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Self-assembled networks of bottlebrush copolymers are promising materials for biomedical applications due to a unique combination of ultra-softness and strain-adaptive stiffening, characteristic of soft biological tissues. Transitioning from ABA linear-brush-linear triblock copolymers to A-g-B bottlebrush graft copolymer architectures allows significant increasing the mechanical strength of thermoplastic elastomers. Using real-time synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering, it is shown that annealing of A-g-B elastomers in a selective solvent for the linear A blocks allows for substantial network reconfiguration, resulting in an increase of both the A domain size and the distance between the domains. The corresponding increases in the aggregation number and extension of bottlebrush strands lead to a significant increase of the strain-stiffening parameter up to 0.7, approaching values characteristic of the brain and skin tissues. Network reconfiguration without disassembly is an efficient approach to adjusting the mechanical performance of tissue-mimetic materials to meet the needs of diverse biomedical applications., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Courtship suppression is a behavioral adaptation of the fruit fly. When majority of the females in a fly population are fertilized and non-receptive for mating, a male, after a series of failed attempts, decreases its courtship activity towards all females, saving its energy and reproductive resources. The time of courtship decrease depends on both duration of unsuccessful courtship and genetically determined features of the male nervous system. Thereby, courtship suppression paradigm can be used for studying molecular mechanisms of learning and memory. p-Cofilin, a component of the actin remodeling signaling cascade and product of LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1), regulates Drosophila melanogaster forgetting in olfactory learning paradigm. Previously, we have shown that limk1 suppression in the specific types of nervous cells differently affects fly courtship memory. Here, we used Gal4 > UAS system to induce limk1 overexpression in the same types of neurons. limk1 activation in the mushroom body, glia, and fruitless neurons decreased learning index compared to the control strain or the strain with limk1 knockdown. In cholinergic and dopaminergic/serotoninergic neurons, both overexpression and knockdown of limk1 impaired Drosophila short-term memory. Thus, proper balance of the limk1 activity is crucial for normal cognitive activity of the fruit fly.

Bottlebrush (BB) elastomers with water-soluble side chains and tissue-mimetic mechanical properties are promising for biomedical applications like tissue implants and drug depots. This work investigates the microstructure and phase transitions of BB elastomers with crystallizable polyethylene oxide (PEO) side chains by real-time synchrotron X-ray scattering. In the melt, the elastomers exhibit the characteristic BB peak corresponding to the backbone-to-backbone correlation. This peak is a distinct feature of BB systems and is observable in small- or medium-angle X-ray scattering curves. In the systems studied, the position of the BB peak ranges from 3.6 to 4.8 nm in BB elastomers. This variation is associated with the degree of polymerization of the polyethylene oxide (PEO) side chains, which ranges from 19 to 40. Upon crystallization of the side chains, the intensity of the peak decays linearly with crystallinity and eventually vanishes due to BB packing disordering within intercrystalline amorphous gaps. This behavior of the bottlebrush peak differs from an earlier study of BBs with poly(ε-caprolactone) side chains, explained by stronger backbone confinement in the case of PEO, a high-crystallinity polymer. Microstructural models based on 1D SAXS correlation function analysis suggest crystalline lamellae of PEO side chains separated by amorphous gaps of monolayer-like BB backbones.

Our lives cannot be imagined without polymer networks, which range widely, from synthetic rubber to biological tissues. Their properties-elasticity, strain-stiffening and stretchability-are controlled by a convolution of chemical composition, strand conformation and network topology. Yet, since the discovery of rubber vulcanization by Charles Goodyear in 1839, the internal organization of networks has remained a sealed 'black box'. While many studies show how network properties respond to topology variation, no method currently exists that would allow the decoding of the network structure from its properties. We address this problem by analysing networks' nonlinear responses to deformation to quantify their crosslink density, strand flexibility and fraction of stress-supporting strands. The decoded structural information enables the quality control of network synthesis, comparison of targeted to actual architecture and network classification according to the effectiveness of stress distribution. The developed forensic approach is a vital step in future implementation of artificial intelligence principles for soft matter design., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.)

Hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesives (HMPSAs) are used in applications from office supplies to biomedical adhesives. The major component in HMPSA formulations is thermoplastic elastomers, such as styrene-based block copolymers, that provide both mechanical integrity and moldability. Since neat polymer networks are unable to establish an adhesive bond, large quantities of plasticizers and tackifiers are added. These additives enhance the adhesive performance but complicate the phase behavior and property stability of the pressure-sensitive adhesive. Herein, we introduce an alternative additive-free approach to HMPSA design based on self-assembly of bottlebrush graft-copolymers, where side chains behave as softness, strength, and viscoelasticity mediators. These systems maintain moldability of conventional thermoplastic elastomers, while architecturally disentangled bottlebrush network strands empower several benefits such as extreme softness for substrate wetting, low melt viscosity for molding and 3D-printing, and a broad frequency range of viscoelastic responses for adhesion regulation within almost four orders of magnitude. The brush graft-copolymers implement five independently controlled architectural parameters to regulate the Rouse time, work of adhesion, and debonding mechanisms.

The signal pathway of actin remodeling, including LIM-kinase 1 (LIMK1) and its substrate cofilin, regulates multiple processes in neurons of vertebrates and invertebrates. Drosophila melanogaster is widely used as a model object for studying mechanisms of memory formation, storage, retrieval and forgetting. Previously, active forgetting in Drosophila was investigated in the standard Pavlovian olfactory conditioning paradigm. The role of specific dopaminergic neurons (DAN) and components of the actin remodeling pathway in different forms of forgetting was shown. In our research, we investigated the role of LIMK1 in Drosophila memory and forgetting in the conditioned courtship suppression paradigm (CCSP). In the Drosophila brain, LIMK1 and p-cofilin levels appeared to be low in specific neuropil structures, including the mushroom body (MB) lobes and the central complex. At the same time, LIMK1 was observed in cell bodies, such as DAN clusters regulating memory formation in CCSP. We applied GAL4 × UAS binary system to induce limk1 RNA interference in different types of neurons. The hybrid strain with limk1 interference in MB lobes and glia showed an increase in 3-h short-term memory (STM), without significant effects on long-term memory. limk1 interference in cholinergic neurons (CHN) impaired STM, while its interference in DAN and serotoninergic neurons (SRN) also dramatically impaired the flies' learning ability. By contrast, limk1 interference in fruitless neurons (FRN) resulted in increased 15-60 min STM, indicating a possible LIMK1 role in active forgetting. Males with limk1 interference in CHN and FRN also showed the opposite trends of courtship song parameters changes. Thus, LIMK1 effects on the Drosophila male memory and courtship song appeared to depend on the neuronal type or brain structure., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © AUTHORS.)

qPCR is widely used in quantitative studies of plant genomes and transcriptomes. In this article, this method is considered as an auxiliary step in the preparation and selection of markers for FISH analysis. Several cases from the authors' research on populations of the same species were reviewed, and a comparison of the closely related species, as well as the adaptation of the markers, based on satellite tandem repeats (TRs) using quantitative qPCR data was conducted. In the selected cases, TRs with contrast abundance were identified in the cases of the Dasypyrum, Thinopyrum and Aegilops species, and the transfer of TRs between the wheat and related species was demonstrated. TRs with intraspecific copy number variation were revealed in Thinopyrum ponticum and wheat-wheatgrass partial amphidiploids, and the TR showing predominant hybridization to the sea buckthorn Y chromosome was identified. Additionally, problems such as the absence of a reference gene for qPCR, and low-efficiency and self-complementary primers, were illustrated. In the cases considered here, the qPCR results clearly show high correlation with the subsequent results of the FISH analysis, which confirms the value of this method for cytogenetic studies.

Polymeric networks are commonly used for various biomedical applications, from reconstructive surgery to wearable electronics. Some materials may be soft, firm, strong, or damping however, implementing all four properties into a single material to replicate the mechanical properties of tissue has been inaccessible. Herein, we present the A- g -B brush-like graft copolymer platform as a framework for fabrication of materials with independently tunable softness and firmness, capable of reaching a strength of ∼10 MPa on par with stress-supporting tissues such as blood vessel, muscle, and skin. These properties are maintained by architectural control, therefore diverse mechanical phenotypes are attainable for a variety of different chemistries. Utilizing this attribute, we demonstrate the capability of the A- g -B platform to enhance specific characteristics such as tackiness, damping, and moldability.

