the Deubiquitinase UCHL1 Attenuates Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Author

Tang, Haiyang, Gupta, Akash, Morrisroe, Seth A., Bao, Changlei, Schwantes-An, Tae-Hwi, Gupta, Geetanjali, Liang, Shuxin, Sun, Yanan, Chu, Aiai, Luo, Ang, Ramamoorthi Elangovan, Venkateswaran, Sangam, Shreya, Shi, Yinan, Naidu, Samisubbu R., Jheng, Jia-Rong, Ciftci-Yilmaz, Sultan, Warfel, Noel A., Hecker, Louise, Mitra, Sumegha, Coleman, Anna W., Lutz, Katie A., Pauciulo, Michael W., Lai, Yen-Chun, Javaheri, Ali, Dharmakumar, Rohan, Wu, Wen-Hui, Flaherty, Daniel P., Karnes, Jason H., Breuils-Bonnet, Sandra, Boucherat, Olivier, Bonnet, Sebastien, Yuan, Jason X.-J., Jacobson, Jeffrey R., Duarte, Julio D., Nichols, William C., Garcia, Joe G.N., and Desai, Ankit A.

Published
2024
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33. The CESAW dataset: a conversation

Author

Jones, Derek M. and Nichols, William R.

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

An analysis of the 61,817 tasks performed by developers working on 45 projects, implemented using Team Software Process, is documented via a conversation between a data analyst and the person who collected, compiled, and originally analyzed the data. Five projects were safety critical, containing a total of 28,899 tasks. Projects were broken down using a Work Breakdown Structure to create a hierarchical organization, with tasks at the leaf nodes. The WBS information enables task organization within a project to be investigated, e.g., how related tasks are sequenced together. Task data includes: kind of task, anonymous developer id, start/end time/date, as well as interruption and break times; a total of 203,621 time facts. Task effort estimation accuracy was found to be influenced by factors such as the person making the estimate, the project involved, and the propensity to use round numbers., Comment: 36 pages, 20 figures, all data available

Published
2021

34. Assessing Practitioner Beliefs about Software Engineering

Author

Shrikanth, N. C., Nichols, William, Fahid, Fahmid Morshed, and Menzies, Tim

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering
Abstract

Software engineering is a highly dynamic discipline. Hence, as times change, so too might our beliefs about core processes in this field. This paper checks some five beliefs that originated in the past decades that comment on the relationships between (i) developer productivity; (ii) software quality and (iii) years of developer experience. Using data collected from 1,356 developers in the period 1995 to 2006, we found support for only one of the five beliefs titled "Quality entails productivity". We found no clear support for four other beliefs based on programming languages and software developers. However, from the sporadic evidence of the four other beliefs we learned that a narrow scope could delude practitioners in misinterpreting certain effects to hold in their day to day work. Lastly, through an aggregated view of assessing the five beliefs, we find programming languages act as a confounding factor for developer productivity and software quality. Thus the overall message of this work is that it is both important and possible to revisit old beliefs in SE. Researchers and practitioners should routinely retest old beliefs., Comment: 32 pages, published https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10664-021-09957-5

Published
2020
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36. Defining the clinical validity of genes reported to cause pulmonary arterial hypertension

Author

Callejo, Emily P., Day, Kristina M., Macaya, Daniela, Maldonado-Velez, Gabriel, Archer, Stephen L., Auckland, Kathryn, Austin, Eric D., Badagliacca, Roberto, Barberà, Joan-Albert, Belge, Catharina, Bogaard, Harm Jan, Bonnet, Sébastien, Boomars, Karin A., Boucherat, Olivier, Chakinala, Murali M., Condliffe, Robin, Damico, Rachel Lynn, Delcroix, Marion, Desai, Ankit A., Doboszynska, Anna, Elliott, C. Greg, Eyries, Melanie, Escribano Subías, Maria Pilar, Gall, Henning, Ghio, Stefano, Ghofrani, Ardeschir-Hossein, Grünig, Ekkehard, Hamid, Rizwan, Harbaum, Lars, Hassoun, Paul M., Hemnes, Anna R., Hinderhofer, Katrin, Howard, Luke S., Humbert, Marc, Kiely, David G., Langleben, David, Lawrie, Allan, Loyd, Jim E., Moledina, Shahin, Montani, David, Morrell, Nichols W., Nichols, William C., Olschewski, Andrea, Olschewski, Horst, Papa, Silvia, Pauciulo, Mike W., Provencher, Steve, Quarck, Rozenn, Rhodes, Christopher J., Scelsi, Laura, Seeger, Werner, Stewart, Duncan J., Sweatt, Andrew, Swietlik, Emilia M., Treacy, Carmen, Trembath, Richard C., Tura-Ceide, Olga, Vizza, Carmine Dario, Vonk Noordegraaf, Anton, Wilkins, Martin R., Zamanian, Roham T., Zateyshchikov, Dmitry, Welch, Carrie L., Aldred, Micheala A., Balachandar, Srimmitha, Dooijes, Dennis, Eichstaedt, Christina A., Gräf, Stefan, Houweling, Arjan C., Machado, Rajiv D., Pandya, Divya, Prapa, Matina, Shaukat, Memoona, Southgate, Laura, Tenorio-Castano, Jair, and Chung, Wendy K.

