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• A full understanding of the role of elements in wood degradation was analysed. • The physic-chemical parameters of archaeological wood are closely related to the elements. • There is a difference in the tendency of wood of different species to collect elements. • Many elements affect quantity and quality of cellulose of archaeological wood. The contents of 47 major and trace elements and 6 wood physico-chemical parameters were determined in contemporary and archaeological fir (Abies alba Mill.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), oak (Quercus sp.), and elm (Ulmus sp.), to determine their mutual relations. The concentration of elements in soil and wood samples was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP MS) and the obtained results were interpreted based on statistical analyses (t -test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD). Identification of wood physico-chemical parameters included detection of conventional density, content of cellulose, lignin and ash, identification of cellulose molecular weight, and content of lignin metoxyl groups was also performed. Mean content of As, B, Ca, Cu, and Sr in urban soils, where archaeological wood samples were found was higher than in forest soils where contemporary samples were collected, while for Cd, Co, Mn, Na, V, and Zn there were no significant differences between their mean concentration in urban and forest soil. Higher contents of elements were recorded for all investigated archaeological woods. There is a difference in the tendency of wood of different species to collect elements. Moreover both the quantity and quality of archaeological wood cellulose is related to the content of As, DMA, B, Ca, Ce, Co, Cu, Na, Nb, Se, Sr and V. It is clear that in archaeological wood the relationship between a chemical element and a physico-chemical parameter is stronger than in contemporary wood. A full understanding of the role of elements, particularly of non-biodegradable and environmentally harmful heavy metals in wood degradation, will allow for a better choice of methods for the appropriate protection of archaeological wooden objects. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to collect information about soil investigation by FTIR. As we know, the FTIR technique is most often used in organic and bioorganic chemistry, while in geochemistry FTIR spectroscopy is not used very often. Therefore, there is a problem with the identification and interpretation of the IR spectra of minerals contained in sediments and soils. The reason for this is a deficiency of data about characteristic wavenumbers for minerals. Therefore, this study reviews and sums up, in one place, published articles that are connected to an investigation of minerals from 2002 to 2021 (based on the Scopus database). Additionally, the present review highlights various analytical techniques (ATR-FTIR, DRIFT, 2D-IR, and SR-FTIR) and discusses some of them for geochemical study. Additionally, the study describes helpful tools in the data pre-processing of IR spectra (normalization, baseline correction, and spectral derivatives). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brown coal remains an important energy source in Europe, including countries such as Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Greece. Open-pit mines disturb the environment in terms of air quality, hydrology, and chemical and biological transformations in rivers receiving mine waters. In the present study, we assessed the impact of mine waters from four brown coal open-pit mines on the contamination of river sediments. Chemical analysis included the quantification of 62 elements, including heavy metals (HMs) and rare earth elements (REEs). The contamination of sediments by HMs was evaluated using the contamination factor (CF), the pollution load index (PLI), and the Nemerow multi-factor index (PI). The potential toxic effects of HMs on aquatic organisms were assessed using the potential ecological risk index (PERI). Detailed analysis of chondrite-standardized concentrations of REEs was performed to describe the effects of mine water on their pattern in sediments. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to divide study sites into groups and to evaluate the combined effect of sediment texture and site location on HMs and REEs in sediments. The study showed that after mine water discharge, there is a decrease in HM and REE concentrations in sediments. The decrease in each element's concentration in sites located 100 m downstream of the discharge was caused by washing out of the finest fractions of sediments by mine waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral administration of nickel is thought to be responsible for type-IV-mediated mechanism of immune response. Alternative type-I IgE-dependent mechanism is occasionally postulated, given relatively fast onset of symptoms, reports on spontaneous sensitisation and recurring mentions in scientific literature. In this paper, we make an insight into this hypothesis by performing immunisation using nickel(2+) chelates conjugated to carrier proteins, namely nickel coordinated by bifunctional ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or bifunctional nitrilotriacetic acid, using bovine serum albumin as a carrier (Ni-(ITCB)EDTA-BSA; Ni-(ITCB)NTA-BSA), and nickel coordinated by bifunctional diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid using bovine serum albumin or keyhole limpet haemocyanin as a carrier (Ni-p-SCN-Bn-DTPA-BSA; Ni-p-SCN-Bn-DTPA-KLH). Antibody raised in mouse as a reaction to Ni-p-SCN-Bn-DTPA-KLH was identified as the most capable of binding Ni(2+)-DTPA with 0.17 nmol nickel recovered per 0.2 nmol pAb, compared to 0.06 nmol Ni purified using reference antibody. Immunoassay methodology was applied upon several modifications to increase antibody contact surface and physical availability of antigen for more efficient binding. Magnetic beads dispersed in free solution were used as a medium for immobilisation and eluted nickel was subject to Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instrumental quantitative analysis for more precise output reading. The antibody was tested for selectivity against other divalent metals coordinated with DTPA, i.e. Fe, Pb, Zn, Cu, Co and Mn. While Co and Mn were not detected, four other metals, Fe, Pb, Zn and Cu, were eluted in corresponding amounts greater than nickel at 4.15, 1.58, 3.11 and 3.54 nmol. Pb and Ni were the only two antigens whose binding surpassed the level showed by control antibody. We conclude that nickel-based immunogen may show little suitability for in vivo immunisation assays, which reinforces further question about physiological occurrence of potential nickel-responsive IgE antibodies as mediators in type-I hypersensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a usage of a new hyphenated technique, wherein a Multi–mode Sample Introduction System (MSIS) was applied as an interface of two high pressure liquid chromatography units and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (2 HPLC–MSIS–ICP–OES). Simultaneous separation and detection of non–hydride forming and hydride forming elements was possible due to the application of two different HPLC column, cation–exchange and anion–exchange respectively. The method was able to determine 15 elements quantitatively with a distinction of three arsenic and two iron species and it was validated obtaining acceptable LODs (2.67–28.7 μg L−1) and recoveries (80–120%). The method applicability was presented and confirmed on 5 varied sample matrix types i.e. post–glacial sediments, yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) , soil samples located in the proximity of industry wastes disposal site, river sediments, and archaeological pottery. In addition to the above, unknown Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn species were detected in real samples (qualitative speciation analysis) and the identification was attempted according to the literature. • The new interface in hyphenated technique has been applied for multielemental analysis. • The hyphenated technique HPLC/HPLC-MSIS-ICP-OES had been optimised and validated. • The application for routine speciation analysis has been elaborated for different matrixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Very little is known about how the elemental composition (ionome) of an insect cuticle varies as a result of different colouration. Using inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), we established ionomic profiles in microsamples of two adjacent regions of an insect cuticle with a contrasting colour pattern, namely, the black and orange regions of the elytra of the aposematic burying beetle Nicrophorus vespillo. The analysis revealed 53 elements (ranging in atomic weight from Na to Bi) occurring above the detection limit. The frequency of detectability of individual elements varied strongly, and only ten elements (Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Rb, Sb and Zn) were present in concentrations exceeding the detection limit in all the samples. The sum of concentrations of all elements in the orange regions of the elytra was 9% lower than in the black ones. The opposite distribution was displayed by the rare earth elements (REEs), the sum of which was 17% lower in the black elytral regions than in the orange ones. The concentrations of six elements were significantly higher in the black than in the orange regions: Al (by 97%), Cu (41%), Mn (14%), Na (46%), Se (97%) and W (47%). The concentrations of essential elements measured in both the black and orange regions exhibited very considerable variance: Ca (σ2 = 1834; 1882, respectively), K (145; 82) P (97; 76), Na (84; 53), Mg (24; 26) and Ba (9; 13). This, in part, could be attributed to individual differences, e.g. those resulting from the