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Som vi beskrev i del 1 af denne kronik, kan forslaget til Inatsisartutlov om fiskeri betyde radikale forandringer for alle, der lever af at fiske samt deres familier og lokalsamfund. Konsekvenserne af forslaget rækker langt ud over regulering af fiskeriet og kan reducere mulighederne for indtjening og dermed livsgrundlaget i mange mindre byer og bygder. Forslaget har som afsæt at sikre et bæredygtigt fiskeri i Grønland, men der er stor risiko for, at den ønskede effektivisering af det kystnære fiskeri betyder, at fortjenesten ved Grønlands fiskeressourcer ender på få hænder og formodentligt ikke i de berørte bosteder. Forslaget handler ikke kun om en effektiv regulering af fiskeriet, men vil påvirke hele samfundet og afgøre, hvor og hvordan man kan leve i fremtidens Grønland. I denne kronik peger vi på vigtige og helt ubesvarede spørgsmål og uklarheder i det konkrete forslag til Inatsisartutlov om fiskeri, der netop er sendt i høring af Departementet for Fiskeri og Fangst, og som forventes fremsat til behandling i Inatsisartut til forårssamlingen i 2024. Vi fremhæver nogle mulige konsekvenser af forslaget, som man ikke kan læse direkte i teksten, og i del 1. af kronikken har vi peget på alternative muligheder for regulering af det kystnære fiskeri.

This article proposes ‘frontier tourism development’ as an apt analytical lens through which to understand contemporary tourism development in rural peripheries. Based on a rich case study of more than 90% of households across seven villages in the Manaslu Conservation Area, the article analyses local-level inequalities in participation and benefits from tourism development in one of the world’s most remote peripheries—the high Himalayas of Nepal. The analysis documents that distance to the trekking trail running through the area significantly determines engagement in the tourism sector and that, among participating households, the wealthier obtain significantly more tourism income. These local-level findings show how development initiatives intended to engender a more equal distribution of tourism income at a regional scale may end up increasing income inequalities at a local scale. Interpreting these findings though the notion of frontier tourism development as a particular kind of commodity frontier, the article highlights challenges to market-oriented inclusive tourism development in the face of composite rural economies and rapidly changing livelihood conditions. It documents bubble-like barriers to trickle-down and backward linkages at the frontiers of tourism development; illustrates the need for broader analytical alternatives to dominant value chain approaches; and encourages a more robust integration between studies of rural tourism and the wider political economy perspectives of critical agrarian studies.

Forslaget til Inatsisartutlov om fiskeri kan betyde radikale forandringer for alle, der lever af at fiske samt deres familier og lokalsamfund. Konsekvenserne af forslaget rækker langt ud over regulering af fiskeriet og kan reducere mulighederne for indtjening og dermed livsgrundlaget i mange mindre byer og bygder. Lovforslaget har som formål at sikre et bæredygtigt fiskeri i Grønland, men der er stor risiko for at den effektivisering i det kystnære fiskeri betyder, at fortjenesten ved Grønlands naturressourcer ender på få hænder og formodentligt ikke i de berørte bosteder. Forslaget vil påvirke hele samfundet og afgøre hvor og hvordan man kan leve i fremtidens Grønland. Vi vil her pege på en række konsekvenser og uklarheder samt alternativer og opfordrer til, at alle engagerer sig i debatten om forslaget til ny fiskerilov.

Det kystnære fiskeri af hellefisk er udfordret og har været det i årtier – men er IOK løsningen?, Fiskeri er af stor betydning for Grønlands fremtidige økonomi og selvstændighed, og hellefisk alene bidrager med mere end en fjerdedel af den samlede eksportindkomst. Trods det er fiskeriet ikke bæredygtigt og truer den fremtidige indtjening og beskæftigelse, hvor der i det vigtige område 47 (Diskobugten samt Uummannaq og Upernavik distrikter) fanges næsten en halv gang mere, end biologisk anbefalet. Samtidig tvinger det olympiske fiskeri mange jollefiskere ud i starten af en kvoteperiode, af frygt for at kvoten hurtigt opfiskes, selvom vejrforhold eller fangst og fiskeri af andre arter kan gøre det mere oplagt at fiske på et andet tidspunkt i kvoteperioden. Det kan være risikabelt for fiskerne, og det fører til en uregelmæssig indhandling, hvor fabrikkerne i starten af en kvoteperiode har stor indhandling og begrænset eller slet ingen indhandling sidst i kvoteperioden. Derfor er mange fabrikker nødt til at mande op og ned med periodisk arbejdsløshed til følge. Og når kvoten er opfisket, kan der opstå et pres på politikerne for at hæve kvoten, hvorved den biologiske bæredygtighed udfordres yderligere.

