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While growing attention has been devoted to candidates’ use of incivility in campaigns, its role in informing voters’ feelings toward candidates is still debated. This study embraces a constructionist perspective on incivility and focuses on the relationship between perceptions of candidate incivility and candidate sympathy. Its contribution is twofold. First, it extends incivility research generalizability by testing the association between voters’ perceptions of candidate incivility and candidate sympathy during three election campaigns beyond the US context. Second, it builds upon the notion of incivility as a norm violation and tests the hypothesis that perceptions of a candidate’s uncivil behavior are negatively associated with candidate sympathy when this behavior is inappropriate (i.e., it violates injunctive civility norms) and especially when it is uncommon (i.e., it violates descriptive civility norms). These interests are pursued through post‐electoral survey data collected in the Netherlands, Germany, and France. Findings show that incivility perceptions can, but not always, correspond to more negative feelings toward candidates. Furthermore, it is the incivility of candidates relative to that of their competitors that really counts for candidate sympathy. Supplementary Files: https://www.cogitatiopress.com/politicsandgovernance/article/downloadSuppFile/5677/2795

In this article, thirteen case studies are analysed which study the innovation processes renewing structures and forms of employee participation in companies in private and public sectors of industry in the Netherlands. In the majority of the case studies, new hybrid forms between representative and direct participation have been launched, in which elected members of works councils co-operate with non-member employees, mostly in temporary projects. These initiatives show successful results in mobilizing employee involvement in representative as well as in direct workers’ participation, and in improving efficiency and effectiveness in consultations with management in the workplace, as well as with company directors. At the same time, however, works councils have compromised on lowering the number of seats on their councils, leading to dilemmas around questions of democracy, formal powers and coordination. Furthermore, these experiments show limitations in their scope. Firstly, they hardly address more effective inclusion of the many (younger) workers with flexible contracts in employee participation schemes, nor the broader potential impacts on companies’ strategic decision-making. It can be concluded that practices aimed at renewing employee participation develop within the confines of the traditional characteristics of Dutch industrial relations, such as cooperative relationships between works councils and management, a low level of interventions from trade unions and a focus on the field of operational management (rather than on conflictual workers interests and strategic issues). In diesem Beitrag werden 13 Fallstudien analysiert, die Innovationsprozesse untersuchen, die zur Erneuerung von Strukturen und Formen der Beschäftigtenpartizipation im privaten und öffentlichen Sektor der Niederlande geführt haben. Die Mehrzahl der Fallstudien betrifft neue, repräsentative und direkte Partizipation kombinierende Mischformen, bei denen gewählte Betriebsratsmitglieder - zumeist im Rahmen befristeter Projekte - mit nicht dem Betriebsrat angehörenden Beschäftigten kooperieren. An diesen Initiativen ist zu sehen, dass es nicht nur gelingt, Beschäftigte sowohl für die repräsentative als auch für die direkte Partizipation zu gewinnen, sondern auch, die Konsultationen auf Betriebs- und Unternehmensebene effizienter und effektiver zu gestalten. Allerdings haben sich die Betriebsräte auf eine Reduzierung der Anzahl der Betriebsratssitze eingelassen, was Fragen in Bezug auf die demokratische Legitimation, formale Rechte und die Koordination aufwirft. Auch ist zu erkennen, dass diese Experimente nur eine bedingte Reichweite besitzen: Zum einen gelingt es kaum, die vielen (jüngeren) Arbeitskräfte mit flexiblen Arbeitsverträgen wirksam einzubeziehen; zum anderen werden damit auch die weitergehenden potenziellen Auswirkungen strategischer Unternehmensentscheidungen nicht erfasst. Die auf die Erneuerung der Mitarbeiterpartizipation abzielenden Praktiken entwickeln sich, wie zu sehen ist, innerhalb des traditionellen niederländischen Systems der Arbeitsbeziehungen - geprägt durch ein kooperatives Verhältnis zwischen Betriebsräten und Betriebsleitung, ein geringes Maß an Intervention von gewerkschaftlicher Seite und mit Fokus auf operativen betrieblichen Abläufen und nicht auf konfliktive Arbeitnehmerinteressen und Strategiefragen.

Polarisation is often seen as mainly negative for the functioning of democracies, but one of its saving graces could be that it raises the stakes of politics and encourages participation. This study explores the relationship between affective polarisation and turnout using three longitudinal designs. It makes use of three decades of repeated cross-sectional surveys in Germany, a two-wave panel study in Spain, and an eleven-wave panel study in the Netherlands. It tests whether affective polarisation increases turnout using varying operationalizations and specifications, and studies whether any boost in participation extends beyond the most politically sophisticated citizens. The findings suggest a sizeable independent effect of affective polarisation on turnout even when accounting for reverse causality and for the confounding impact of positive partisanship and ideological polarisation. Importantly, this effect might even be somewhat more pronounced among those who are least sophisticated. The concluding section discusses the normative and theoretical implications of these findings.