Being involved in development of Huntington's, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan metabolism plays a significant role in modulation of neuropathology. Accumulation of a prooxidant 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HOK) leads to oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis. Drosophila mutant cardinal ( cd 1 ) with 3-HOK excess shows age-dependent neurodegeneration and short-term memory impairments, thereby presenting a model for senile dementia. Although cd gene for phenoxazinone synthase (PHS) catalyzing 3-HOK dimerization has been presumed to harbor the cd 1 mutation, its molecular nature remained obscure. Using next generation sequencing, we have shown that the cd gene in cd 1 carries a long deletion leading to PHS active site destruction. Contrary to the wild type Canton-S ( CS ), cd 1 males showed defective long-term memory (LTM) in conditioned courtship suppression paradigm (CCSP) at days 5-29 after eclosion. The number of dopaminergic neurons (DAN) regulating fly locomotor activity showed an age-dependent tendency to decrease in cd 1 relative to CS . Thus, in accordance with the concept "from the gene to behavior" proclaimed by S. Benzer, we have shown that the aberrant PHS sequence in cd 1 provokes drastic LTM impairments and DAN alterations.

Aegilops crassa Boiss . is polyploid grass species that grows in the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent, Afghanistan, and Middle Asia. It consists of tetraploid (4x) and hexaploid (6x) cytotypes (2 n  = 4x = 28, D 1 D (Abdolmalaki et al., 2019) X cr X cr and 2n = 6x = 42, D 1 D (Abdolmalaki et al., 2019) X cr X cr D 2 D (Adams and Wendel, 2005), respectively) that are similar morphologically. Although many Aegilops species were used in wheat breeding, the genetic potential of Ae . crassa has not yet been exploited due to its uncertain origin and significant genome modifications. Tetraploid Ae . crassa is thought to be the oldest polyploid Aegilops species, the subgenomes of which still retain some features of its ancient diploid progenitors. The D 1 and D 2 subgenomes of Ae . crassa were contributed by Aegilops tauschii (2 n  = 2x = 14, DD), while the X cr subgenome donor is still unknown. Owing to its ancient origin, Ae . crassa can serve as model for studying genome evolution. Despite this, Ae . crassa is poorly studied genetically and no genome sequences were available for this species. We performed low-coverage genome sequencing of 4x and 6x cytotypes of Ae . crassa , and four Ae . tauschii accessions belonging to different subspecies; diploid wheatgrass Thinopyrum bessarabicum (J b genome), which is phylogenetically close to D (sub)genome species, was taken as an outgroup. Subsequent data analysis using the pipeline RepeatExplorer2 allowed us to characterize the repeatomes of these species and identify several satellite sequences. Some of these sequences are novel, while others are found to be homologous to already known satellite sequences of Triticeae species. The copy number of satellite repeats in genomes of different species and their subgenome (D 1 or X cr ) affinity in Ae . crassa were assessed by means of comparative bioinformatic analysis combined with quantitative PCR (qPCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to map newly identified satellite repeats on chromosomes of common wheat, Triticum aestivum , 4x and 6x Ae . crassa , Ae . tauschii , and Th . bessarabicum . The new FISH markers can be used in phylogenetic analyses of the Triticeae for chromosome identification and the assessment of their subgenome affinities and for evaluation of genome/chromosome constitution of wide hybrids or polyploid species., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kroupin, Badaeva, Sokolova, Chikida, Belousova, Surzhikov, Nikitina, Kocheshkova, Ulyanov, Ermolaev, Khuat, Razumova, Yurkina, Karlov and Divashuk.)