This Master’s thesis tackles the decarbonisation of the processing stage of rice production. Food systems are important contributors to climate change, especially because of the post-harvest activities which are a source of CO2 emissions. The processing stage of the rice value chain in Indonesia is characterised by a multitude of small-scale milling facilities, with a few medium- and big-sized businesses. In small facilities, milling equipment is conventional and powered by diesel engines. It is estimated that transitioning to electric and modern mills could lower the climate impact of this production, while improving the business conditions of small millers. Social networks have been emerging as tools to analyse the diffusion and adoption of innovations, especially in rural and developing contexts where the social tissue overpowers formal institutions. This approach was applied to two regencies in Central Java to investigate the relationship between social relations and the electrical transition. The results show that, despite the numerous benefits of the transition, several obstacles hinder its realisation, mainly the financial requirements and the lack of electrical infrastructure. Social networks appear as influential on the adoption of innovations, but only in the case of adopter - non-adopter relationships, and when the electrical transition is discussed specifically. Nonetheless, access to financial services, governmental support and the expansion of the electrical infrastructure are to be prioritised. Moreover, it is argued that the scenario in which every single small miller implements the innovation would not be sustainable, meaning that alternative scenarios of cooperation are to be preferred.

In many low-income countries, the conservation of natural resources in protected areas relies on tourism revenue. However, tourist numbers in Africa were severely reduced by the COVID-19 pandemic, thus, putting the conservation of these important protected areas at risk. We use records from gate passings at national parks across Tanzania to demonstrate the immediate and severe impact on tourist numbers and revenues resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions, and whether international and local (East African) tourists were affected equally. We discuss mechanisms that may reduce future negative impacts of sudden loss of revenue from international tourism, such as increasing the revenue portfolio and thereby decrease the dependency on revenues from international tourists. More important, we encourage local governments, national park authorities, and the world community to further develop and initiate external funding options to reduce the dependency on income from international nature-based tourism to preserve national parks and biodiversity. An additional long-term goal for ensuring sustained conservation would be to increase benefits to local communities adjacent to national parks, encouraging local involvement and thereby reducing the dependence on external funding in the future.

Det kystnære fiskeri af hellefisk er udfordret og har været det i årtier – men er IOK løsningen?

Hunting and its impacts on wildlife are typically studied regionally, with a particular focus on the Global South. Hunting can, however, also undermine rewilding efforts or threaten wildlife in the Global North. Little is known about how hunting manifests under varying socioeconomic and ecological contexts across the Global South and North. Herein, we examined differences and commonalities in hunting characteristics across an exemplary Global South-North gradient approximated by the Human Development Index (HDI) using face-to-face interviews with 114 protected area (PA) managers in 25 African and European countries. Generally, we observed that hunting ranges from the illegal, economically motivated, and unsustainable hunting of herbivores in the South to the legal, socially and ecologically motivated hunting of ungulates within parks and the illegal hunting of mainly predators outside parks in the North. Commonalities across this Africa-Europe South-North gradient included increased conflict-related killings in human-dominated landscapes and decreased illegal hunting with beneficial community conditions, such as mutual trust resulting from community involvement in PA management. Nevertheless, local conditions cannot outweigh the strong effect of the HDI on unsustainable hunting. Our findings highlight regional challenges that require collaborative, integrative efforts in wildlife conservation across actors, while identified commonalities may outline universal mechanisms for achieving this goal.