Published
2023
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37. Genetic Admixture and Survival in Diverse Populations with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Author

Karnes, Jason H, Wiener, Howard W, Schwantes-An, Tae-Hwi, Natarajan, Balaji, Sweatt, Andrew J, Chaturvedi, Abhishek, Arora, Amit, Batai, Ken, Nair, Vineet, Steiner, Heidi E, Giles, Jason B, Yu, Jeffrey, Hosseini, Maryam, Pauciulo, Michael W, Lutz, Katie A, Coleman, Anna W, Feldman, Jeremy, Vanderpool, Rebecca, Tang, Haiyang, Garcia, Joe GN, Yuan, Jason X-J, Kittles, Rick, de Jesus Perez, Vinicio, Zamanian, Roham T, Rischard, Franz, Tiwari, Hemant K, Nichols, William C, Benza, Raymond L, and Desai, Ankit A

Subjects
Lung, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Black or African American, Aged, Female, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Survival Rate, United States, White People, pulmonary arterial hypertension, Hispanic American, Native American, survival, health disparities, Medical and Health Sciences, Respiratory System
Abstract

Rationale: Limited information is available on racial/ethnic differences in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Objectives: Determine effects of race/ethnicity and ancestry on mortality and disease outcomes in diverse patients with PAH.Methods: Patients with Group 1 PAH were included from two national registries with genome-wide data and two local cohorts, and further incorporated in a global meta-analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for transplant-free, all-cause mortality in Hispanic patients with non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients as the reference group. Odds ratios (ORs) for inpatient-specific mortality in patients with PAH were also calculated for race/ethnic groups from an additional National Inpatient Sample dataset not included in the meta-analysis.Measurements and Main Results: After covariate adjustment, self-reported Hispanic patients (n = 290) exhibited significantly reduced mortality versus NHW patients (n = 1,970) after global meta-analysis (HR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.41-0.87]; P = 0.008). Although not significant, increasing Native American genetic ancestry appeared to account for part of the observed mortality benefit (HR, 0.48 [95% CI, 0.23-1.01]; P = 0.053) in the two national registries. Finally, in the National Inpatient Sample, an inpatient mortality benefit was also observed for Hispanic patients (n = 1,524) versus NHW patients (n = 8,829; OR, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.50-0.84]; P = 0.001). An inpatient mortality benefit was observed for Native American patients (n = 185; OR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.15-0.93]; P = 0.034).Conclusions: This study demonstrates a reproducible survival benefit for Hispanic patients with Group 1 PAH in multiple clinical settings. Our results implicate contributions of genetic ancestry to differential survival in PAH.

Published
2020

38. Teaching Reading Is More than a Science: It's Also an Art

Author

Paige, David D., Young, Chase, Rasinski, Timothy V., Rupley, William H., Nichols, William D., and Valerio, Meghan

Abstract

The role of the teacher, specifically teacher craft, is central to engaging students in effective reading instruction. However, the science of reading has revealed that the content taught is also important to reading acquisition. Although the science of reading was aggregated some two decades ago to result in what became known as the five big pillars, it has not been fully incorporated into instructional practice. Subsequent research has continued to inform and strengthen what we understand about reading, and new energy has now emerged to bring the science of reading fully into practice. However, the science of reading and teacher craft are each insufficient without the other. In this article, we discuss the art of teaching and advocate that it must be given serious consideration if the science of reading is to be adopted en masse by teachers. We also discuss several reading strategies and their role in effective reading instruction and the art of teaching.

