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Digital dentistry includes a wide range of technologies that bring communication, documentation, production and distribution under the umbrella of computer-based algorithms in dental treatments. It also plays an important role in shaping innovation and student experience in dentistry education. Since learning methods and tools continue to advance, an under¬standing of educational methodologies themselves, as well as those who use them to teach and learn, is crucial to optimizing educational effectiveness. In undergraduate dental laboratory training, digital simulation technologies have already been implemented to dental faculties and their curriculums in several countries. These simulation technologies include digital microscopes, virtual pathology slides, digital X-ray images, digital dental skill training machines, digital assessment systems, and robot patients. In this article an overview to the digital dentistry education was reported.

Aim: To investigate the surface roughness, surface hardness, and solubility of bulk-fill composites after exposure to food-simulating liquids (FSLs). Materials and Methods: A total of 200 disc-shaped samples (8 mm diameter × 4 mm depth) were prepared using four bulk-fill composites (SonicFillTM, Tetric® EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Beautifil-Bulk Restorative, FiltekTM Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative) and a microhybrid composite (FiltekTM Z250) ( n = 40). Following the measurement of initial weights of the samples ( m1), the surface roughness measurements were gauged using a contact-profilometer. The samples were stored in four different FSLs for 7 days, and then the second surface roughness values were recorded. The samples were stored in a desiccator to reach the constant mass and the values were recorded as m2, then the solubility levels were calculated. The Vickers microhardness values of the samples were determined. A total of 20 specimens were evaluated in terms of surface morphology with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were statistically analyzed with the two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests ( P < .05). Results: Beautifil-Bulk Restorative was affected at most in terms of surface roughness after storage in FSLs and citric acid caused the highest values in this group ( P < .005). Beautifil-Bulk Restorative and Filtek Z250 showed the highest surface hardness values, while the Tetric EvoCeram group had the lowest. The highest solubility values were found in Beautifil-Bulk Restorative, and citric acid and ethanol yielded the highest solubility values for all of the composites. Conclusion: Beautifil-Bulk Restorative is the most affected group in all parameters evaluated and also affected overly by citric acid among the FSLs in consequence of its prereacted glass ionomer fillers.

WOS: 000502635500008 Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the shear bond strength of a universal injectable composite used in the repair of aged composites. Methods: A total of 100 disk-shaped specimens (8 mmx2 mm) were produced using five different composites (n=20) (Gradia Direct Posterior, Tetric N Ceram BulkFill, Filtek Z250, SonicFill and Filtek BulkFill Posterior). Specimens were polymerized using an LED light curing unit for 20 s and stored at 37 degrees C in distilled water for 3 weeks. Specimens were subdivided into two groups per composite for repair using either the same composite used for the specimen or G-aenial Universal Flo. Following acid-etching and silane application, a universal adhesive (G-Premio BOND) was applied and light-cured. The repair materials were placed on the bonded surfaces of the specimens and polymerized in silicone molds (2 mmx2 mm). After thermocycling to simulate aging, shear bond strength (SBS) was tested using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Failure modes were examined using a stereomicroscope at x40 magnification. Results: No statistically significant differences were found among the tested composites repaired with their own substrates. However, the SBS SonicFill and Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior groups had significantly lower bond strengths when repaired with G-aenial Universal Flo in comparison to repairs made with their own substrates (p

Objective: To compare the micro-shear bond strengths of 3 different universal adhesives to 2 different calcium silicate-based materials. Methods: A hole was prepared in the center of the top surfaces of 60 cylindrical acrylic blocks, and the blocks were randomly divided into 2 groups (n=30) according to biomaterial filling; NeoMTA Plus (Avalon Biomed Inc. Bradenton, FL, USA) and ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA). Biomaterials were prepared according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The sample surfaces were flattened after the initial setting, and the samples were incubated for 24h at 37°C. After placing the biomaterials in the prepared holes, the specimens were randomly divided into 3 subgroups (n=10) according to adhesive; G-Premio Bond (GC Corp., Tokyo, Japan), All-Bond Universal (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) and Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE, St Paul, MN, USA). Adhesives were applied to the specimens and polymerized. A micro-hybrid composite resin (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE, MN, USA) was then placed on the specimen surfaces and polymerized. Micro-shear bond strengths were tested using a universal testing device (LRX, Lloyd Instruments, Farnham, UK). A Shapiro-Wilk test confirmed normal distribution, and 2-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Result: No significant differences were found in the shear bond strengths of any of the tested adhesives to either of the calcium silicate-based materials (p>0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that the acidity of a universal adhesive does not affect the bond strength of composite resin to calcium silicate-based materials.

