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Major earthquakes, such as the Canterbury and Kaikoura events recorded in New Zealand in 2010-2011 and 2016 respectively, highlighted that floor systems can be heavily damaged. Quasi-static cyclic experimental tests of structural sub-assemblies can help to establish the seismic performance of structural systems. However, the experimental performance obtained with such tests is likely to be dependent on the loading protocol adopted. This paper provides an overview of the loading protocols which have been assumed in previous experimental activities, with emphasis on those adopted for testing floor systems. The paper also describes the procedure used to define the loading protocol applied in the testing of a large precast concrete floor diaphragm as part of the ReCast floor project jointly conducted by the University of Canterbury, the University of Auckland and BRANZ. Subsequently the limitations of current loading protocols for bi-directional testing are discussed. The relevance of local seismicity on bidirectional demand is demonstrated by examining a large dataset of records from the RESORCE database. It is concluded that bi-directional experimental testing be undertaken using at least two loading protocols that impose different ratios of demand in orthogonal directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the seismic design of a structure, horizontal ground shaking is usually considered in two perpendicular directions, even though real horizontal ground motions are complex two-dimensional phenomena that impose different demands at different orientations. While the issue of ground motion dependence on the orientation of the recording devices has been the focus of many significant developments during the last decade, the effects of directionality on the characteristics of the structure have received less attention. This work presents a proposal to calculate the probability of exceedance of elastic spectral displacements accounting for structural typology and illustrates its relevance by means of its application to two case-study buildings. In order to ease its implementation in seismic design codes, a simplification is developed by means of a detailed statistical analysis of the results obtained using four sets of real hazard curves. The framework presented herein is considered to represent an important contribution to the field of performance-based earthquake engineering, permitting improved treatment of directionality effects within seismic risk design and assessment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]