consumption of animal carcasses of different quality/chemical composition, but interference between elements and the consequent lowering of measurement quality are also possible. We highlight the fact that deeper insight into the basic relationship between insect colouration and variation in elemental composition requires micro-sampling of the homogeneous layers of an exoskeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that a developing avian embryo resorbs micronutrients (calcium and other chemical elements) from the inner layer of the eggshell, inducing thinning and overall changes in the shell's chemical composition. However, an aspect yet to be explored relates to the local changes in the multi-elemental composition (ionome) of the pigment spot and adjacent background colour regions of eggshells resulting from avian embryogenesis (with respect to two extremes of embryonic growth: the maternal level at the moment of egg laying, and after the completion of embryonic growth). To address this problem, we used inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to establish the elemental profiles of microsamples from the cryptic eggs of Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix, representing the background colour and pigment spot regions of the shell. We then related these to the developmental stage of the eggs (non-embryonated eggs vs. post-hatched eggshells) and their origin (wild vs. captive hens). Our results show an apparent local disparity between the pigment spot and background colour regions in the distribution of chemical elements: most elements tended to be at higher levels in the speckled regions of the shell, these differences becoming less pronounced in post-hatched eggshells. The trends of changes following embryonic eggshell etching between the pigment spot and background colour shell regions were conflicting and varied between the two species. We hypothesized that one potential working explanation for these interspecific differences could be based on the variable composition of elements (mostly of Ca and Mg), which are the result of the varying thickness of the individual shell layers, especially as the relative difference in shell thickness in the pigment spots and background colour regions was less in Black Grouse eggs. Overall, this investigation strongly suggests that egg maculation plays a functional role in the physiological deactivation of trace elements by incorporating them into the less calcified external shell layer but without participating in micronutrient resorption. Our major critical conclusion is that all research involving the chemical analysis of eggshells requires standardized eggshell sampling procedures in order to unify their colouration and embryonic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The cause of a significant number of miscarriages remains unexplained. There is a need to identify the potential role of environmental, dietary and lifestyle factors in the risk of pregnancy loss. The present study was the first to investigate the content of miscarried embryonic material with respect to eight metals (aluminium, cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead and zinc).Material and Methods: Embryonic tissue samples (n = 20) were obtained from women undergoing misoprostol-induced removal of the embryo between the 6th and 9th week of gestation. The content of metals was analyzed using microwave-induced nitrogen plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Based on a short questionnaire, the smoking habits, dietary patterns and place of living of the investigated women were determined.Results: The general mean content of metals (μg/g) decreased in the order copper (33.9) > manganese (24.7) > chromium (13.6) > zinc (13.3) > aluminium (6.5) > nickel (3.0) > lead (2.9) > cadmium (2.5). Profoundly increased concentrations (p < 0.05) of the toxic elements aluminium (over 5-fold), cadmium (over 2-fold) and lead (over 2-fold) were observed in samples obtained from former smoking women. The miscarried material in urban populations also revealed higher levels of cadmium (over 1.5-fold) and lead (over 2-fold) compared to that obtained from women living in rural areas (p < 0.05). No associations with age or diet were found (p > 0.05).Conclusions: This study identified increased levels of aluminum, cadmium and lead in miscarried embryonic material and suggests some causative factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultivated mushroom species are becoming an increasingly consumed commodity owing to their nutritional value and potential biological activities. There is a strict necessity to conduct a thorough screening of their chemical composition to ensure the quality and safety of final food products. The present study analyzed the content of 67 macro- and microelements and detected 36 of them (macroelements: Ca, K, Mg, Na, P; micronutrients: Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Zn; toxic metals: Ag, Al, Cd, Ni and Pb; metalloids: As, B, Ge, Te; platinum group elements (PGEs): Os, Pt, Rh; rare earth elements (REES): Gd, Ho, La, Nd, Pr; other elements: Ba, Bi, Ga, In, Sr, Ti, U, V, Zr) in 12 mushroom species ( Agrocybe cylindracea, Auricularia polytricha, Clitocybe maxima, Coprinus comatus, Flammulina velutipes, Grifola frondosa, Hericium erinaceus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Pholiota nameko, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Trametes versicolor, Tremella fuciformis) obtained between 2008 and 2016 from the Polish market but originating from both Poland (small scale local production) and China (available in selected oriental or internet shops only). Elemental composition was highly species-specific and did not follow a taxonomical pattern on the family level. As revealed, G. frondosa contained high concentrations of minerals (Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, P and Zn). Most of the studied mushrooms were characterized by a relatively high level of PGEs. Serious food contaminants such as Al, As, Cd and Pb were within safety limits set by the FAO/WHO. Additionally, the study presented Andrews curves as a convenient tool to analyze trends on multidimensional data on chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mineral composition among mushroom species may be similar or significantly different. It is accepted that mushroom species are one of the main determinants of their varying efficiency of accumulating mineral elements. The aim of this study was to establish whether this statement is accurate and what role the mushroom genus may play. For this purpose, fruit bodies of 5 species belonging to the Lactarius genus and 4 species belonging to Russula genus were collected from a forest area as small as compatible with similar chemical soil characteristics. In total, 4 major (Ca, K, Mg, Na) and 33 trace elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, B, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hf, Hg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Se, Sn, Sr, Ta, Ti, Tl, U, V, Zn, Zr) were determined. Generally, species belonging to the Lactarius genus contained a higher content of major elements compared to Russula. The obtained results reveal a similarity in the mineral profile of the studied mushrooms within each individual genus. Moreover, within each mushroom genus, a specific species with significantly higher element(s) content was observed, suggesting that both the mushroom species and genera may play an essential role in modulating element accumulation from soil to soil fruit bodies. Due to the fact that collected mushrooms grew in close proximity to trees, we were able to confirm that the presence of Fagus sylvatica might stimulate the accumulation of toxic elements in Lactarius vellereus bodies. [Display omitted] • Mineral composition of Lactarius and Russula mushroom species were studied. • Species of genus Lactarius contained higher level of major elements than Russula. • Similarity in mineral profile between mushrooms of the particular genera were observed. • Higher accumulation of elements may depend on species and genus. • Fagus sylvatica may stimulate toxic elements accumulation in Lactarius vellereus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1979 world production of mushrooms has increased almost 10-fold, but it is not known whether the mineral composition profile of fruit bodies has changed over time and if so, what the patterns of changes are. This work attempts to determine alterations in the mineral composition of Agaricus bisporus produced in Poland in the years 1977–2020. The obtained results indicated a general decrease in the content of most of the analysed elements, which was most likely associated with changes in the growing substrate (horse manure in the first years, followed by the production of compost containing straw and poultry manure). The observed alterations in the content of elements in around 2010 probably resulted from the introduction of supplements during the optimisation of mushroom cultivation. Consuming A. bisporus fruiting bodies produced in Poland has never caused a risk to human health or life. Despite fluctuations in the content of elements in selected years, the results indicate a gradual reduction in the content, especially of nonessential and toxic trace elements. The results obtained from the archival and unique research material reflect current cultivation trends described by changes in the mineral profile of white button mushroom production. [Display omitted] • Content of 45 elements in Agaricus bisporus between 1977 and 2020 in Poland is reported. • Intake of mushrooms from Polish producers was not associated with health risk. • Despite diverse mineral profile a general decrease of element contents was observed. • The high content of elements was most likely the result of using horse manure. • Changes in the mineral profile are an effect