Published
2021
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39. Novel risk genes and mechanisms implicated by exome sequencing of 2572 individuals with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Author

Zhu, Na, Pauciulo, Michael W, Welch, Carrie L, Lutz, Katie A, Coleman, Anna W, Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia, Wang, Jiayao, Grimes, Joseph M, Martin, Lisa J, He, Hua, Shen, Yufeng, Chung, Wendy K, and Nichols, William C

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Human Genome, Clinical Research, Lung, Rare Diseases, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Cardiovascular, Adult, Age of Onset, Aged, Biomarkers, Exome, Female, Gene Expression Profiling, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Hemodynamics, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Exome Sequencing, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Exome sequencing, Case-control association testing, PAH Biobank Enrolling Centers’ Investigators, Clinical Sciences
Abstract

BackgroundGroup 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease with high mortality despite recent therapeutic advances. Pathogenic remodeling of pulmonary arterioles leads to increased pulmonary pressures, right ventricular hypertrophy, and heart failure. Mutations in bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 and other risk genes predispose to disease, but the vast majority of non-familial cases remain genetically undefined.MethodsTo identify new risk genes, we performed exome sequencing in a large cohort from the National Biological Sample and Data Repository for PAH (PAH Biobank, n = 2572). We then carried out rare deleterious variant identification followed by case-control gene-based association analyses. To control for population structure, only unrelated European cases (n = 1832) and controls (n = 12,771) were used in association tests. Empirical p values were determined by permutation analyses, and the threshold for significance defined by Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing.ResultsTissue kallikrein 1 (KLK1) and gamma glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) were identified as new candidate risk genes for idiopathic PAH (IPAH) with genome-wide significance. We note that variant carriers had later mean age of onset and relatively moderate disease phenotypes compared to bone morphogenetic receptor type 2 variant carriers. We also confirmed the genome-wide association of recently reported growth differentiation factor (GDF2) with IPAH and further implicate T-box 4 (TBX4) with child-onset PAH.ConclusionsWe report robust association of novel genes KLK1 and GGCX with IPAH, accounting for ~ 0.4% and 0.9% of PAH Biobank cases, respectively. Both genes play important roles in vascular hemodynamics and inflammation but have not been implicated in PAH previously. These data suggest new genes, pathogenic mechanisms, and therapeutic targets for this lethal vasculopathy.

Published
2019

40. High-energy and ultra-high-energy neutrinos: A Snowmass white paper

Author

Ackermann, Markus, Bustamante, Mauricio, Lu, Lu, Otte, Nepomuk, Reno, Mary Hall, Wissel, Stephanie, Agarwalla, Sanjib K., Alvarez-Muñiz, Jaime, Alves Batista, Rafael, Argüelles, Carlos A., Clark, Brian A., Cummings, Austin, Das, Sudipta, Decoene, Valentin, Denton, Peter B., Dornic, Damien, Dzhilkibaev, Zhan-Arys, Farzan, Yasaman, Garcia, Alfonso, Garzelli, Maria Vittoria, Glaser, Christian, Heijboer, Aart, Hörandel, Jörg R., Illuminati, Giulia, Seon Jeong, Yu, Kelley, John L., Kelly, Kevin J., Kheirandish, Ali, Klein, Spencer R., Krizmanic, John F., Larson, Michael J., Murase, Kohta, Narang, Ashish, Prechelt, Remy L., Prohira, Steven, Resconi, Elisa, Santander, Marcos, Valera, Victor B., Vandenbroucke, Justin, Vasil'evna Suvorova, Olga, Wiencke, Lawrence, Yoshida, Shigeru, Yuan, Tianlu, Zas, Enrique, Zhelnin, Pavel, Zhou, Bei, Anchordoqui, Luis A., Ashida, Yosuke, Bagheri, Mahdi, Balagopal, Aswathi, V, Basu, Vedant, Beatty, James, Bechtol, Keith, Bell, Nicole, Bishop, Abigail, Book, Julia, Brown, Anthony, Burgman, Alexander, Campana, Michael, Chau, Nhan, Chen, Thomas Y., Coleman, Alan, Connolly, Amy, Conrad, Janet M., Correa, Pablo, Creque-Sarbinowski, Cyril, Curtis-Ginsberg, Zachary, Dasgupta, Paramita, De Kockere, Simon, de Vries, Krijn, Deaconu, Cosmin, Desai, Abhishek, DeYoung, Tyce, di Matteo, Armando, Elsaesser, Dominik, Fürst, Phillip, Fan, Kwok Lung, Fedynitch, Anatoli, Fox, Derek, Ganster, Erik, Minh, Martin Ha, Haack, Christian, Hallman, Steffen, Halzen, Francis, Haungs, Andreas, Ishihara, Aya, Judd, Eleanor, Karg, Timo, Karle, Albrecht, Katori, Teppei, Kochocki, Alina, Kopper, Claudio, Kowalski, Marek, Kravchenko, Ilya, Kurahashi, Naoko, Lamoureux, Mathieu, León Vargas, Hermes, Lincetto, Massimiliano, Liu, Qinrui, Madsen, Jim, Makino, Yuya, Mammo, Joseph, Marka, Zsuzsa, Mayotte, Eric, Meagher, Kevin, Meier, Maximilian, Miramonti, Lino, Moulai, Marjon, Mulrey, Katharine, Muzio, Marco, Naab, Richard, Nelles, Anna, Nichols, William, Nozdrina, Alisa, O'Sullivan, Erin, OD́ell, Vivian, Osborne, Jesse, Pandey, Vishvas, Paudel, Ek Narayan, Pizzuto, Alex, Plum, Mattias, Pobes Aranda, Carlos, Pyras, Lilly, Raab, Christoph, Rechav, Zoe, Rojo, Juan, Romero Matamala, Oscar, Savina, Pierpaolo, Schroeder, Frank, Schumacher, Lisa, Sciutto, Sergio, Sclafani, Stephen, Ful Hossain Seikh, Mohammad, Silva, Manuel, Singh, Rajeev, Smith, Daniel, Spencer, Samuel Timothy, Springer, Robert Wayne, Stachurska, Juliana, Suvorova, Olga, Taboada, Ignacio, Toscano, Simona, Tueros, Matias, Twagirayezu, Jean Pierre, van Eijndhoven, Nick, Veres, Péter, Vieregg, Abigail, Wang, Winnie, Whitehorn, Nathan, Winter, Walter, Yildizci, Emre, and Yu, Shiqi