Gender discrimination is often regarded as an important driver of women's disadvantage in the labour market, yet earlier studies show mixed results. However, because different studies employ different research designs, the estimates of discrimination cannot be compared across countries. By utilizing data from the first harmonized comparative field experiment on gender discrimination in hiring in six countries, we can directly compare employers' callbacks to fictitious male and female applicants. The countries included vary in a number of key institutional, economic, and cultural dimensions, yet we found no sign of discrimination against women. This cross-national finding constitutes an important and robust piece of evidence. Second, we found discrimination against men in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, and no discrimination against men in Norway and the United States. However, in the pooled data the gender gradient hardly differs across countries. Our findings suggest that although employers operate in quite different institutional contexts, they regard female applicants as more suitable for jobs in female-dominated occupations, ceteris paribus, while we find no evidence that they regard male applicants as more suitable anywhere. This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 649255; the Research Council of Norway, grant number 287016; The Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), (016.Vidi.185.041). We thank Laura García Llamas and Louis Klobes for valuable research assistance.

Als Teil der Zugangswege - u.a. zum Hafen von Antwerpen – wird seit einigen Jahren die Relevanz der küstennahen Schifffahrtsroute \(\it Oostgat\) im niederländischen Teil des Westerschelde-Gebiets in Frage gestellt. Gründe dafür sind u.a. die zunehmenden Schiffsdimensionen, Nachhaltigkeitsbestrebungen der maritimen Wirtschaft sowie Sorgen über schifffahrtsinduzierte Risiken für die dem Fahrwasser anliegenden Gebiete. Über quantitativ- und qualitativ-empirische Erhebungen und die Auswertung verkehrsstatistischer Daten werden in dieser Ausarbeitung die nautisch-technischen Kapazitäten des \(\it Oostgat\) erfasst und gleichzeitig bestimmt, welche Relevanz dem Fahrwasser für den Wirtschaftsraum Westerschelde aus ökonomischer, ökologischer und gesellschaftlicher Perspektive zuteilwird. Um die Diskussion um Nutzen und Relevanz des Fahrwassers innerhalb der Region zu informieren, leitet diese Ausarbeitung zusätzlich eine Handlungsempfehlung basierend auf möglichen Zukunftsszenarien zum Fahrwasser ab.

Historical research can be enhanced by methods and resources from various disciplines, ranging from psychology to computer linguistics. With a creative and innovative perspective on »things we think we know«, Milan van Lange presents a computer-assisted historical investigation into the role of emotions in dealing with consequences of World War II in the Netherlands. By »emotion mining« digitised sources, van Lange shows where emotions were present and how they were expressed and discussed in the political engagement with people who experienced long-term effects of the war, such as former collaborators and war criminals, the resistance, and war victims.

Learning Analytics (LA) is an emerging field concerned with measuring, collecting, and analysing data about learners and their contexts to gain insights into learning processes. As the technology of Learning Analytics is evolving, many systems are being implemented. In this context, it is essential to understand stakeholders' expectations of LA across Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) for large-scale implementations that take their needs into account. This study aims to contribute to knowledge about individual LA expectations of European higher education students. It may facilitate the strategy of stakeholder buy-in, the transfer of LA insights across HEIs, and the development of international best practices and guidelines. To this end, the study employs a ‘Student Expectations of Learning Analytics Questionnaire’ (SELAQ) survey of 417 students at the Goethe University Frankfurt (Germany) Based on this data, Multiple Linear Regressions are applied to determine how these students position themselves compared to students from Madrid (Spain), Edinburgh (United Kingdom) and the Netherlands, where SELAQ had already been implemented at HEIs. The results show that students' expectations at Goethe University Frankfurt are rather homogeneous regarding ‘LA Ethics and Privacy’ and ‘LA Service Features’. Furthermore, we found that European students generally show a consistent pattern of expectations of LA with a high degree of similarity across the HEIs examined. European HEIs face challenges more similar than anticipated. The HEI experience with implementing LA can be more easily transferred to other HEIs, suggesting standardized LA rather than tailor-made solutions designed from scratch. (DIPF/Orig.) Learning Analytics (LA) ist ein junger Forschungsbereich, der sich mit dem Messen, Sammeln und Analysieren von Daten über Lernende und ihr Umfeld befasst, um Erkenntnisse über Lernprozesse zu gewinnen. Da sich die Learning-Analytics-Technologie weiterentwickelt, werden derzeit viele Systeme implementiert. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es von entscheidender Bedeutung, die Erwartungen von Stakeholdern an LA in den Hochschulen zu verstehen, um groß angelegte Implementierungen zu ermöglichen, die ihren Bedürfnissen Rechnung tragen. Diese Studie soll einen Beitrag zum Wissen über die individuellen Erwartungen der europäischen Hochschulstudenten an LA leisten. Sie kann die Strategie der Einbindung von Interessengruppen, den Transfer von LA-Erkenntnissen zwischen Hochschulen und die Entwicklung von internationalen Best Practices und Richtlinien erleichtern. Zu diesem Zweck wird in der Studie der "Student Expectations of Learning Analytics Questionnaire" (SELAQ) eingesetzt, mit dem 417 Studierende der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt (Deutschland) befragt wurden. Auf Grundlage dieser Daten werden Multiple Lineare Regressionen erstellt, um zu vergleichen, wie sich diese Studierenden zu Studierenden aus Madrid (Spanien), Edinburgh (Vereinigtes Königreich) und den Niederlanden positionieren, wo SELAQ-Umfragen bereits an Hochschulen durchgeführt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Erwartungen der Studierenden an der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt in Bezug auf die Themen "Ethik und Datenschutz" und "LA-Servicemerkmale" recht homogen sind. Darüber hinaus haben wir festgestellt, dass die europäischen Studierenden im Allgemeinen ein konsistentes Muster von Erwartungen an LA zeigen, das sich über die untersuchten Hochschulen hinweg stark ähnelt. Die Herausforderungen für europäische Hochschulen sind ähnlicher als erwartet. Die Erfahrungen der Hochschulen mit der Implementierung von LA lassen sich leichter auf andere Hochschulen übertragen, was eher für standardisierte LA spricht als für maßgeschneiderte Lösungen, die von Grund auf neu entwickelt werden. (Autor*innen)