of using supplements in compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The content of arsenic (As) in mushrooms can vary depending on the concentration level of this metalloid in the soil/substrate. The present study evaluated the content of arsenic in Boletus badius fruiting bodies collected from polluted and non-polluted sites in relation to the content of this element in overgrown substrate. It was found that mushrooms from the arsenic-polluted sites contained mean concentrations from 49 to 450 mg As kg-1 dry matter (d.m.), with the greatest content found for specimens growing in close proximity of sludge deposits (490§20 mg As kg-1d.m.). The mean content of total arsenic in mushrooms from clean sites ranged from 0.03 to 0.37 mg kg-1 It was found that B. badius could tolerate arsenic in soil substrate at concentrations of up to 2500 mg kg-1, at least. In different years of investigation, shifts in particular arsenic forms, as well as a general increase in the accumulation of organic arsenic content, were observed. The results of this study clearly indicate that B. badius should not be collected for culinary purposes from any sites that may be affected by pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to limited data-describing abilities of mushrooms to accumulate platinum group elements (PGEs) and rare-earth elements (REEs), the aim of this study was to determine, by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry followed by microwave-assisted sample digestion by nitric acid, the content of these elements in 20 mushroom species (10 above ground and 10 growing on wood), mostly edible, collected near a busy trunk road. The highest content of PGEs in above-ground mushroom species was observed inLepista gilvaandSuillus bovinusfruit bodies (0.38 ± 0.05 and 0.37 ± 0.03 mg kg−1DW, respectively), while in mushrooms growing on wood, the highest content was observed inPleurotus ostreatus(0.35 ± 0.04 mg kg−1DW). The mean content of PGEs for both these groups was 0.23 ± 0.08 and 0.26 ± 0.07 mg kg−1DW, respectively. The highest content of REEs inSuillus luteusandTricholoma equestrawas 5.03 ± 0.50 and 2.18 ± 0.56 mg kg−1DW, respectively, but within mushrooms growing on wood inGanoderma applanatumfruiting bodies it was 4.19 ± 0.78 mg kg−1DW. Mean contents of REEs were 1.39 ± 1.21 and 1.61 ± 0.97 mg kg−1DW in above-ground species and species growing on wood, respectively. Generally, the group of mushroom species growing on wood was capable of slightly higher accumulation of both REEs and PGEs. No limits have been established for both the groups until now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trace metals may be supportive to mammalian reproduction but also reveal certain toxicities. The present study investigated the content of selected metals (Ca, Cd, Cu, Mn, Mg, Ni, Pb, Zn) in uterine and testicular tissue of free-ranging and household cats and its relation with hair metal status, cats’ age, weight, physical activity, diet and inhabited environment. Free-rangers and cats not fed by humans were characterized by higher concentrations of essential metals in their reproductive tissues as well as increased levels of toxic elements, particularly Cd and Ni. No difference in metal status was found for household individuals fed on different varieties of commercial food. Cats inhabiting urbanized areas were characterized by higher Pb levels in their reproductive system. Feline hair was found to be less, if at all, susceptible to environmental, lifestyle and dietary variables and most importantly, did not reflect a metal burden in reproductive tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selenium (Se) is a highly essential element, intakes of which in many populations are below the established requirements. As edible mushrooms represent an important part of the human diet in some regions, the present study investigated the concentrations of Se species (Se(IV), Se(VI), Se and Se) in three cultivated mushroom species ( Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pholiota nameko) growing on substrates supplemented with different concentrations of sodium selenite NaSeO (IV) and sodium selenate NaSeO (VI) solutions. The most effective Se supplementation was observed for P. ostreatus fruiting bodies growing on substrates with Se concentrations of 0.25 and 0.5 mM (53 and 62 mg kg DW, respectively). Additionally, supplementation with Se salts stimulated P. eryngii biomass growth only. The highest bioconcentration factor (BCF) values of analysed Se species were observed for P. nameko fruiting bodies. Additionally, BCF values indicating accumulation of Se were observed when mushrooms were grown on substrates with ≥0.25 mM ( P. nameko) or ≥0.5 mM ( P. ostreatus and P. eryngii) Se addition. Our findings show that edible mushrooms growing on Se-supplemented substrates may represent food supplementation in the situation of Se deficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimization and application of a new hyphenated procedure for iron ionic speciation, i.e., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with short cation–exchange column (50 mm × 4 mm) coupled to high resolution inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP hrOES), is presented in this paper. Fe(III) and Fe(II) species were separated on the column with the mobile phase containing pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid (PDCA). The total time of the analysis was approx. 5 min, with a significantly low eluent flow rate (0.5 mL min−1) compared to the literature. Additionally, a long cation-exchange column (250 mm × 4.0 mm) was used as reference. Depending on the total iron content in the sample, two plasma views were chosen, e.g., an attenuated axial (<2 g kg−1) and an attenuated radial. The standard addition method was performed for the method's accuracy studies, and the applicability was presented on three types of samples: sediments, soils, and archaeological pottery. This study introduces a fast, efficient, and green method for leachable iron speciation in both geological and pottery samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the history of the development of six, paleo-lakes, which are at present filled with sediments, in a dune area in Central Poland, based on multiproxy paleoecological analyses and accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating. The aims of the paleoecological studies were: i) to determine the initial age of lakes development, ii) to reconstruct the local and regional plant succession, as well as iii) to reconstruct the environmental conditions during the initial stage of the development of lakes and peatlands. The obtained results indicated that: the former lakes in dune depressions were developed during the Bølling and Allerød when sparse vegetation allowed strong aeolian activity. Climate warming in Bølling led to the development of a denser plant cover, inhibition of sand transportation and the formation of mid-dune reservoirs with the accumulation of organic sediments. As indicated by 14C dating, mid-dunes basins were formed between 14 686 ± 60 cal. yr BP and 13 421 ± 60 cal. yr BP. The results of the paleobotanical analysis suggested that the reservoirs were shallow, oligo-mesotrophic, inhabited by pioneer calcicole vascular plant species such as: Chara sp., Hippuris vulgaris, Potamogeton natans, Potamogeton fresii, Potamogeton alpinus and Potamogeton filiformis, and mosses such as: Pseudocalliergon trifarium, Calliergon sp. and Calliergonella cordifolium. The area next to the reservoirs was covered with sparse pine forests combined with birch, which is typical of the Late Glacial period. The open areas were dominated by psammophilic and steppe vegetation, including Poaceae, Artemisia and Hippophae rhamnoides. Geochemical analysis revealed that Ca2+ and Fe3+ were in high concentrations, which could have influenced the presence of taxa preferring soil with high Ca2+ content. The accumulation of calcium in sediments confirms that the reservoirs were fed by groundwater originating from the progressive degradation of permafrost associated with thermal changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical vapor or hydride generation (CVG/HG) still plays a significant role in continuous flow sample introduction system. The development and higher accessibility of new commercial CVG/HG accessories (especially modified spray chambers and nebulizers) improves the analytical possibilities of plasma–based optical emission spectrometry for determination of hydride forming analytes. These systems are still designed and widely applied despite the better availability of its alternatives. The commercialization of the first nitrogen microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry instrument (MIP OES) also contributes to the increase in popularity of these solutions. The latest achievements in commercial and laboratory–made generators and instruments, as well as new strategies in sample preparation for total content and speciation analysis, are discussed in the review. [Display omitted] • The recent applications of CVG and HG with ICP OES and MIP OES are reviewed. • Latest commercial and laboratory–made CVG/HG accessories are reviewed. • New strategies of sample preparation in accordance to the sample matrix are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available food supplements based on microalgae such as Spirulina (Cyanobacteria) or Chlorella (Chlorophyta) are becoming increasingly popular. Both are considered as non-toxic per se but the quality and safety of the final product depends on culturing and manufacturing conditions. This study presents two cases of human poisoning following the simultaneous use of Spirulina and Chlorella food products and a multidisciplinary approach to their evaluation: cytotoxic tests using human whole-blood in vitro and a suite of analytical screenings of over 30 