Tam Metin / Full Text ESCI WOS:000706782100017 This study aimed to compare surface roughness values (Ra) of different posterior composites after pH-cycling and toothbrushing simulation. Methods: Fifty disc-shaped specimens (8x2 mm) were prepared by using three bulk-fill composites [Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior (FBF), SonicFill 2 (SF), X-tra fil (XF)], a flowable [G-aenial Universal Flo (GF)], and a microhybrid composite [Filtek Z250 (Z250)]. After initial roughness (Ra0 ) measurements were performed with a contact profilometer, the samples were subjected to a pH-cycling model for 10 days and Ra1 values were recorded. Then, the samples were subjected to toothbrushing simulation for 4 min and final values (Ra2 ) were recorded. From each group, a representative sample was analyzed with an optical profilometer. The values were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (period) followed by Tukey’s test (p

Abstract Background: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of food simulating liquids (FSLs) on the surface roughness, surface hardness and solubility of bulk fill composites. Methods: Two-hundred samples were prepared from four high viscosity bulk fill composites (SonicFill TM , Tetric® EvoCeram Bulk Fill, Beautifil-Bulk Restorative, Filtek TM Bulk Fill Posterior Restorative) and a microhybrid composite (Filtek TM Z250). After the initial weights of the samples were recorded (m 1 ), surface roughness measurements were evaluated with a profilometer. The samples were stored in 4 different FSLs for 7 days, then the second surface roughness values were recorded. Then the samples were stored in a desiccator to reach the constant mass and the values were recorded as m 2 . The solubility levels were calculated according to the ISO 4049: 2009 specification. The surface hardness values of the samples were determined by using the Vickers microhardness measuring device. Twenty specimens from each group were evaluated in terms of surface morphology with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results: Beautifil Bulk Restorative was the most affected group in terms of surface roughness after storage in FSLs and citric acid caused the highest values in this group (p

GONULOL, NIHAN/0000-0002-7046-7154 WOS: 000478275200001 To investigate shear bond strength (SBS) to dentin of a conventional and three bulk-fill composites applied in different increment thickness and cured by mono- and multi-wave LED LCUs. Two hundred and fifty-two extracted sound human molars were prepared for SBS test. The teeth were divided into four groups according to the resin composites used. Conventional composite: Tetric N-Ceram (control); high-viscosity bulk-fills: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, X-tra Fil, and SonicFill. Each group was subdivided (n = 7) according to increment thickness (2, 4, and 6 mm) and cured by standard mode of a mono-wave LED or two different modes (standard and xtra power) of a multi-wave LED. The failure mode was stereomicroscopically determined at 40x magnification. Data were analyzed using Three-way ANOVA and further comparisons were assessed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. There were no significant differences within X-tra fil and Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill groups for any of the variables (p > 0.05). A significant decrease in SBS values with increase of layer thickness was observed for SonicFill and control groups. Also, curing mode had a significant effect on both composites at 6 mm thickness and standard mode of multi-wave LED caused the highest SBS value (p < 0.05). Adhesive failure was the most common fracture pattern especially at 6 mm thickness applications. Based on the results of this study, the bulk-fill composites can be safely applied in one-step with 4 mm increments, although the examined composites performed better at 2 mm thickness. The performance of the composites at 6 mm increment may show differences related to the curing lights and modes.

ozer, sezin/0000-0002-5795-6287; GONULOL, NIHAN/0000-0002-7046-7154 WOS: 000466556400005 Objective: This study aimed to investigate and compare the water sorption (WS), solubility (SO) and surface roughness (SR) of four bulk fill resin-based composites (RBCs), a conventional flowable RBC and a conventional hybrid RBC. Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped specimens of 3 low-viscosity bulk fill RBCs (SureFil SDR flow, X-tra base, Filtek Bulk Fill flow), 1 high-viscosity bulk fill RBC (Tetric EvoCream Bulk Fill), 1 conventional low-viscosity flowable RBC (Filtek Ultimate flow) and 1 conventional hybrid RBC (Filtek Z250) (n=10) were prepared and immersed in distilled water for 28 days. Upon removal, specimens were weighed using an electronic scale to determine WS and SO based on weight gain/loss, and surface profilometry was performed to determine SR. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests (p=0.05). Results: WS and SO showed significant, positive correlations (r=0.612; p