Collective housing (CH) is undergoing a revival in Belgium. Since 2009, the Flemish Government Architect and his team have been advocating CH, stressing its importance as a task for architects given the demand for affordable housing and the need to reduce the environmental impact of housing. This support for CH has converged with the work of the non-profit citizen organization Samenhuizen (“Living together”) and the ad hoc initiatives taken by individual households and architects. In the Netherlands too, where there is a longer tradition of CH, the phenomenon is once more on the rise because of the housing crisis. As it is a developing topic, the terminology used for CH is also evolving. Drawing on publications on the subject in both Belgium and the Netherlands as well as on interviews with relevant stakeholders, this article sheds light on two widely published cases in both countries (pioneering and current, greenfield and conversion). These cases are compared in regard to thematic areas, based on an extensive literature study on collaborative housing by Lang et al. (2018). In addition to such aspects as the balance between “individuality” and the “collective,” we compare the role played by architects in both countries. Besides similarities, we show that the historical context, and especially the housing policy of each country, has a great influence and that the role of the architect is essential in the development of older and contemporary cohousing projects.

Objectives The ICEpop Capability Measure for Adults (ICECAP-A) assesses 5 capabilities (stability, attachment, autonomy, achievement, and enjoyment) that are important to one’s quality of life and might be an important addition to generic health questionnaires currently used in economic evaluations. This study aimed to develop a Dutch tariff of the Dutch translation of the ICECAP-A. Methods The methods used are similar to those used in the development of the UK tariff. A profile case best–worst scaling task was presented to 1002 participants from the general Dutch population. A scale-adjusted latent class analysis was performed to test for preferences of ICECAP-A capabilities and scale heterogeneity. Results A 3-preference class 2-scale class model with worst choice as scale predictor was considered optimal and was used to calculate the resulting tariff. Results indicated that the capabilities stability, attachment, and enjoyment were considered more important aspects of quality of life than autonomy and achievement. Additionally, improving capabilities from low to moderate levels had a larger effect on quality of life than improving capabilities that were already at a higher level. Conclusions The ICECAP-A tariffs found in this study could be used in economic evaluations of healthcare interventions in The Netherlands.

This article analyzes the acceptance of climate policy measures in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam to understand how policy and planning interrelate with private and public interests. While legitimizing climate policy and measures, values can also cause conflict when operationalized locally. By analyzing value conflicts in public discourse, we gain insights into questions of environmental behavior and their influence on the acceptance of climate action. We report on quantitative and qualitative discourse analysis covering 410 articles from Dutch newspapers between 2015 and 2021 in the Metropolitan Region of Amsterdam related to the energy transition, mobility, and urban greening. Our findings show that public discourse mostly remains abstract and detached from local contexts. As experts and politicians dominate the debate, the discourse mainly addresses science- and policy-related arguments, representing the public interest but reflecting only insufficiently private interests and the local (re-)distribution of benefits and burdens. Therefore, we attribute spontaneous protest to the lack of reference to differentiated values at the local level and find the argument of NIMBYism insufficient to explain residents’ opposition. Instead, our findings point to experts’ and decision-makers’ lack of recognition of the local “idea of place” and a community’s identity as an explanation for the sudden emergence of protests. Here, urban design may bridge the gap between policy and planning by translating technical and economic constraints into place-specific designs.