elements, arsenic species and cyanotoxins: cylindrospermopsin (CYN), anatoxin-a (ANA) and three microcystin (MC) analogues. To compare metal content the Food Supplement Metal Index and Toxic Elements Contamination Index were also introduced. In all performed analyses two other commercial products were also investigated. Reported clinical symptoms of poisoning included the spreading of atopic dermatitis, nausea, dizziness, headache and fatigue. Extracts of supplements obtained from affected subjects were found to act pro-necrotically in human neutrophils, while tablets contained higher levels of several metals including Cd, Pb and Hg. All analyzed food supplements contained a significant content of Al. Neither CYN, ANA nor MC were present in any examined product. The quality of both Spirulina-based and Chlorella-based food supplements was very doubtful. The contamination problem of some commercially available microalgae-based supplements appears to be pleiotropic. The present study clearly indicates that such products should be subject to strict and routine monitoring before being registered and distributed as some of them may pose a distinct threat to human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of supplementation with inorganic forms of selenium (Na2SeO4and Na2SeO3) in concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.5 mM of three medicinal mushroom species:Agrocybe aegerita,Hericium erinaceusandGanoderma lucidum. Tested mushroom species grew in Se additions of 0–0.6 mM (A. aegeritaandH. erinaceus), while growth ofG. lucidumbodies was observed for 0–0.8 mM. For the latter mushroom species, the total Se content was the highest. Content of Seorgwas diverse; for control bodies it was the highest forG. lucidum(only organic forms were present), lower forA. aegerita(84% organic forms) and the lowest forH. erinaceus(56% organic forms). Accumulation of Se(IV) was generally significantly higher than Se(VI) for all tested mushroom species. There was no significant decrease ofA. aegeritaorG. lucidumbiomass with the exception ofG. lucidumbodies growing under 0.8 mM of Se species addition (15.51 ± 6.53 g). Biomass ofH. erinaceusbodies was the highest under 0.2 (197.04 ± 8.73 g), control (191.80 ± 6.06 g) and 0.1 mM (185.04 ± 8.73 g) of both inorganic salts. The addition to the medium of Se salts brought about macroscopic changes in the fruiting bodies of the examined mushrooms. Concentrations exceeding 0.4 mM caused diminution of carpophores or even their total absence. In addition, colour changes of fruiting bodies were also recorded. At Se concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6 mM,A. aegeritafruiting bodies were distinctly lighter and those ofH. erinaceuschanged colour from purely white to white-pink. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Introduction. Aluminium (Al), the most ubiquitous metal in the earth crust, has been shown to reveal a potential metalloestrogenic action. Despite an increasing interest in Al exposure in human, there is essentially no information on its status in the reproduction system. Aim. The present work investigated the content of Al in female endometrial tissue (n = 25) and its association with endometrial thickness and histological image, female age, place of living, history of cigarette smoking and diet. Material and methods. The endometrial samples (n = 25) were obtained during routine procedures. The Al content was determined using microwave induced nitrogen plasma atomic emission spectrometer. The relationships between metal level and histological image, endometrial thickness, female age, place of living, cigarette smoking and diet were investigated. Results. The Al was detected in every analysed sample. Its concentrations varied from 0.9-16.0 μg/kg dry tissue. The lowest Al level was found in atrophic endometrium. The metal content in polyposis, hyperplasia and unaltered tissue was comparable. The study failed to find significant association with the metal content and endometrial thickness, female age, place of living, smoking habits and diet. Conclusion. Human endometrial tissue can contain detectable levels of Al. It, in turn, indicates that endometrium may play a role in systematic accumulation of absorbed Al but also that it may represent an unique route of periodic discharge of this element. Further studies are necessary to elucidate which factors are responsible for the presence of Al in endometrium and what are the possible consequences of its increased content in this tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] The study of the influence of tsunami deposits on the environment has been provided. [•] The potential release of deposit components to the environment has been shown. [•] The mechanism of changes in content of selected components of tsunami deposit have been shown. [•] The description of this mechanism has been proposed. [•] A pioneer approach to the study of post-depositional changes of metalloids content in deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The article presents the new analytical method of determination of the content of selected iron forms in soil and sediment extracts. The presented tandem analytical system uses the molecular and atomic absorption and works in the flow injection mode. The system is equipped with two detectors: the spectrophotometric detector of diode array and the atomic absorption spectrometer. The new analytical system allows for the determinations of the content of ionic iron forms: Fe(II) and Fe(III), as well as the content of non-ionic forms complexed in the extracts of soil and sediment solid samples. The determination limits of 0.2, 0.9 and 0.9μgmL−1 were obtained, for Fe(II), Fe(III) and for iron in acid leachable fraction in solid sample extracts respectively, and the precision of determinations fell within the range of 1.8% - 2.4%. The developed and optimised analytical method was applied in the studies of iron speciation in the acid leachable fraction of sediments and soils of different origin. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A method of extraction has been proposed for the determination of inorganic species of As(III) and As(V) in the exchangeable fraction of sediments left by the 2004 tsunami. The method combines the fractionation of solid samples with speciation analysis by high performance liquid chromatography with hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry (HPLC-HG-AAS). The proposed extraction liquid is a phosphate buffer of Na2HPO4 and KH2PO4, with different concentrations of phosphate ranging from 5 to 50 mmol L-1. This method has been tested for different masses of samples as well as for different times of extraction, pH, temperature, and the presence or absence of mixing. The optimum conditions of extraction have been obtained by the use of buffer (50 mmol L-1 under pH from 5.8 to 6.2) at 80°C. The new technique was applied for the analysis of tsunami deposits left on land and sampled shortly after the tsunami (2005) and after the first (2006) and second rainy seasons (2007). The obtained results show that the exchangeable fraction of tsunami deposits was enriched in arsenic in comparison to reference soil samples. The major changes after the rainy seasons were not in the total concentration of inorganic As species, but in the ratio of As(III) to As(V). More toxic As(III) was removed from the deposits or oxidised, and after two years was hardly detectable in the tsunami deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an independent application of two hyphenated techniques, wherein an identical chromatographic system i.e. high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was coupled to microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) or inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). A cation–exchange column and a mobile phase based on pyridine–2,6–dicarboxylic acid (PDCA) were employed to separate Fe(II) and Fe(III) within 300 s. Additionally, two methods of sample preparation were employed. Optimization and validation of both methods were conducted parallel. The applicability was presented with different sample matrix types: post–glacial sediments, archaeological pottery, soils located in the proximity of industry wastes disposal site, river sediments and yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Obtained results were compared in terms of the excitation source (microwave induced or inductively coupled) and supplied gas (nitrogen or argon). The research introduces HPLC–MIP OES for iron speciation analysis and its applicability were critically evaluated with HPLC–ICP OES. [Display omitted] • The optical emission detectors with different plasma sources has been applied for iron species determination. • The hyphenated techniques HPLC–MIP–OES and HPLC–ICP–OES has been optimized and validated. • The application of speciation analysis has been elaborated for different matrixes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper presents a new method for a simultaneous determination of inorganic nitrogen species in the oxidized (NO2 −, NO3 −) and reduced (NH4 +) form in rain water samples. The method is based on a system of nitrogen species separation employing ion exchange and diode-array detection. The ions are separated in a strong ion-exchanger, nitrites and nitrates are determined directly at 208 and 205nm, respectively, while the ammonium ions are determined in the column hold-up time after a post-column derivatization by the Nessler reagent, at 425nm. The use of a diode-array detector permits a simultaneous identification of the inorganic nitrogen species in 8min. The detection limits obtained are: NO2 −, 0.1mgL−1; NO3 −, 0.05mgL−1; NH4 +, 1mgL−1. The method proposed has been successfully used for speciation analysis of inorganic nitrogen in precipitation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mutual transformations of particular As forms are