WOS: 000357346600005 Background/purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate solution on dentin bond strength after being treated with different oxygen-releasing root canal irrigants. Materials and methods: Twenty-one human third molars were used in this study. The specimens were randomly divided into seven groups according to irrigation solutions, as follows: Group C (control group), distilled water; Group SH, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group SHA, 5.25% NaOCl + 10% sodium ascorbate solution; Group HP, 10% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); Group HPA, 10% H2O2 + 10% sodium ascorbate solution; and Group OW, ozonated water; Group OWA, ozonated water + 10% sodium ascorbate solution. A two-step self-etching adhesive system (CLEARFIL SE Bond) was applied to the surfaces, and resin core buildups (Filtek Z550) were placed. The specimens were sectioned into 1-mm(2) beams and tested in a microtensile bondstrength (mu TBS) testing machine at a cross-head speed of 1 mm/minute. Fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope to determine the mode of failure (adhesive, cohesive, or mixed). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey tests (P < 0.05). Results: The ozonatedwater-treated groups showed the lowest mu TBS values among all the groups. Although the 10% sodium ascorbate application increased dentin bond strength in Group OW, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although 10% sodium ascorbate application for 10 minutes is an effective method to reverse the compromised bond strength of NaOCl- and H2O2-treated dentin, it might not have a sufficient effect when the dentin is treated with zonated water. Copyright (C) 2013, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000414928300001 PubMed: 29019552 The aim of this study was to compare the degree of water sorption and solubility in bulk-fills after curing with a polywave light source. A total of 120 disc-shaped specimens (8 mm diameter; 4 mm depth) were prepared from three regular bulk-fill materials (X-tra Fil, Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill, SonicFill), and a control material (Filtek Z250), cured in 3 different modes (standard: 1000 mW/cm(2)-20 s; high power: 1400 mW/cm(2)-12 s; xtra power: 3200 mW/cm(2)-6 s) using a third generation light-emitting diode light curing unit. Water sorption and solubility levels of the specimens were measured according to the ISO 4049: 2009 specification after storing in distilled water for 30 days. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test (p < 0.05). The Z250 sample exposed to high power presented a higher sorption compared to the X-tra Fil and SonicFill samples. In xtra power mode, the values of Z250 and SonicFill were similar to each other and higher compared to those of X-tra Fil. Only SonicFill exhibited significantly different sorption values depending on the curing mode, the highest of which was achieved when using the xtra power mode. The highest solubility values were obtained for SonicFill. No statistically significant differences were found among other groups. No significant correlation was detected between water sorption and solubility. The traditional composite group exhibited a higher water sorption values than the bulk-fills. The reduction in polymerization time significantly increased the sorption of SonicFill. SonicFill showed the highest water solubility value among the composites tested. Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [114S991] This study was financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey with Project no: 114S991.

WOS: 000466308400033 PubMed: 30293184 ObjectivesThis study compared the 3-year clinical performance of a low-shrinkage silorane-based composite material with that of a methacrylate-based composite material in the restoration of endodontically treated premolar teeth.Materials and methodsA total of 70 patients requiring a Class II composite-resin restoration of a premolar tooth following root-canal treatment participated in the study. Cavities were restored with either a silorane-based restorative (Filtek Silorane+Silorane System Adhesive) or a methacrylate-based restorative (Filtek Z250+Clearfil SE Bond) system applied according to the manufacturer's instructions. Restorations were evaluated by two blinded observers at five different time intervals (baseline; 6months; 1, 2, and 3years) according to modified USPHS criteria. Pearson's chi-square tests were used to examine differences in the clinical performance of the materials (retention, color match, marginal discoloration, secondary caries, anatomical form, marginal adaptation, and surface roughness), and Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare changes between baseline and each recall time, with a level of 0.05 considered statistically significant.ResultsAfter 3years, no statistically significant differences in clinical performance were observed between the two materials (p>0.05). Intra-system comparisons revealed a statistically significant deterioration in color match, marginal discoloration, anatomical form, marginal adaptation, and surface roughness scores after 3years for both systems. Although the difference was not significant at 3years of follow-up, the level of deterioration in marginal adaptation and surface roughness was greater for the Filtek Silorane restoration than for the Filtek Z250 restoration at the 1year follow-up (p>0.05).ConclusionRestorations of both materials were clinically acceptable after 3years. The Filtek Silorane system did not appear to offer any clinical advantages over the methacrylate-based system when used in the restoration of Class II cavities in endodontically treated premolars.Clinical relevanceThe restoration of endodontically treated premolars with minor or moderate loss of tooth structure can be directly performed either with silorane or methacrylate-based composite resins.