Demand for rhino horn in Asian markets is driving a rhino poaching crisis in Africa. Despite the urgency of understanding consumers' motivations and demand, social-psychological factors underpinning the intention to buy rhino horn remain under-investigated. This study examined rhino horn demand using a novel approach combining the theory of planned behaviour and the theory of interpersonal behaviour. We conducted a survey on a unique sample of 427 high-income individuals in Hanoi, Vietnam, including 281 rhino horn users and 146 non-users. We empirically tested all constructs of the two theories predicting the intention to buy rhino horn using structural equation modelling. Perceived behavioural control and habit were the sole determinants of the intention to buy rhino horn. Respondents with higher disposable income and better knowledge about how to buy and use rhino horn and those with previous experience using rhino horn were more likely to intend to buy this good. However, frequent users had a lower intention to buy rhino horn in the near future than those having used rhino horn only once or a few times. We discuss the implications of our results for policy-making and the informed design of behaviour change campaigns to reduce rhino horn demand.

A legal rhino horn trade is suggested in order to reduce poaching. To examine the implications of this proposition, we conducted a choice experiment with 345 rhino horn consumers in Vietnam, investigating their preferences for legality, source, price and peer experience of medicinal efficacy as attributes in their decision to purchase rhino horn. We calculated consumers' willingness to pay for each attribute level. Consumers preferred and were willing to pay more for wild than semi-wild and farmed rhino horn but showed the strongest preference for legal horn, although higher-income consumers were less concerned about legality. The number of peers having used rhino horn without positive effect reduced preference for wild-sourced horn and increased preference for legality. Our results suggest that a legal trade in rhino horn would likely continue to face competition from a parallel black market. Whether poaching would be reduced depends on the legal supply of wild and semi-wild horns, campaigns ability to change consumer preferences, and regulation efforts.

Demand for tiger parts and products has fuelled the poaching of wild tigers. As the supply of wild tigers has become scarce, tiger farming has emerged as an alternative source and proliferated in several Asian countries with unclear implications of a legalized trade in farmed tigers on wild tiger demand. We conducted a choice experiment with 228 Vietnamese tiger bone glue consumers investigating their preferences and trade-offs for different attributes of their purchase choice, including legality, source, purity, and price. We calculated consumers' willingness to pay for each attribute level under the current trade ban and in a hypothetical legal trade. Consumers preferred and were willing to pay more for wild than farmed tiger glue and a higher proportion of tiger bone in the glue. Consumers also preferred legal over illegal sufficiently for most to switch from illegal wild to legal farmed tiger. Hence, a legal trade will shift preferences significantly towards farmed tiger glue from legal sources but will not eradicate demand for wild tigers, likely leading to the parallel operation of legal and illegal markets. We discuss the implications of the results for conserving wild tigers through efforts to manage demand in Vietnam.

Community-based wildlife management claims pro-poor, gender-sensitive outcomes. However, intersectional political ecology predicts adverse impacts on marginalised people. Our large-scale quantitative approach draws out common patterns and differentiated ways women are affected by Tanzania’s Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs). This first large-scale, rigorous evaluation studies WMA impacts on livelihoods and wellbeing of 937 married women in 42 villages across six WMAs and matched controls in Northern and Southern Tanzania. While WMAs bring community infrastructure benefits, most women have limited political participation, and experience resource use restrictions and fear of wildlife attacks. Wealth and region are important determinants, with the poorest worst impacted.

Demand for rhino horn in Asian markets is driving a rhino poaching crisis in Africa. This study examined rhino horn demand using the theory of planned behaviour and the theory of interpersonal behaviour. We conducted a survey of 427 individuals in Hanoi, Vietnam, including 281 rhino horn users and 146 non-users. We empirically tested all constructs of the two theories predicting intention to purchase, including attitude, subjective norms, social factors, perceived behavioral control, facilitating conditions, affect, and habit using structural equation modelling. Perceived behavioral control and habit were the sole determinants of the intention to purchase rhino horn. Respondents with higher disposable income and better knowledge about how to purchase and use rhino horn and those with previous experience using rhino horn were more likely to intend to purchase this good. However, frequent users had a lower intention to purchase rhino horn in the near future than those having used rhino horn only once or a few times. We discuss the implications of our results for policy-making and the informed design of behaviour modification strategies to reduce rhino horn demand. Our study also highlights the benefit of combining different behavioral theories in studying sensitive behaviours such as the consumption of illegal luxury wildlife products.

