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We report on the possibility of noninvasive diabetes monitoring through continuous analysis of sweat. The prediction of the blood glucose level in diabetic patients is possible on the basis of their sweat glucose content due to the positive correlation discovered. The ratio between the blood glucose and sweat glucose concentrations for a certain diabetic subject is stable within weeks, excluding requirements for frequent blood probing. The glucose variations in sweat display allometric (non-linear) dependence on those in blood, allowing more precise blood glucose estimation. Selective (avoiding false-positive responses) and sensitive (sweat glucose is on average 30–50 times lower) detection is possible with biosensors based on the glucose oxidase enzyme coupled with a Prussian Blue transducer. Reliable glucose detection in just secreted sweat would allow noninvasive monitoring of the glycemia level in diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Redox metabolism is an integral part of the glutathione system, encompassing reduced and oxidized glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, and associated enzymes. This core process orchestrates a network of thiol antioxidants like thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins, alongside critical thiol-containing proteins such as mercaptoalbumin. Modifications to thiol-containing proteins, including oxidation and glutathionylation, regulate cellular signaling influencing gene activities in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Analyzing thiol antioxidants, especially glutathione, in biological fluids offers insights into pathological conditions. This review discusses the analytical methods for biothiol determination, mainly in blood plasma. The study includes all key methodological aspects of spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemistry, and mass spectrometry, highlighting their principles, benefits, limitations, and recent advancements that were not included in previously published reviews. Sample preparation and factors affecting thiol antioxidant measurements are discussed. The review reveals that the choice of analytical procedures should be based on the specific requirements of the research. Spectrophotometric methods are simple and cost-effective but may need more specificity. Chromatographic techniques have excellent separation capabilities but require longer analysis times. Electrochemical methods enable real-time monitoring but have disadvantages such as interference. Mass spectrometry-based approaches have high sensitivity and selectivity but require sophisticated instrumentation. Combining multiple techniques can provide comprehensive information on thiol antioxidant levels in biological fluids, enabling clearer insights into their roles in health and disease. This review covers the time span from 2010 to mid-2024, and the data were obtained from the SciFinder® (ACS), Google Scholar (Google), PubMed®, and ScienceDirect (Scopus) databases through a combination search approach using keywords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-immobilization of low-molecular-weight mediators and glucose oxidase in polyelectrolyte membranes results in glucose test strips operating in the millimolar concentration range. The density and charge of polyelectrolyte membranes formed on the surface of the screen-printed electrodes allow the diffusion of mediators to be controlled. Negatively charged perfluorosulfonated ionomer (PFSI) hampers the diffusion of the commonly used ferricyanide (III) ion, while the hexammine ruthenium (III) cation apparent diffusion coefficient in PFSI membrane remains the same as without the membrane. In contrast to PFSI, electrode modification with positively charged chitosan leads to additional adsorption of potassium hexacyanoferrate on the membrane. Additionally, the rate of mediator leakage from the membrane was found to govern the sensitivity of the resulting biosensors. The leakage rate also depends on the density and charge of the polyelectrolyte and mediator. However, the main advantage of the proposed simple approach of single-step deposition of three-component membrane-forming mixtures on the screen-printed electrodes is the extended upper limit of the linearity: 30–50 mM glucose. Hence, the obtained test strips are suitable for glucose detection in undiluted blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light induced release of cisplatin from Pt(IV) prodrugs is a promising tool for precise spatiotemporal control over the antiproliferative activity of Pt-based chemotherapeutic drugs. A combination of light-controlled chemotherapy (PACT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in one molecule has the potential to overcome crucial drawbacks of both Pt-based chemotherapy and PDT via a synergetic effect. Herein we report green-light-activated Pt(IV) prodrug GreenPt with BODIPY-based photosentitizer in the axial position with an incredible high light response and singlet oxygen generation ability. GreenPt demonstrated the ability to release cisplatin under low-dose green light irradiation up to 1 J/cm 2 . The investigation of the photoreduction mechanism of GreenPt prodrug using DFT modeling and ΔG 0 PET estimation revealed that the anion-radical formation and substituent photoinduced electron transfer from the triplet excited state of the BODIPY axial ligand to the Pt(IV) center is the key step in the light-induced release of cisplatin. Green-light-activated BODIPY-based photosentitizers 5 and 8 demonstrated outstanding photosensitizing properties with an extraordinary phototoxicity index (PI)>1300. GreenPt prodrug demonstrated gradual intracellular accumulation and light-induced phototoxicity with PI>100, thus demonstrating dual action through light-controlled release of both cisplatin and a potent BODIPY-based photosensitizer., (© 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)