Yilmaz, Fikret/0000-0002-9621-4788; Aytac Bal, Fatma/0000-0003-2379-4678 WOS: 000347131400009 Background/purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different light curing units (LCUs) on the microleakage of different composite resins. Materials and methods: Forty-five freshly extracted human third molars were selected for this study. Standardized class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of each tooth. The teeth were randomly divided into three composite resin groups, comprising two dimethacrylate-based hybrid composites and a silorane-based composite. Each composite resin group was randomly divided into three subgroups for curing with three different LCUs (n = 5). Of the three different LCUs used, one was quartz-tungsten-halogen and two were light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with different power outputs. The teeth were immersed in a 2% methylene blue dye solution and examined under a stereomicroscope. Results were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Results: When all composite resin groups were compared, the lowest marginal leakage scores were obtained with the Filtek Silorane composite group, and they statistically significantly differed from those of the other groups (P < 0.05). Among all groups, the lowest marginal leakage value was obtained for the LED 1055 subgroup of the Filtek Silorane composite group, and the highest marginal leakage value was obtained for the quartz-tungsten-halogen subgroup of the Aelite Aesthetic Enamel composite group. Conclusion: It was concluded that it is not possible to entirely prevent microleakage, but it can be minimized with silorane-based composite resins and high-density-output LED LCUs. Copyright (C) 2013, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.

Objectives This study compared the color stability, water sorption, and solubility of a giomer composite and two nanohybrid composite resins. Materials and Methods Disc-shaped specimens (1-mm thickness × 15-mm diameter) of a giomer (Beautifil II, Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) and two nanohybrid (Filtek Z550, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA; Tetric N-Ceram, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein) composites (N = 10) were prepared. Baseline color measurements were taken, and specimens were immersed in water for 28 days. Following immersion, color values were remeasured, and color-change values (ΔE) were calculated. Water sorption and solubility were assessed by mass gain or loss after storage in water for 28 days. Data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc tests (p = 0.05). Pearson's correlation test was used to assess possible correlations between water sorption and solubility, water sorption and color stability, and solubility and color stability (p = 0.05). Results Water sorbtion (%) and color change (ΔE) varied significantly among groups, with Beautifil II exhibiting the highest values (p

Taurodontism is a morpho-anatomical abnormality in the shape of a tooth. An enlarged pulp chamber, apical displacement of the pulpal floor and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction are the characteristic features. Special care is required in all aspects of endodontic treatment of a taurodontal tooth, including identifying the orifice, canal exploration, cleaning, shaping and obturation of the root canal. This case report describes the successful endodontic treatment of a taurodontic mandibular second premolar with five root canals.

AMAÇ: İki farklı rezin esaslı fissür örtücünün [BeautiSealant (BS), UltraSeal XT hydro (UH)], fosforik asit (Ultra-Etchasit) veya primer (BeautiSealant Primer) uygulanarak, 3.nesil bir light emitting diode (LED) ışık cihazının iki farklımoduyla (Standart mod; 10 sn veya Xtra power mod; 3 sn)polimerizasyonu sonrasında mineye makaslama bağlanmadayanım kuvvetini in vitro olarak değerlendirmektir.GEREÇ VEYÖNTEM: Çekilmiş 40 adet insan 3. molar dişinden80 adet mine örneği elde edildi. Örnekler yüzey uygulamametodlarına, fissür örtücü tipine ve polimerizasyon protokollerine göre rastgele 8 alt gruba ayrıldı (n10). Gruplar;Grup 1: Asit BS Xtra power mod, Grup 2: Primer BS Xtra power mod, Grup 3: Asit BS Standart mod, Grup4: Primer BS Standart mod, Grup 5: Asit UH Xtrapower mod, Grup 6: Primer UH Xtra power mod, Grup7: Asit UH Standart mod, Grup 8: Primer UH Standart mod şeklinde idi. Örneklerin makaslama bağlanma dayanım kuvveti (MBDK) değerleri Instron cihazı kullanılarak(1.0 mm/dk) ölçüldü. Elde edilen verilerin istatistiksel analizleri tek yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey's testleri kullanılarak yapıldı (p0.05).BULGULAR: Gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlıfarklılıklar saptandı (p0.05). BS grubunun tüm alt gruplarında MBDK değerleri UH grubunun tüm alt gruplarındandüşüktü (p0.05). Tüm gruplar arasında en yüksek MBDKdeğeri Grup 5'te, en düşük Grup 1'de elde edildi.SONUÇ: Fissür örtücülerin MBDK değerleri, yüzey uygulama işlemleri ve polimerizasyon protokollerinden etkilenebilmektedir.ANAHTARKELİMELER: Giomer; LED dental sertleştirici ışıklar;makaslama bağlanma dayanım kuvveti