dynamic. Therefore hydroponic experiments need to account for this variation. For this reason, the aim of the study was to determine the time-dependent changes of As total and selected forms of this metalloid (As(III), As(V), DMA or the sum of other organic forms) in modified Knop's solution and organs (root, low and high stem) of 2-year-old Quercus robur L. seedlings within a 33-day long hydroponic experiment. The results indicate the varying speed of As uptake and transport to aerial plant parts. A decrease in contents of As forms in organs of seedlings exposed to individual As forms varied, which indicates simultaneous transformations of As forms both in Knop's solution and plant organs. The obtained results indicate the need to analyse the main forms of As both in the nutrient solution and plant organs to assess the actual effectiveness of As phytoextraction by plants. It is necessary because, as demonstrated in this work, the addition of a specific As form does not mean that the capacity of a given plant relative to this form specifically is assessed. Capsule : The form of arsenic added to the medium undergoes dynamic changes affecting the phytoextraction of this metalloid in Quercus robur L. organs. ga1 • Hydroponic experiment confirmed the mutual transformations of selected As forms. • As(III), As(V) or DMA addition does not determine the presence of this form only. • Possible arsenic oxidation/reduction reactions occur in Q. robur L. tree organs. • Varying speed of As uptake and transport to aerial tree parts are As form dependent. • Effective uptake of As by trees was evident in the first 12 days of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new usage of a commercial in–spray chamber hydride generator, Multi–mode Sample Introduction System (MSIS) as a connector of high pressure liquid chromatography and inductivity coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HPLC/HG–ICP–OES). This hyphenated technique was applied in a determination of inorganic and organic arsenic species. The optimization of a hydride generation process in MSIS and a chromatographic separation (using anion–exchange HPLC column with phosphate buffer as a mobile phase) were carried out compositely. The method allowed to determine three arsenic forms, As(III), As(V) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) within 400s of a single analysis. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) were 2.08 μg L−1 for As(III); 6.97 μg L−1 for As(V); 6.15 μg L−1 for DMA and precision 2.7%, 4.8%, and 5.7%, respectively, for 100 μg L−1. The described method was used for environmental and food samples analyses. Image 1 • The new kind of interface in hyphenated technique has been applied. • The hyphenated technique HPLC-MSIS-ICP-OES had been optimized and validated. • The application for routine speciation analysis has been elaborated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-power microwave induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP-OES) constitutes a serious alternative to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for elemental analysis. To improve the analytical capabilities of MIP-OES, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedures seems to be, a priori, a very promising choice for trace and ultra-trace analysis in complex matrices. Nevertheless, to date, DLLME has never been coupled to MIP-OES. The goal of the present work is to investigate the capability of MIP-OES as a detector in DLLME procedures. To this end, spectral and non-spectral interferences caused by the presence of common DLLME extractants (i.e., chloroform and supramolecular solvent based on 1-decanol and THF) in MIP-OES have been evaluated. Results reveal the occurrence of both spectral and non-spectral interferences due to carbon-based molecular bands emission in MIP-OES. Carbon-based molecular emission (i.e. C2 and CH) significantly affects analyte wavelengths above 328 nm. By the appropriate selection of experimental conditions (i.e. analyte wavelength and nebulizer gas flow rate), both spectral and non-spectral interferences could be mitigated allowing elemental analysis by means of DLLME-MIP-OES. Different DLLME methodologies have been developed for Cd determination in water samples (i.e., tap, sparkling and synthetic seawater) by MIP-OES. These methodologies afford an enrichment factor of 46 and 42 for chloroform and supramolecular-based solvent DLLME procedures, respectively, and a limit of detection (LoD) of 1 μg L−1. This LoD is 100-fold lower than that obtained by conventional MIP-OES (i.e. no DLLME) due to both analyte preconcentration and the beneficial effect of organics on aerosol generation and transport. These analytical figures of merit are equivalent to those previously reported for DLLME-ICP-OES and allows Cd determination in water samples according to current international policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sediments from an oxbow lake located in the Prosna River valley (Poland) were analysed to investigate the developmental history of the wetland ecosystem and any response to abrupt climatic changes. High resolution plant macrofossil analysis and radiocarbon dating were undertaken on two cores, with lower resolution geochemical analysis conducted on one of these cores. We provide evidence of a palaeolake with a late Glacial origin (older than 12,500 years). Abundant fossil presence of macrophytes (e.g. multiple Potamogeton species) in the studied palaeomeander may indicate that the north–south orientation of the Prosna valley made it an important route for the spreading of aquatic plants during the late Glacial. Chara sp., Batrachium sp. and Potamogeton spp. were the pioneer plants that colonised cold water with a high Ca2+ content. Early Holocene warming trigged a decrease in water level at the oxbow lake and facilitated the expansion of thermophilous water plants, for example, Ceratophyllum demersum, Typha sp. and Lemna trisulca, which usually occur in shallow water. A decreasing water level resulted in the gradual isolation of the study site from the influence of groundwater, leading to acidification of the habitat and the development of a Sphagnum population, with S. contortum and S. teres as dominant species. The presence of S. contortum (the oldest occurrence in the European lowlands) and S. teres during the early Holocene may indicate that river valleys and the peatlands that developed in this region acted as an important habitats (and possibly refugia) for some minerotrophic Sphagnum species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira spp. (known commercially as Spirulina) and Chlorella spp., valued for their evidence-based nutritional and bioactive properties, are cultivated for the purpose of production of food supplements for worldwide distribution. However, the quality and safety of the final product depends on culturing and manufacturing conditions. The present study investigated the content of toxic elements (As species, Al, Cd, Hg, Ni, Pt, Pb, Cr (VI), rare earth elements) and minerals (Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na, Mg, Mn, P, Zn) in Chlorella (n = 10) and Spirulina (n = 13) food supplements registered in the European Union. Considering the most common recommended daily dosage 3.0, supplementation with any of the studied product would contribute significantly to mineral intake, with the exception of Fe which was found at high but acceptable levels in both Spirulina and Chlorella formulas. The majority of products revealed agreement between factual mineral content and that declared on the label, the only exception being Cu content in Chlorella products found to be significantly higher (> 130%). All studied supplements were found to have Cd, Hg, and Ni levels much below safety limits, although selected ones were characterized by increased content of Al, Pb, and inorganic As. No hexavalent Cr was detected in the studied products. The study highlights that microalgal supplements can be safe for consumers if appropriate measures are taken to ensure consumer safety, although it underlines the continuous need to monitor these products in order to fully eliminate those of low quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over recent decades the Aral Sea has faced a major human-driven regression leading to environmental, economic and health impacts. Previous research has indicated that its region may be highly polluted yet there is little recent data to assess the scale or nature of the pollution. The present study investigated the concentration of elements for which the World Health Organization (WHO) has established guideline levels (Al, As, B, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb) as well as 16 rare-earth elements (Ce, Eu, Er, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sc, Sm, Dy, Ho, Lu, Tb, Tm, Y, Yb) in the Small Aral Sea (SAS) and its inflow, the Syr Darya River (SDR). The latter displayed increased levels of Al (mean 851 μg L−1), As (35.8 μg L−1), Cd (2.8 μg L−1), Pb (10.1 μg L−1) and U (4.9 μg L−1), exceeding the guideline limits at selected sites. In the SAS these limits were exceeded at certain locations in the case of As and U. The total mean concentration of REEs in the SDR and SAS amounted to 22.6 and 61.7 μg L−1, respectively, with Pr, Ce and Nd constituting the greatest share. The concentrations of B, Ba Cr, Cu, Se and Ni were below the WHO guideline levels at all studied sites while Sb and Hg were always below detection limits. This research provides an updated status on the levels of contamination of the surface waters in the ecological disaster zone of the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan. • Pollution of Syr Darya River (SDR) and Small Aral Sea (SAS) was studied. • Waters of SDR exceeded WHO guideline values for Al, As, Cd, Pb and U. • No pollution with Hg and Sb was detected. • Concentrations of B, Ba, Cr, Cu, Ni and Se