A legal rhino horn trade is suggested to reduce poaching. To examine this proposition we conducted a choice experiment with 345 rhino horn consumers in Vietnam investigating their preferences for legality, source, price and peer experience of medicinal efficacy as attributes in their decision to purchase rhino horn. We calculated consumers’ willingness to pay for each attribute level. Consumers preferred and were willing to pay more for wild than semi-wild and farmed rhino horn but showed the strongest preference for legal horn although higher-income consumers were less concerned about legality. The number of peers having used rhino horn without positive effect reduced preference for wild-sourced horn and increased preference for legality. Hence, a legal trade in rhino horn would likely not eliminate a parallel black market. Whether poaching would be reduced depends on the price difference in the two markets, campaigns ability to change consumer preferences, and regulation efforts.

Unfortunately, adverse rather than positive local welfare outcomes of community‐based conservation initiatives are quite common. Through the case of Burunge Wildlife Management Area (WMA) this study documents how WMAs in Tanzania appear designed to facilitate accumulation by dispossession in the name of decentralized wildlife management. Based on focus group discussions, interviews, and policy‐document analyses, we show that the process of establishing the WMA was fraught with hidden agendas and lacked legitimacy as well as transparency. Villagers and their local governments were also oblivious to the fact that the village land they contributed to forming the WMA would no longer be under village control even if they withdrew from the WMA. Decentralized revenue streams were gradually recentralized, and when the High Court ruled in favor of a Village Government that did not want to be part of the WMA, higher levels of government scared it to stay and to drop its legal as well as economic claims. We conclude that by mechanisms of rule‐through‐law WMAs deliberately dispossess village communities by attenuating the authority of democratically elected village governments. Hence, the wildlife policy needs urgent revision to democratize and thus promote positive livelihood outcomes of the WMA concept.

Considerable effort has been devoted to reducing rhinoceros (i.e., rhino) horn demand by changing consumer behavior. Implementing organizations often claim that their campaigns are based on reliable insights into rhino horn demand and that there is no scientific support for any medicinal effects of rhino horn. In this opinion piece, we evaluate the scientific evidence supporting this claim and discuss how campaigns using a delusive and paternalistic approach may backfire. As the use of rhino horn in traditional medicine has a thousand-year history, it is unlikely that such deeply entrenched beliefs will be swayed by a one-sided representation of the limited scientific evidence evaluating its efficacy. Difficulties in interviewing rhino horn consumers have further contributed to lacking information about their values and characteristics. We call for more scientific evidence and a more culturally nuanced approach to rhino horn demand reduction campaigns.

Tiger glue consumption in Vietnam is a serious threat to the tiger population in and around Vietnam. There have not been many studies on this topic, thus the goal of this thesis is to describe and analyze the consumers preferences and behavior of tiger glue in Vietnam. We use choice modeling to find out if a legally controlled trade in tiger glue might reduce poaching and contribute to tiger conservation. We conducted the discrete choice experiment on 228 tiger glue consumers in Vietnam, Hanoi during the summer of 2020. We investigated the respondent’s preferences to attributes of their choice to purchase tiger glue and examined the effect of legal trade to reduce illegal tiger trade. We find that consumers preferred wild over farmed tiger glue and that they were willing to pay more for this. However, when introducing a scenario with legal trade with farmed tigers, respondents will prefer to buy the farmed tiger because they trust in the quality more than tigers obtained from the wild. Hence, legalizing the international tiger trade would not necessarily stop the illegal trade but it may decrease poaching, but at least reduce the pressure on wild tiger populations.

1.Efforts to curb the unsustainable wildlife trade in tropical forests conceptualize bushmeat as a generic resource, exploited by a homogeneous group. However, bushmeat is composed of miscellaneous species differing in risks of zoonotic disease transmissions, sensitivity to hunting and abundance. If people choose these species for varying reasons, mitigation approaches that neglect specific drivers would likely target abundant species, e.g. rodents. Meanwhile, rare species of greater conservation relevance, like many primates, would be overlooked. Additionally, if reasons vary between user groups, their responsiveness to interventions may differ too. 2. We assessed this possibility for three common strategies to mitigate bushmeat use, which are: development-based—reducing reliance on bushmeat; educational—increasing environmental and school education; and cultural—promoting environmentally friendly habits. 3. We interviewed 348 hunters, 202 traders and 985 consumers of bushmeat around Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, and tested if factors related to the above strategies affected selection for primates, duikers and rodents. 4. Our analyses revealed that people chose taxa for very different reasons. Users with shared characteristics favoured similar taxa; hunters economically reliant on bushmeat income targeted primates and duikers, while hunters and consumers nutritionally reliant on wildlife protein preferred rodents. Different groups used the same taxa for varying reasons. For example, hunting of primates was associated with economic needs, while their consumption appeared a matter of status. Meanwhile, cultural habits, like religion, specifically affected consumption and taboos inhibited the use of primates; environmental awareness was linked to lower utilization of most taxa within most user groups. 5. Our results demonstrate that educational-, cultural-, and development-based strategies may address different needs and taxa. Consumers may present a key target gr, Peer Reviewed

