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Cet article met en perspective les terrains, observations et premiers résultats du programme de recherche pluridisciplinaire « Ce que le jeu fait aux familles : en ludothèque, en famille, le jeu dans la relation parent-enfant(s) et dans la fratrie ». À travers une analyse des interactions normatives entre le technico-spatial, le professionnel, l’institutionnel et le social, il s’agit ici de rendre compte de certaines composantes à l’œuvre dans la construction d’un univers normatif socio-professionnel des ludothécaires, profession en cours d’institutionnalisation et se déployant dans des équipements spécifiques (ludothèques) de plus en plus intégrés à l’action sociale locale. This article puts into perspective the fields, observations and initial results of the multidisciplinary research programme “What games do to families: playing in the family, playing in the parent-child relationship and between siblings”. Through an analysis of the normative interactions between the technico-spatial, professional, institutional and social fields, we will discuss the components at work in the construction of a socio-professional normative universe for the ludothecarians, profession currently under institutionalisation and deploying itself in specific equipment (toy libraries) integrated into local social action.

The service life of aircraft structure, primarily composed of aluminum alloys, is markedly lower when galvanic corrosion is present due to early crack initiation at localized pitting, with the likelihood of cracking being higher at pits spanning several microns. To understand the joint effect that the mechanical and chemical behavior of AA7050-T7451 have on the evolution of corrosion prior and until its transition to cracking, the microstructure, constituent particles, mechanical strains, and the corrosion morphology were experimentally characterized using high-resolution methods and the mechanical stresses are computationally modeled at the micrometer level using a FFT-based crystal plasticity framework. The material was corroded under both mechanically loaded and unloaded conditions under different corrosion intervals to properly capture the evolution of corrosion before, during, and after particle fallout. For the events prior to cracking, statistical cross-correlations between the mechanical state of the material and the corrosion morphology were performed to understand the mechanisms driving corrosion at its various stages. For the cracking event and its subsequent growth, the joint analysis of strains and stresses obtained from 3D crystal plasticity models were used to calculate Fatigue Indicator Parameters (FIPs) that can quantitatively give an insight of the major mechanisms driving crack initiation and growth in pre-corroded materials. The development of micromechanical models that account for both the environmental degradation and the microstructure in the material allowed to accurately predict the location of crack initiation arising from pits, which has been a longstanding problem in the field of corrosion. It is concluded that both corrosion growth and its transition to cracking are multivariable events, where corrosion growth is jointly driven by the local chemistry and the micromechanics, and crack initiation is driven by the coupled interaction between the corrosion geometry and the micromechanics.

Aircraft are made primarily out of strong and lightweight aluminum alloys, which are relatively low cost, easy to produce, and have allowed for several innovations in the airplane industry. Even though these alloys are highly corrosion resistant, they are susceptible to failure since airplanes experience some of the harshest fatigue and corrosion conditions. Predicting the location of crack initiation on these corroded materials could lead to preventative safety of aluminum components on an aircraft. To study the mechanisms leading to cracking, precorroded AA7050 samples were fatigue loaded to failure, virtually reconstructed form post-mortem characterizations, and modeled accordingly to obtain the micromechanical state of the material. Fatigue indicator parameters were calculated from the resulting stresses and strains. The initial corrosion front was then analyzed at the reconstructed crack plane, using a metric that identifies the most active slip planes per grain. The reconstructed data is masked over onto planes that have the same orientation as the [111] slip planes. Then, the data is analyzed quantitatively for each slip plane, looking for the highest median fatigue indicator parameter value. The slip plane on the grain closest to the crack initiation site was found to have a slip plane roughly parallel to the crack plane. On this plane, many significantly larger fatigue indicator parameter values were found, with the highest value pinpointing the region where crack initiation was experimentally observed.