fall below WHO guideline levels. • Increased levels of REEs, particularly Pr, Ce and Nd, were found in SDR and SAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the As phytoextraction potential of four tree species: Acer pseudoplatanus L., Betula pendula Roth., Quercus robur L., and Ulmus laevis Pall. in light of their prospective use in the phytoremediation of arsenate [As(V)] contaminated soils. The content of nutritional elements: B, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Si, P, and S was also analyzed. The trees were grown for 1 month in hydroponic cultures (Knop medium) supplemented with As(V), (1 mM). The results showed that the highest As accumulation efficiency was characterized by B. pendula (BCF = 0.87) and Q. robur (BCF = 0.5). Betula pendula accumulated about 80% of As in its roots (TF = 0.22) whereas Q. robur accumulated more than 60% of As in its shoots (TF = 1.60). The other tree species accumulated significantly lower amounts of As, more than 60% of which collected in their shoots. As(V) phytoextraction led to a significantly lower level of P and S in the roots of all tested tree species. Betula pendula seems promising for phytostabilisation and Q. robur for phytoextraction of As(V) from contaminated soils. The obtained results confirm the accumulation and translocation of As(V), as well as the acquisition of nutritional elements by the selected tree species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern food production accounts for over 25% of human greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly from animal-related products. Climate change calls for transforming food and feed industries. Edible insects are attracting attention as an alternative low-carbon footprint source of protein. However, questions remain about their total nutritional value and some safety issues. This study analyzed the content of essential, toxic, and rare earth elements (REEs) in insect-based food and feed products commercially available in the European Union. In general, the content of macro- and microelements decreased in the following order: K>Na>P>Ca>Mg, and Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn>Mo>Se>Cr>Co. The highest mineral content was found in products based on house cricket. The level of toxic elements was below the allowance thresholds in foodstuffs. Increased content of Al and Pb was found in feed based on yellow mealworm (18.6 and 10.3 mg/100 g, respectively). REEs were not abundant (median 6.6 µg/100 g). The highest content of REEs was observed in feed products (133 µg/100 g). These results demonstrate that insect-based food can have favourable mineral content with low metal, metalloid, and REEs contamination levels, not posing any safety concerns. However, their elevated content in a single feed product advocates for further studies to understand the potential risk of introducing toxic elements into the food chain. • Essential, toxic and rare earth elements were analyzed in insect-based products. • Products based on house cricket had the highest mineral density. • All tested foodstuffs were deemed safe for human consumption. • The content of rare earth elements was low. • Increased contents of Pb and Al were found in insect-based animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the content of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in human endometrium (END), endocervix (ECX), and endometrial (END-P) and endocervical (ECX-P) polyps in relation to histologic image and female demographic characteristics and habits.Design: Tissues were collected during curettage of the uterine cavity, subjected to histopathologic examination, digested, and analyzed with the use of a microwave induced nitrogen plasma atomic emission spectrometer. Demographic/lifestyle characteristics were assessed with the use of a questionnaire.Setting: University hospital and research laboratory.Patient(s): One hundred nine white Polish women undergoing curettage of the END (n = 60) or ECX (n = 23) or dissection of END-P (n = 16) or ECX-P (n = 10).Interventions(s): None.Main Outcome Measure(s): Trace element concentrations in collected tissues.Result(s): Histologic states of analyzed END included: normal (n = 22), irregularity (n = 3), polypoid (n = 12), simple hyperplasia (n = 10), leiomyoma (n = 5), and cancer (n = 8); whereas for ECX: normal (n = 10), inflammation (n = 8), irregularity (n = 2), and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; n = 3). All elements were identified in the sampled material. Compared with histologically normal tissues, endometrial cancer, hyperplasia, and CIN revealed significantly increased levels of toxic metals (Cd and Pb), altered status of Cu and Mn, and an elevated Cu/Zn ratio. Current and former smoking was associated with significantly higher Cd and Pb levels in investigated tissues. Polyps represented significant accumulators of Al, Cd, Ni, and Pb (END-P) or Al, Cd, and Cu (ECX-P).Conclusion(s): The findings of this study are important in understanding the presence and role of metals in the female reproductive system and its pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Soybean sprouts cultured in 20 m m FeSO4 were introduced into corn snacks (1.75–3.50%) to supplement iron. The effect of extrusion process on the ferritin iron stability and on product quality was studied. Iron stability in these fortified snacks depended mainly on feed moisture levels, with the best results seen when the feed moisture and temperature were 12% and 110 °C, respectively. Lower feed moisture was beneficial to hardness, expansion ratio and bulk density, while lower temperature increased snack hardness and density, while worsening the expansion ratio. The snacks’ water absorption was strongly and directly dependent on the temperature, while their solubility mainly depended inversely on feed moisture. All of the variables tested altered the colour of the snacks. The conditions that were best for producing the ferritin‐fortified snacks – 12% feed moisture, and temperature equal than or less to 140 °C – may yield a product with the desired quality features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated effect of substrate supplementation with Se alone or in combination with Cu or/and Zn Se on (1) the growth of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii; (2) elements accumulation in mushrooms; (3) the antioxidant activities of bio-enriched mushroom extracts in human platelets. The accumulation of elements generally increased over concentration gradient reaching its maximum at 1.2 mM for P. ostreatus and P. eryngii: (1) over 100 and 80 mg kg of Se, respectively (Se supplementation); (2) over 15 and 30 mg kg of Cu, respectively (Se+Cu); (3) over 30 and 85 mg kg of Zn, respectively. Se was predominantly accumulated as an organic fraction. Contrary to P. eryngii, the P. ostreatus biomass decreased with substrate elements concentration but was satisfactory up to 0.9 mM of Se, Se+Cu and Se+Zn. The Se+Cu+Zn model yielded low biomass and elements accumulation. Extracts from mushrooms bio-enriched with Se and Se+Zn (0.6-1.2 mM) revealed significant antioxidant activities in human platelets by ameliorating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and preventing lipid peroxidation. The study demonstrated the potential application of Pleurotus mushrooms as functional food products bio-enriched with essential elements. ROS inhibition by extracts of these mushrooms may be useful in control of platelets activation cascade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trees have long been recognized as promising for arsenic phytoremediation, however, the most suitable traits of various tree species are still under examination. Therefore, the aim of the studies was to investigate the uptake and accumulation capabilities of As(III) by one-year-old trees from of species ( Acer platanoides L., Betula pendula Roth., Quercus robur L., Ulmus laevis Pall) using hydroponic culture. A further aim was to analyse the influence of As(III) on the content of selected nutritional minerals, such as B, Ca, K, Mg, Na and Si. The highest accumulation of As(III) was detected in A. platanoides (BCF = 2.16) and Q. robur (BCF = 2.69). In A. platanoides > 80% of total As(III) of the whole plant was accumulated in its stem while its TF was 10.8. Q. robur TF was 0.1 and it accumulated As(III) predominantly in its roots – > 85% of total As(III) of whole the plant. The high As(III) accumulation capabilities of A. platanoides and its location predominantly in the stem classify this tree species as a hyperaccumulator and a good candidate for As(III) phytoextraction while Q. robur would be more suitable for phytostabilization and eco-restoration. As(III) uptake also caused alteration in the content of nutritional minerals. Decreased levels of B and Si were detected in the roots of most trees exposed to As(III) indicating the competition between these elements in the uptake process. In A. platanoides stems a high accumulation of As(III) resulted in a significant decrease of Si content in all the studied organs, suggesting that As(III) was transported from root to shoot predominantly by Si transporters. As(III) also led to a general alteration in the level of other macronutrients – e.g. an increase in the level of Na and K. The reactions varied between tree species and organs. Hence, As(III) uptake and accumulation results in a deterioration of cation balance and homeostasis, which could be one of the factors affecting the vitality of the examined trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) is an important culinary and medicinal species of worldwide importance. The present study investigated for the first time whether it may be grown on substrates supplemented with Se alone or in combination with Cu and/or Zn (0.1-0.8 mmol L−1) to produce fruiting bodies of increased nutritional value. RESULTS As found, substrate supplementation did not affect yielded biomass up to 0.6 mmol L−1 element concentrations regardless of the cultivation model. At 0.8 mmol L−1 Se + Cu and Se + Zn supplementation biomass comparable with controls still developed. The accumulation of trace elements in the fruiting bodies generally increased over the concentration gradient reaching its maximum at 0.6 mmol L−1 (for Se + Zn and Se + Cu + Zn) and 0.8 mmol L−1 (for Se and Se + Cu). The organic Se constituted the greatest share in total Se quota. As calculated, each 10 g of dried fruiting bodies of A. bisporus obtained from 0.6 or 0.8 mmol L−1 supplementation would represent 342-469% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for Se, 43.4-48.5% for Cu and 5.2-5.8% for Zn. CONCLUSION Considering inexpensive methods of A. bisporus cultivation, global popularity and use of this mushroom, its biofortification with Se, Cu and Zn could have a practical application in deficiency prevention and assisted treatment. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to estimate the ability of ten tree and bush species to tolerate and accumulate Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As species [As(III), As(V), and total organic arsenic] in industrial sewage sludge extremely contaminated with arsenic (almost 27.5 g kg−1) in a pot experiment. The premise being that it will then be possible to select the most promising tree/bush species, able to grow in the vicinity of dams where sewage sludge/flotation tailings are used as landfill. Six of the ten tested tree species were able to grow on the sludge. The highest content of total As was observed inBetula pendularoots (30.0 ± 1.3 mg kg−1DW), where the dominant As species was the toxic As(V). The highest biomass of Quercus Q1 robur (77.3 § 2.6 g) and Acer platanoides (76.0 § 4.9 g) was observed. A proper planting of selected tree species that are able to thrive on sewage sludge/flotation tailings could be an interesting and promising way to protect dams. By utilizing differences in their root systems and water needs, we will be able to reduce the risk of fatal environmental disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Archaeological vs. contemporary pine and oak wood from Biskupin site was analysed. • Pine and oak woods showed different metal sorption rates. • Metal sorption rates differed in archaeological and contemporary wood samples. • Metal concentrations had no effect on wood remains from the Lusatian culture site. Contents of 40 elements were determined in samples of archaeological and contemporary wood of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) after 10 years of their deposition in two environments (bottom sediment vs. wet peat) at a Lusatian culture archaeological site in Biskupin (Poland). Contents of the elements were also determined in the soil, in which wood samples were deposited. The assays were performed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and the results were interpreted based on statistical analyses (t -test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD). It was stated that greater contents of elements were recorded for lake bottom deposits compared to wet peat. It was also established that Q. robur (both modern and archaeological) contained more minerals than P. sylvestris. Regardless of the deposition conditions, species and degree of wood degradation, the concentration of chemical elements is too low to influence the degradation process of the remains of the Lusatian culture sludge in Biskupin. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and related sea-level rise pose significant threats to lowland coasts. However, the role of key controlling factors responsible for the frequency and landward extent of extreme storm surges is not yet fully understood. Here, we present a high-resolution sedimentary record of extreme storm surge flooding from the non-tidal southern Baltic Sea, spanning two periods: 3.6–2.9 ka BP and 0.7 ka BP until present. Sediments from coastal wetland, including sandy event layers, were analyzed by sedimentological (grain size, loss-on-ignition, micromorphology), geochronological (14C), geochemical (XRF), mineralogical (heavy minerals) and micropaleontological (diatoms) methods. The results show that both periods were characterized by high-frequency of storm surge flooding, in order of 1.3–4.2 events per century. These periods correlate with phases of enhanced storminess in northwest Europe and took place during both rising and fluctuating sea levels. The study shows that the frequency and landward extent of coastal inundation, largely depended on the development of natural barriers (e.g. beach ridges and aeolian foredunes). Thus, in the context of the future coastal storm-surge hazard, the protection of existing coastal barriers and their morphology is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their enzymatic and bioaccumulation faculties the use of macromycetes for the decontamination of polluted matrices seems reasonable for bioremediation. For this reason, the aim of our study was to evaluate the mycoremediation ability of Agaricus bisporus cultivated on compost mixed with flotation tailings in different quantities (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% addition). The biomass of the fruit bodies and the content of 51 major and trace elements were determined. Cultivation of A. bisporus in compost moderately polluted with flotation tailings yielded significantly lower (the first flush) and higher (the second flush) biomass of fruit bodies, compared with the control treatment. The presence of toxic trace elements did not cause any visible adverse symptoms for A. bisporus. Increasing the addition of flotation tailings to the compost induced an elevated level of most determined elements. A significant increase in rare earth elements (both flushes) and platinum group elements (first flush only) was observed. The opposite situation was recorded for major essential elements, except for Na and Mg in A. bisporus from the second flush under the most enriched compost (20%). Nevertheless, calculated bioaccumulation factor values showed a selective accumulation capacity—limited for toxic elements (except for Ag, As, and Cd) and the effective accumulation of B, Cu, K, and Se. The obtained results confirmed that A. bisporus can be used for practical application in mycoremediation in the industry although this must be preceded by larger-scale tests. This application seems to be the most favorable for media contaminated with selected elements, whose absorption by fruiting bodies is the most efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom species and there is continuous interest in its bioactive properties. This study evaluated whether it may additionally serve as a nutritional supplement for the trace elements: selenium (Se), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Mushrooms were cultivated on substrates enriched with 0.1 to 0.8 mM of inorganic Se alone or in combination with Zn and/or Cu. Supplementation increased accumulation of the elements in fruiting bodies regardless of the applied cultivation model. G. lucidum demonstrated the ability to accumulate significant amounts of organic Se, maximally amounting to (i) over 44 mg/kg when the substrate was supplemented only with Se, (ii) over 20 mg/kg in the Se+Cu model, (iii) over 25 mg/kg in the Se+Zn model, and (iv) 15 mg/kg in the Se+Cu+Zn model. The accumulation of Cu and Zn steadily increased with their initial substrate concentrations. Maximum concentrations found after supplementation with 0.8 mM amounted to over 55 mg/kg (Se+Zn) and 52 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Zn, and 29 mg/kg (Se+Cu) and over 31 mg/kg (Se+Cu+Zn) of Cu. The greater the supplemented concentration and number of supplemented elements, the lower the biomass of G. lucidum fruiting bodies. Nevertheless, it still remained high when the substrate was supplemented up to 0.4 mM with each element. These results highlight that G. lucidum can easily incorporate elements from the substrate and that, when biofortified, its dried fruiting bodies may serve as a nutritional source of these essential elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mineral composition of wild-growing mushroom species is influenced by various environmental factors, particularly the chemical properties of the soil/substrate. We hypothesised that element uptake might also correlate with taxonomic classification, potentially allowing us to predict contamination levels based on mushrooms within the same taxonomic rank. This study compared the mineral composition (Ag, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) of 16 saprotrophic mushroom species from 11 genera across 4 families and 2 orders. Among these were 13 edible and 3 inedible mushrooms, all collected from natural, wild stands in a forest in central-western Poland between 2017 and 2020. Phallus impudicus exhibited the highest mean content of Ba (together with Phallus hadriani) (6.63 and 8.61 mg kg−1, respectively), Ca (with Paralepista gilva and Stropharia rugosoannulata) (803, 735 and 768 mg kg−1, respectively), Cd (with Lycoperdon perlatum) (3.59 and 3.12 mg kg−1, respectively), Co (0.635 mg kg−1), and Fe (with P. hadriani and S. rugosoannulata) (476, 427 and 477 mg kg−1, respectively), while Macrolepiota mastoidea showed the highest content of Ag (1.96 mg kg−1), As (with Coprinus comatus) (1.56 and 1.62 mg kg−1, respectively) and Cu (with Macrolepiota procera and Chlorophyllum rhacodes) (192, 175 and 180 mg kg−1, respectively). Comparing the content of the analysed elements in the genera represented by at least two species, a similarity was observed, the same as the mean concentration in soil under these species. Soil characteristics could be a superior factor that overshadows the impact of the mushroom genus on the elements accumulation, obscuring its role as a determinant in this