Yilmaz, Nasibe Aycan/0000-0001-5939-8170 WOS: 000367859100006 Background/purpose: To evaluate the microleakage of Class V cavities restored with a new self-adhering resin composite after thermal cycling. Materials and methods: Standardized box-shaped Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual sides of 75 intact human molars (n = 150). The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of 30 cavities each and restored as follows: GroupVF: Vertise Flow (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA); Group OVF: OptiBond (Kerr) + Vertise Flow; Group SM: Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc., Okayama, Japan) + Majesty Flow (Kuraray Medical Inc.); Group TM: Clearfil Tri-S Bond (Kuraray Medical Inc.) Majesty Flow (Kuraray Medical Inc.); and Group UOA: Uni-etch acid (Bisco Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) One-Step Bond (Bisco Inc.) + Aeliteflo (Bisco Inc.). The restorations were finished with aluminum oxide discs (Sof-Lex, 3M ESPE). The restorations were divided into three subgroups (n = 10) and subjected to 1000, 5000, and 15,000 thermal cycles. The teeth were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 24 hours. The dye penetration was examined under a stereomicroscope and scored. The results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: The Mann-Whitney U test revealed that for cementum leakage scores of 1000 cycled groups, Groups VF, UOA, and OVF showed higher microleakage than Groups TM and SM and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When the composite groups were compared for 5000 and 15,000 thermal cycles, no significant differences were detected for both enamel and cementum microleakage scores (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The sealing ability of the new self-adhering fiowable composite is detected as similar to the traditional flowables when subjected to long term thermal aging. Copyright (C) 2014, Association for Dental Sciences of the Republic of China. Published by Else-vier Taiwan LLC. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000385738700009 PubMed: 26548449 Objective. To assess the effects of different modes of a third-generation light-curing unit (LCU) (VALO) on the microhardness of restorative materials. Design. A microhybrid composite resin (Filtek TM Z550), a giomer (Beautifil II), a compomer (Dyract eXtra) and a RMGIC (Photac TM Fil) were used in the study. Three different modes of VALO were tested and a second-generation LCU (Elipar S10) was used as a control. The microhardness (VHN) was measured using a Vickers Hardness tester. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's test (P < 0.05). Results. The Filtek Z550 group had the highest VHN values followed by Photac Fil, Beautifil II and the Dyract eXtra at both top and bottom surfaces, however the difference between Filtek Z550 and Photac Fil was not statistically significant for the bottom surfaces (P > 0.05). Of the different curing protocols tested, the VALO LCU in Mode 3 resulted in the lowest VHN values at both top and bottom surfaces (P < 0.05). Conclusion. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the high-power mode of the VALO LCU can be recommended for clinical applications especially in pediatric patients, as it can shorten the time required to adequately polymerize resin-based tooth-colored restorative materials.

Purpose The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of propolis on bond strength to dentin of a self-etch adhesive when used as a final irrigant. Methods 126 human third molars were sectioned 3 mm below the occlusal level and then randomly divided into 7 groups (n = 18). The exposed dentin surfaces were treated with irrigation solutions as follows: Group 1: 5.25% NaOCl; Group 2: 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA; Group 3: 5.25% NaOCl followed by Tubulicid Plus (Temrex, Freeport, NY, USA); Group 4: 5.25% NaOCl followed by MTAD; Group 5: 5.25% NaOCl followed by 20% propolis; Group 6: 5.25% NaOCl followed by 2% CHX; Group 7: distilled water (control). Irrigated specimens were bonded using Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan) with Tygon (Saint-Gobain, Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, France), tubes for microshear bond strength testing. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results Among the tested groups, although the lowest bond strength values were detected in Group 1 (11.25 ± 1.97), a significant statistical difference was detected only between this group and Group 4 (18.70 ± 1.82) and Group 5 (16.75 ± 3.70) (p = 0.0012). Conclusions 20% propolis solution as a final irrigant was found to have a favorable effect on the dentin bond strength of the tested self-etch adhesive to coronal dentin when compared with other irrigation solutions.