Providing insight on decisions to hunt and trade bushmeat can facilitate improved management interventions that typically include enforcement, alternative employment, and donation of livestock. Conservation interventions to regulate bushmeat hunting and trade have hitherto been based on assumptions of utility- (i.e., personal benefits) maximizing behavior, which influences the types of incentives designed. However, if individuals instead strive to minimize regret, interventions may be misguided. We tested support for 3 hypotheses regarding decision rules through a choice experiment in Tanzania. We estimated models based on the assumptions of random utility maximization (RUM) and pure random regret maximization (P-RRM) and combinations thereof. One of these models had an attribute-specific decision rule and another had a class-specific decision rule. The RUM model outperformed the P-RRM model, but the attribute-specific model performed better. Allowing respondents with different decision rules and preference heterogeneity within each decision rule in a class-specific model performed best, revealing that 55% of the sample used a P-RRM decision rule. Individuals using a P-RRM decision rule responded less to enforcement, salary, and livestock donation than did individuals using the RUM decision rule. Hence, 3 common strategies, enforcement, alternative income-generating activities, and providing livestock as a substitute protein, are likely less effective in changing the behavior of more than half of respondents. Only salary elicited a large (i.e. elastic) response, and only for one RUM class. Policies to regulate the bushmeat trade based solely on the assumption of individuals maximizing utility, may fail for a significant proportion of the sample. Despite the superior performance of models that allow both RUM and P-RRM decision rules there are drawbacks that must be considered before use in the Global South, where very little is known about the social–psychology of

1. Efforts to curb the unsustainable wildlife trade in tropical forests conceptualize bushmeat as a generic resource, exploited by a homogeneous group. However, bushmeat is composed of miscellaneous species differing in risks of zoonotic disease transmissions, sensitivity to hunting and abundance. If people choose these species for varying reasons, mitigation approaches that neglect specific drivers would likely target abundant species, e.g. rodents. Meanwhile, rare species of greater conservation relevance, like many primates, would be overlooked. Additionally, if reasons vary between user groups, their responsiveness to interventions may differ too. 2. We assessed this possibility for three common strategies to mitigate bushmeat use, which are: development‐based—reducing reliance on bushmeat; educational—increasing environmental and school education; and cultural—promoting environmentally friendly habits. 3. We interviewed 348 hunters, 202 traders and 985 consumers of bushmeat around Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, and tested if factors related to the above strategies affected selection for primates, duikers and rodents. 4. Our analyses revealed that people chose taxa for very different reasons. Users with shared characteristics favoured similar taxa; hunters economically reliant on bushmeat income targeted primates and duikers, while hunters and consumers nutritionally reliant on wildlife protein preferred rodents. Different groups used the same taxa for varying reasons. For example, hunting of primates was associated with economic needs, while their consumption appeared a matter of status. Meanwhile, cultural habits, like religion, specifically affected consumption and taboos inhibited the use of primates; environmental awareness was linked to lower utilization of most taxa within most user groups. 5. Our results demonstrate that educational‐, cultural‐, and development‐based strategies may address different needs and taxa. Consumers may presen

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pathways to enhance resilience to increased climate variability and directional change among pastoral households in Simanjiro District in Northern Tanzania. The study used household survey and rainfall and temperature data. Results indicate increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation trends over the past four decades. Also, extreme climatic events, particularly drought, have become more frequent. Food and water insecurity are key factors causing an increased household vulnerability. Increased climate change-induced malaria prevalence poses additional health risks. Household adaptive strategies include livelihood diversification and migration. Local institutions are instrumental in enhancing climate change resilience at the local level. We conclude that livelihood diversification and migration are key pathways to enhancing households’ climate change resilience.