Published
2022
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47. Are Delayed Issues Harder to Resolve? Revisiting Cost-to-Fix of Defects throughout the Lifecycle

Author

Menzies, Tim, Nichols, William, Shull, Forrest, and Layman, Lucas

Subjects
Computer Science - Software Engineering, D.2.8
Abstract

Many practitioners and academics believe in a delayed issue effect (DIE); i.e. the longer an issue lingers in the system, the more effort it requires to resolve. This belief is often used to justify major investments in new development processes that promise to retire more issues sooner. This paper tests for the delayed issue effect in 171 software projects conducted around the world in the period from 2006--2014. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study yet published on this effect. We found no evidence for the delayed issue effect; i.e. the effort to resolve issues in a later phase was not consistently or substantially greater than when issues were resolved soon after their introduction. This paper documents the above study and explores reasons for this mismatch between this common rule of thumb and empirical data. In summary, DIE is not some constant across all projects. Rather, DIE might be an historical relic that occurs intermittently only in certain kinds of projects. This is a significant result since it predicts that new development processes that promise to faster retire more issues will not have a guaranteed return on investment (depending on the context where applied), and that a long-held truth in software engineering should not be considered a global truism., Comment: 31 pages. Accepted with minor revisions to Journal of Empirical Software Engineering. Keywords: software economics, phase delay, cost to fix

Published
2016
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48. NHLBI-CMREF Workshop Report on Pulmonary Vascular Disease Classification: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

Author

Oldham, William M., Hemnes, Anna R., Aldred, Micheala A., Barnard, John, Brittain, Evan L., Chan, Stephen Y., Cheng, Feixiong, Cho, Michael H., Desai, Ankit A., Garcia, Joe G.N., Geraci, Mark W., Ghiassian, Susan D., Hall, Kathryn T., Horn, Evelyn M., Jain, Mohit, Kelly, Rachel S., Leopold, Jane A., Lindstrom, Sara, Modena, Brian D., Nichols, William C., Rhodes, Christopher J., Sun, Wei, Sweatt, Andrew J., Vanderpool, Rebecca R., Wilkins, Martin R., Wilmot, Beth, Zamanian, Roham T., Fessel, Joshua P., Aggarwal, Neil R., Loscalzo, Joseph, and Xiao, Lei

Published
2021
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49. A Path Analytic Model Linking Foundational Skills to Grade 3 State Reading Achievement

Author

Paige, David D., Smith, Grant S., Rasinski, Timothy Victor, Rupley, William H., Magpuri-Lavell, Theresa, and Nichols, William D.

Abstract

Considerable evidence supports that close to two thirds of all fourth-grade students read at less than adequate levels on reading achievement tests and that the problem has persisted for decades. This study of 1,064 third-grade students at risk for reading failure uses path analytic techniques to measure a hypothesized model linking developmental spelling, sight- and pseudo-word reading, and reading fluency to achievement on an end-of-year state reading test. While all hypothesized paths were found to be significant, paths not hypothesized were also significant. These paths included direct effects for spelling development on fluency and reading achievement, as well as the direct effect of sight-word reading on state reading achievement. In total, the model predicted 41.9% of the variance in state reading achievement and found that students proficient at foundational reading skills were 7 times more likely to be proficient on the state reading achievement assessment.

Published
2019
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