Objective. To evaluate shear bond strength (SBS) values of a methacrylate (FZ 250) and a silorane-based (FS) resin composite to various underlying materials.Materials and Methods. A total of 80 samples were prepared with four different underlying materials; a flowable (FLC) and a bulk-fill flowable composite (BFC), and a conventional (CGIC) and resin modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC). These underlying materials were laminated plus to methacrylate or silorane-based resin composites(n=10). To evaluate the specimens SBS values were evaluated with a universal testing machine (cross-head speed; 1.0 mm/min). Statistical comparisons were carried out using two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test with a significance level ofP<0.05.Results. SBS values for FZ250 were significantly higher than for FS for all of the underlying materials tested(P<0.05). SBS values of FZ250 to BFC were significantly higher than to all other materials(P<0.05), whereas SBS values of FS did not vary significantly according to underlying material(P>0.05).Conclusion. The use of FS in conjunction with any of the tested materials showed lower SBS than the FZ 250. Also, new low elastic modulus liner BFC presented slightly good interfacial adhesion so, the usage of BFC as an underlying material may be preferable for FZ 250.

Taurodontism is a morpho-anatomical abnormality in the shape of a tooth. An enlarged pulp chamber, apical displacement of the pulpal floor and no constriction at the level of the cemento-enamel junction are the characteristic features. Special care is required in all aspects of endodontic treatment of a taurodontal tooth, including identifying the orifice, canal exploration, cleaning, shaping and obturation of the root canal. This case report describes the successful endodontic treatment of a taurodontic mandibular second premolar with five root canals.

Yilmaz, Fikret/0000-0002-9621-4788 WOS: 000312267000010 PubMed: 22819955 Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different finishing and polishing techniques on the surface roughness and color stability of nanocomposites. Methods: Two nanohybrid (Grandio, Aelite Aesthetic Enamel), two nanofill (Filtek Supreme XT Dentin and Translucent), and a microhybrid (Filtek Z250) composites were used. Two hundred and eighty disc-shaped specimens were cured under a mylar strip. Seven specimens of each resin composite were randomly assigned to one of the seven polishing systems. A profilometer was used for assessing surface roughness. Delta E was calculated with a colorimeter at baseline and 48 h after storage in a coffee solution. The results were analysed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test (alpha = 0.05). Regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between surface roughness and color stability (alpha = 0.01). Results: There was no significant difference in R-a values between mylar strips and Sof-Lex polishing discs (p > 0.05). The highest Delta E and R-a values were obtained from Grandio (p < 0.05), and Aelite Aesthetic Enamel had the lowest DE values (p < 0.05). The Enhance system showed the lowest color differences among all the finishing systems. The highest DE values were found in the composite resin groups under mylar strips and finished with diamond burs (p < 0.05). Conclusions: While the Sof-Lex discs provided the lowest surface roughness, the Enhance Polishing system provided the most stain-resistant groups. Grandio presented the highest surface roughness and staining susceptibility after storage in coffee solution. Aelite Aesthetic Enamel, which did not include TEGDMA in its composition, showed the least discoloration. Clinical significance: The composites with smaller filler size did not necessarily show low surface roughness and discoloration. Staining of composite resins was dependent on monomer structure, as well as surface irregularities. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [107S314] The authors thank to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for supplying financial support for commercial products used in this project (project no: 107S314) and Dr. Ahmet Umut Guler for sharing his valuable experiences and advices in this study. We also thank to Soner Cankaya for statistical advice and assistance.