The Dutch national government has decided to push the implementation of the "energy transition" it aspires to by inviting clusters of municipalities (so-called RES regions) to develop a regional energy strategy (RES). However, since the new renewable energy land-use claims compete with a growing number of land-use demands, RES implementation confronts land-use conflicts, resulting in complex trade-offs for conflict resolution and planning around polarization. In the Dutch context of land scarcity and a rich planning tradition that arose specifically to deal with this and ensuing conflicts, the need for integrated landscape management seems obvious. This article offers a comparative case study of two RES-related land-use conflicts and their management in South Limburg, focusing on the question of how far these cases display elements of an integrated landscape approach (ILA). The ILA is applied as an analytical framework to evaluate the land-use conflict management processes of the case studies by assessing which elements of ILA are present and whether their relative presence and quality help to resolve the conflicts. Based on document and media content analysis and 15 interviews, this article analyzes the different land-use claims, objectives, and landscape values identified in two RES areas and how they overlap or compete, resulting in conflicts or synergies. Our findings show that the ILA provides useful guidelines for tackling RES-related land-use conflicts, but does not pay sufficient attention to the political dimension.

Context: In the last few decades, the constant and exponential changes in the society's consumption of information have increased the awareness of practitioners from the education and training field, on the need for training programs for the enhancement of critical thinking skills and media literacy among students from Initial Vocational Education and Training (IVET) who are less exposed to intellectual trainings than their peers in traditional education pathways. Approach: With this impetus, the present paper reports the results of a mixed methods study evaluating a training program for such competences. Based on a cognitive psychology theoretical framework, the training program consisted in three main techniques through which trainers can work with students in the classroom. N= 35 trainers from five different countries (i.e., Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands) were instructed about the training techniques and implemented them in their training centres. Then, a total of N= 288 students among these countries were involved in the testing of the training, which took place on a duration average of 5 months. Mixed methods approach was used to evaluate the effectiveness and quality of the training. Notably, prospective statistical analysis evaluated the training's impact of the participating students and compared with a control group. Qualitative interviews examined the training's lived experience with a group of students and trainers. Findings: The quantitative and qualitative analysis of pre/post- measures of critical thinking skills and media literacy of the experimental group, and the comparison with the control group, indicate an increase in these competences and confirm the efficacy of the training intervention. Conclusion: These results inform about the usefulness of the training program cross-culturally and the feasibility of training strategies based on cognitive psychology. Moreover, the paper offers a methodological contribution thanks to the proposition of the mixed methods approach for training programs assessment. (DIPF/Orig.)

Research on public opinion and international security has extensively examined attitudes toward nuclear weapons, but the diffusion of basic knowledge about nuclear weapons among the everyday citizens has nevertheless been mostly missed. This study proposes a working definition and advances a measurement model of knowledge on nuclear weapons in the general public. It analyzes data from two novel surveys conducted in 2018 (N = 6559) and 2019 (N = 6227) where respondents from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom answered a web survey on attitudes and factual knowledge on nuclear weapons. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analytic models are used to examine the dimensionality and to assess the measurement invariance of a scale of knowledge about nuclear weapons. A bifactor measurement model, where a strong general factor represents the construct of interest and specific factors account for the presence of testlets due to questionnaire design, is established and validated. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance are established across the eight samples. The findings indicate that knowledge about nuclear weapons in the general, non-expert public can be reliably measured cross-nationally.

Over the past decades, the Netherlands has witnessed the rise of several influential populist radical right parties, including the Pim Fortuyn List (Lijst Pim Fortuyn), Geert Wilders’s Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid) and, more recently, the Forum for Democracy (Forum voor Democratie [FvD]). By analyzing the party’s organizational structures, this article seeks to determine whether the FvD may be considered a new “mass party” and to what extent ordinary members can exert influence over the party’s internal procedures. The party’s efforts to establish a large membership base suggest that the FvD set out to build a relatively complex mass organization. Through targeted advertising campaigns, the party made strategic use of social media platforms to rally support. Thus, while the means may have changed with the advent of the internet, the FvD invested in creating some organizational features that are commonly associated with the “mass party” model. At the same time, however, the party did not really seek to foster a community of loyal partisan activists among its membership base but instead treated its members as donors. The party is clearly characterized by centralized leadership in the sense that the party’s spearhead, Thierry Baudet, maintains full control over key decision-making areas such as ideological direction, campaigning, and internal procedures. At first sight, the party appears to have departed from Wilders’s leader-centered party model. However, a closer look at the party apparatus demonstrates that the FvD is, in fact, very hierarchical, suggesting that the party’s internal democracy is much weaker than the party’s name might suggest.