Cet article interroge les éventuelles modalités d’une contribution du concours photographique « Mon paysage au quotidien » (2014) à une reliance sociale paysagère valant expression d’une appartenance, d’une relation au territoire, mais aussi création de liens complémentaires qui, au travers d’une médiation participative, permettraient une communication et un échange renouvelés entre acteurs politiques institutionnels et citoyens, sur la question paysagère. Dans cette perspective, sont d’abord analysés les potentialités et attendus du concours présenté comme un dispositif d’implication largement accessible, tandis que le paysage rencontre la participation et l’expression des points de vue habitants. Ensuite, l’article revient sur certaines limites dans cette mise en relation médiatisée. Outre des biais méthodologiques et certains effets de cadrage réducteurs, c’est aussi la faible exploitation sociétale du corpus qui semble hypothéquer la réelle valorisation du concours comme support de discussion, de médiation paysagère ou d’animation sociale grâce auxquelles se négocierait un rapport démocratique au paysage, composante d’une réelle coconstruction politique du projet paysager. This article analyses how the photo competition "Mon paysage au quotidien" (“My Daily Landscape” – 2014) might possibly contribute to social landscape interconnectedness expressing a sense of belonging to an area as well as to the creation of complementary ties which, through a participative mediation process, might enable renewed communication and exchanges between institutional stakeholders and citizens on the theme of the landscape. From such a perspective, the potential outcomes expected from the competition presented as a widely available means of engagement are analysed, whereas the landscape is the focus of the participation of inhabitants and the expression of their points of view. The article re-examines some of the limits to such a mediation process. In addition to methodological biases and effects due to a limited frame of reference, the weak societal exploitation of the corpus seems to partly preclude the competition from inspiring discussion, landscape mediation, or social interaction which would enable the negotiation of a democratic relationship to the landscape and provide the basis for a true political co-construction of the landscape project.

L’adéquation des villes et des territoires à une société multi-générationnelle est loin d’être acquise. L’urbanisme durable attribue-t-il en théorie ou en pratique un intérêt à la mesure de cet enjeu, et plus particulièrement sous l’angle de la participation des âgés ? La littérature scientifique française et les contributions à l’appel à projets ÉcoQuartier du MEDDEM ne témoignent que d’une préoccupation indirecte pour le vieillissement. Toutefois, localement, la sensibilité gérontologique des acteurs, leur aptitude au travail partenarial, peuvent s’hybrider avec la dynamique d’écoquartier et produire une démarche innovante inspirée des nouvelles formes d’habitat citoyen (cohousing). L’accompagnement participatif de la rénovation de logements sociaux en résidence intergénérationnelle à Poitiers en est un exemple. La réplicabilité du projet semble difficile mais envisageable dès lors que l’on place l’animation au cœur de la démarche et pas simplement l’idée d’un nouveau standard. Neither towns nor rural areas are well adapted to a multi-generational society. Is sustainable urbanism capable of meeting this challenge, in particular by encouraging elderly participation ? The french scientific literature and calls for bids for Eco-neighbourhood projects from the Environment Ministry show only a passing interest in the question of ageing. Locally, however, the sensitivity regarding this question as well as existing partnerships can combine with eco-neighbourhood dynamics to produce an innovative approach inspired by new forms of cohousing. The participative support involving the renovation of social housing in an intergenerational home in Poitiers is an example of this. While the project may seem difficult to replicate, it should be feasible as long as community work is placed at the heart of the approach and not just the idea of a new standard.

À travers des études de cas d’écoquartiers bordelais, cet article analyse les jardins collectifs comme porteurs d’enjeux, de mobilisations et de pratiques multiples, au cœur de la concertation habitante et de la promotion d’un habiter durable. Partant du constat d’une émergence des écoquartiers concomitante à un renouveau des jardins collectifs, le propos montre en quoi ces derniers, avec leurs usages habitants, sont mobilisés comme activateurs de pratiques, de comportements sociaux et écologiques, de mise en scènes, conformes aux injonctions de la durabilité urbaine. Les cas présentés dans cet article, avec leurs spécificités locales, montrent que la mise en œuvre opérationnelle des jardins apporte une contribution effective à la mobilisation et à l’appropriation habitante, avec autant de mise à l’épreuve de celles-ci. Pour les acteurs concernés, le défi devient alors celui de la capacité à entretenir les processus collectifs et participatifs, dans les quartiers durables. Taking as its basis case studies of ecodistricts in the city of Bordeaux, this article analyses the importance of community gardens in mobilising people and providing different activities at the heart of community consultation and of the promotion of a sustainable way of life. Starting from the observation of a revival of community gardens alongside the emergence of ecodistricts, this paper shows how these gardens, and the various ways in which they are used by the community, create involvement and bring about social and ecological behaviours which correspond to the norms of urban sustainability. The cases presented in this paper, with their local specificities, show how the organisation and running of the gardens makes a clear contribution to community involvement in and appropriation of living space as well as the difficulties inherent therein. In this context, the community garden itself indeed stands out as different from the collective dynamic which brings it about, in the same way that housing is different from living space. For the involved parties, the challenge then becomes the capacity to maintain the collective, participative and appropriation processes within the ecodistricts.