WOS: 000271037200015 PubMed: 19801238 Introduction: In recent years, a number of rotary nickel titanium (NiTi) systems have been developed to provide better, faster, and easier cleaning and shaping of the root canal system. Although the NiTi instruments are more flexible than the stainless steel files, the main problem with the rotary NiTi instruments is the failure of the instruments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the deformation and fracture rate of Mtwo rotary nickel-titanium instruments (VDW, Munich, Germany) discarded after routine clinical use. Methods: A total of 593 Mtwo rotary NiTi instruments were collected after clinical use from the clinic of endodontics over 12 months. The length of the files was measured using a digital caliper to determine any fracture, and then all the files were evaluated under a stereomicroscope for defects such as unwinding, curving, or bending and fracture. The fracture faces of separated files were also evaluated under a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed using a chi-square and z test. Results: A percentage of all files (25.80%) showed defects, and the major defect was fracture (16.02%). The most frequently fractured file was #10.04 (30.39%). Deformations without fracture were mostly observed on #15.05 files (25.47%). Conclusions: A higher rate of deformation was observed for #10.04 and #15.05 files. Therefore, these files should be considered as single-use instruments. Because cyclic fatigue was the cause of 71.58% of the instrument fractures, it is also important not to exceed the maximum number of usage recommended by the manufacturer and discard the instruments on a regular basis. (J Endod 2009,35:1396-1399)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microleakage of a giomer-based flowable composite resin and an adhesive system, and their combination with a conventional flowable composite resin and an adhesive system in Class V cavities.MATERIALS AND METHOD: Standardized Class V cavities (mesial-distal width: 4 mm, occlusal-gingival width: 3 mm, depth: 2 mm) were prepared on the buccal and lingual sides of 20 human third molars. The teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups containing 10 cavities each. Giomer adhesive system FL-Bond II and flowable composite Beautifil Flow Plus and conventional adhesive system Clearfil SE Bond and flowable composite Filtek Ultimate were used as follows; Group FLB: FL-Bond II+Beautifil Flow Plus, Group FLU: FL-Bond II+Filtek Ultimate, Group SEB: Clearfil SE Bond+Beautifil Flow Plus, Group SEU: Clearfil SE Bond+Filtek Ultimate. The teeth were subjected to 1000 thermal cycles between 5-55 oC and then immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 24 h. The dye penetration was examined under a stereomisroscope and scored. The results were statistically analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.RESULTS: Significant differences were detected both in enamel and in dentin (p, AMAÇ: Giomer yapıdaki akışkan kompozit rezin ve adeziv sistemin ve bunların geleneksel yapıdaki akışkan kompozit rezin ve adeziv sistemle kombinasyonunun Sınıf V kavitelerde mikrosızıntı açısından karşılaştırılmasıdır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Yirmi adet insan 3. büyük azı dişlerinin bukkal ve lingual yüzeylerine standart Sınıf V kaviteler (mezio-distal genişlik: 4 mm, okluzo-gingival genişlik: 3 mm, derinlik: 2 mm) açıldı. Dişler her grupta 10 kavite olacak şekilde rastgele dört gruba ayrıldı. Giomer yapıdaki FL-Bond II adeziv sistem ve Beautifil Flow Plus akışkan kompozit ile geleneksel yapıdaki Clearfil SE Bond adeziv sistem ve Filtek Ultimate akışkan kompozit kullanılarak dişler şu şekilde restore edildi; Grup FLB: FL-Bond II+Beautifil Flow Plus, Grup FLU: FL-Bond II+Filtek Ultimate, Grup SEB: Clearfil SE Bond+Beautifil Flow Plus, Grup SEU: Clearfil SE Bond+Filtek Ultimate. Dişler, 5-55 oC’de 1000 kere termal eskitmenin ardından %0.5 lik bazik fuksin çözeltisi içinde 24 saat süresince bekletildi. Boya sızıntısı stereomikroskop altında de- ğerlendirilerek skorlandı. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde Kruskal-Wallis Testi ve Mann-Whitney U testleri kullanıldı. BULGULAR: Gruplar arasında mikrosızıntı değerlerinde hem minede hem de dentinde fark bulundu (p < 0.05). Grup FLB, dentinde diğer gruplardan anlamlı bir şekilde daha fazla sızıntı gösterdi (p < 0.05). Grup SEU, minede Grup FLB ve Grup SEB’den anlamlı bir şekilde daha fazla sızıntı gösterdi (p < 0.05). SONUÇ: Her iki kompozit grubunun, yapısında 10-MDP monomeri içeren geleneksel tipteki adeziv sistemle (Clearfil SE Bond) kombinasyonu dentinde daha az mikrosızıntıya sebep oldu. Minede ise giomer kompozitin uygulandığı gruplarda adezivin tipi fark etmeksizin daha az mikrosızıntı olduğu sonucuna varıldı.