process. The results are not definitive evidence that belonging to a particular taxonomic rank is a prerequisite condition affecting the accumulation of all elements. A closer focus on this issue is needed. [Display omitted] • Mineral composition of 16 mushroom species in 2 taxonomic orders was examined. • Taxonomic rank may affect mushroom physiology expressed in uptake of elements. • Discriminative taxonomic rank may be mostly mushroom genus, sometimes the species. • Mineral profile of mushrooms depends on chemical characteristics of soil. • Chosen mushroom species contain high amounts of K and Mg and possibly As and Cd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) remediation is challenging due to the complex nature and the persistence of these metalloid compounds. While it may seem that differences between As forms influence have been extensively described, new findings challenge the previously accepted knowledge, particularly for woody plants. Therefore, this study focused on 2-year-old Tilia cordata Mill. seedlings early (0, 2, 4, 12, 24 h) and late (3, 7, 12, 18, 25, 33 days) responses during growth under: As(III), As(V) or dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) (0.3 mM). Time-dependent transformations of As forms, distribution in plants, and microbiological characteristics (actinobacteria, bacteria, fungi, enzyme activity) were investigated. The highest increase in total As content was observed in plants exposed to As(V) and As(III). Dynamic metalloid form changes in the solution and tree organs were indicated. The most phytotoxic was DMA. This form was the main factor limiting the growth and effective accumulation of As. Despite experimenting in hydroponics, microorganisms played an important role in As form transformations, suggesting the potential for microbial-assisted dendroremediation strategies. The study confirmed that trees can convert more toxic forms into less toxic ones (e.g. As(III) to phytochelatins - As(III)-(PC 3)), whose presence in roots seedlings exposed to As(III) and As(V) has been identified. The formation of hydrophobic forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in the roots of seedlings grown under As(V) was confirmed. It is the first discovery for trees, previously observed only in bacteria and algae. The dynamics of metalloid form changes indicated that T. cordata transforms As forms according to their needs, which may give tree species an advantage in phytoremediation techniques. It holds great promise for the potential of dendroremediation. [Display omitted] • Biotransformation of As forms began at the first hours of tree seedlings growth. • Phytotoxicity for T. cordata seedlings decreased as follows: DMA > As(III) > As(V). • Low concentrations of As(V) in solution stimulated seedlings' biomass increase. • T. cordata seedlings have ability to convert more toxic into less toxic As forms. • First discovery hydrophobic As forms (e.g. dimethylarsinoyl lipid) in tree roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change and related sea-level rise pose significant threats to lowland coasts. However, the role of key controlling factors responsible for the frequency and landward extent of extreme storm surges is not yet fully understood. Here, we present a high-resolution sedimentary record of extreme storm surge flooding from the non-tidal southern Baltic Sea, spanning two periods: 3.6–2.9 ka BP and 0.7 ka BP until present. Sediments from coastal wetland, including sandy event layers, were analyzed by sedimentological (grain size, loss-on-ignition, micromorphology), geochronological (14C), geochemical (XRF), mineralogical (heavy minerals) and micropaleontological (diatoms) methods. The results show that both periods were characterized by high-frequency of storm surge flooding, in order of 1.3–4.2 events per century. These periods correlate with phases of enhanced storminess in northwest Europe and took place during both rising and fluctuating sea levels. The study shows that the frequency and landward extent of coastal inundation, largely depended on the development of natural barriers (e.g. beach ridges and aeolian foredunes). Thus, in the context of the future coastal storm-surge hazard, the protection of existing coastal barriers and their morphology is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the metal(loid)s phytoextraction potential of trees: Betula pendula Roth, Pinus sylvestris L. and the shrub Salix viminalis L. Plants of different ages were selected from a post-industrial area with an unusually high content of calcium (Ca) and trace elements in the soil. The content of 39 metal(loid)s in trees and shrub organs and physicochemical soil parameters were determined. A comparison of these species with control plants was also an object of the study. The polluted soil was characterized by worse physicochemical conditions and a much higher content of almost all the analyzed elements in comparison with the control. The older the plants, the greater their total biomass, with the control plant biomass being significantly greater in each case for all treated plants. According to the total content of all determined elements jointly, the most enriched was the oldest, a 7-year-old specimen of S. viminalis. The obtained results suggest that the high Ca concentration and the alkaline reaction (8.83) of polluted soil limit the uptake of most elements by tested plants. It can be concluded that despite the reduction of biomass, this limitation allows plants to better adapt and survive under challenging conditions. Excessive concentration of elements, even nutrients such as Ca, may act as an inhibitory factor for the uptake of other elements. Moreover, phytoextraction ability may significantly vary in different woody plant species and ages, which is an essential practical aspect in dendroremediation application. That is probably the first study to date of trees and shrubs differing in age and growing on post-industrial soil contaminated with calcium (Ca) and selected toxic metals/metalloids. The obtained results show that an alkaline reaction (less than 9) of soil and an unusually high Ca concentration may help the studied tree species to adapt/survive in unfavorable habitat conditions (high concentration of toxic elements). The efficiency of phytoextraction of toxic elements was so high that, especially for forest animals (roe-deer) that consume, e.g., willow shoots, it could pose a serious threat to health and life, both for them and potentially for humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tsunami events may have an enormous impact on the functioning of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by altering various relationships with biotic components. Concentrations of acid-leachable fractions of heavy metals and metalloids in soils and plant samples from areas affected by the December 2004 tsunami in Thailand were determined. Ipomoea pes-caprae, a common plant species growing along the seashore of this region, and frequently used in folk medicine, was selected to assess the presence of selected elements. Elevated amounts of Cd, Pb, Zn, and As in soil samples, and Pb, Zn, As, Se, Cr, and Ni in plant samples were determined from the tsunami-impacted regions for comparison with reference locations. The flowers of Ipomoea pes-caprae contained the highest amounts of these metals, followed by its leaves, and stems. In addition, its bioaccumulation factor (BAF) supports this capability of high metal uptake by Ipomoea pes-caprae from the areas affected by the tsunami in comparison with a reference site. This uptake was followed by the translocation of these elements to the various plant components. The presence of these toxic metals in Ipomoea pes-caprae growing in contaminated soils should be a concern of those who use this plant for medicinal purposes. Further studies on the content of heavy metals and metalloids in this plant in relation to human health concerns are recommended. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;9999:1-6. © 2014 SETAC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms fortified with iron (Fe) can offer a promising alternative to counter the worldwide deficiency problem. However, the factors that may influence the efficiency of fortification have not yet been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of three Fe forms (FeCl3 6H2O, FeSO4 7H2O, or FeHBED) in three concentrations (5, 10, or 50 mM) for three mushroom species (Pleurotus eryngii, P. ostreatus, or Pholiota nameko) on their chemical composition, phenolic compounds, and organic acid production. The most effective metal accumulation of all the investigated species was for the 50 mM addition. FeCl3 6H2O was the most favorable additive for P. eryngii and P. nameko (up to 145 and 185% Fe more than in the control, respectively) and FeHBED for P. ostreatus (up to 108% Fe more than in control). Additionally, P. nameko showed the highest Fe accumulation among studied species (89.2 ± 7.51 mg kg−1 DW). The creation of phenolic acids was generally inhibited by Fe salt supplementation. However, an increasing effect on phenolic acid concentration was observed for P. ostreatus cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and for P. eryngii cultivated at 5 mM FeCl3 6H2O and 5 mM FeSO4 7H2O. In the case of organic acids, a similar situation was observed. For P. ostreatus, FeSO4 7H2O and FeHBED salts increased the formation of the determined organic acids in fruiting bodies. P. eryngii and P. nameko were characterized by a much lower content of organic acids in the systems supplemented with Fe. Based on the obtained results, we recommend starting fortification by preliminarily indicating which form of the element is preferred for the species of interest for supplementation. It also seems that using an additive concentration of 50 mM or higher is most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]