The reduction in plant height caused by mutations in Rht-B1 or Rht-D1 (Reduced height-1) genes in combination with day-length-independent early flowering associated with the Ppd-D1 (Photoperiod-D1) gene were the main factors of the drastic yield increase in bread wheat in the 1960s. Increasing nitrogen use efficiency as well as maintaining high yields under conditions of global climate change are the modern goals of wheat breeding. The glutamine synthetase (GS) enzyme plays a key role in ammonium assimilation in plants. In previous studies, the TaGS2-A1 gene, coding the plastid isoform of GS, was shown to be connected with nitrogen use efficiency in wheat. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers, the association of yield and agronomical traits with haplotypes of Rht-B1 , Rht-D1 , Ppd-D1 and TaGS2-A1 genes was studied in a diverse collection of winter bread wheat cultivars grown in Krasnodar (Russia). In the three-year experiment, semidwarfism and photoperiod insensitivity were confirmed to be highly favorable for the grain yield. The TaGS2-A1b haplotype had a tendency for increased grain yield and lodging resistance, but mainly in plants not possessing the 'green revolution' alleles. Thus, TaGS2-A1b may have potential in breeding wheat cultivars with alternative dwarfing genes or tall cultivars, which may be optimal for growing under certain environments.

Brush-like elastomers with crystallizable side chains hold promise for biomedical applications requiring the presence of two distinct mechanical states below and above body temperature: hard and supersoft. The hard semicrystalline state facilitates piercing of the body whereupon the material softens to match the mechanics of surrounding soft tissue. To understand the transition between the two states, the crystallization process was studied with synchrotron X-ray scattering for a series of brush elastomers with poly(ε-caprolactone) side chains bearing from 7 to 13 repeat units. The so-called bottlebrush correlation peak was used to monitor configuration of bottlebrush backbones in the amorphous regions during the crystallization process. In the course of crystallization, the backbones are expelled into the interlamellar amorphous gaps, which is accompanied by their conformational changes and leads to partitioning to unconfined (melt) and confined (semicrystalline) (conformational) states. The crystallization process starts by consumption of the unconfined macromolecules by the growing crystals followed by reconfiguration of macromolecules within the already grown spherulites.

The gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) produced by the transsulfuration pathway (TSP) is an important biological mediator, involved in many physiological and pathological processes in multiple higher organisms, including humans. Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) enzymes play a central role in H 2 S production and metabolism. Here, we investigated the role of H 2 S in learning and memory processes by exploring several Drosophila melanogaster strains with single and double deletions of CBS and CSE developed by the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. We monitored the learning and memory parameters of these strains using the mating rejection courtship paradigm and demonstrated that the deletion of the CBS gene, which is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system, and double deletions completely block short- and long-term memory formation in fruit flies. On the other hand, the flies with CSE deletion preserve short- and long-term memory but fail to exhibit long-term memory retention. Transcriptome profiling of the heads of the males from the strains with deletions in Gene Ontology terms revealed a strong down-regulation of many genes involved in learning and memory, reproductive behavior, cognition, and the oxidation-reduction process in all strains with CBS deletion, indicating an important role of the hydrogen sulfide production in these vital processes.

Kynurenine products of tryptophan metabolism are modifiers of the nervous activity and oxidative processes in mammals and invertebrates. 3-Hydroxykynurenine (3HOK) in moderate concentrations is a lipid peroxidation inhibitor. However, its accumulation and oxidative auto-dimerization lead to oxidative stress development manifested in age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) and neurological disorders provoked by acute stress. Different forms of stress, the mostly studied being heat shock response, rely on functioning of heat shock proteins of the Hsp70 superfamily. Since kynurenines are called "kids of stress," we performed computational estimation of affinity of 3HOK and other kynurenines binding to predicted ATP site of Drosophila melanogaster Hsp cognate 71 protein (Dhsp71) using AutoDock Vina. The binding energy of 3HOK dimer is - 9.4 kcal/mol; its orientation within the active site is close to that of ATP. This might be a new mechanism of producing a competitive inhibitor of Hsp70 chaperones that decreases organism ability to adapt to heat shock. We also showed that the Drosophila cardinal (cd 1 ) mutant with 3HOK excess, serving as a model for Huntington's disease (HD), manifests severe defects of short-term memory after heat shock applied either in adults or at the prepupal stage., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Dihydroquercetin (DHQ) is a bioflavonoid with high antioxidant, capillary-protective, and anti-inflammatory activity. DHQ has previously been used for treating Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection and is currently considered a potential regulator of oxidative stress as part of COVID-19 multipurpose therapy. DHQ has a high safety profile but low bioavailability that limits its use. Innovative techniques (liposomization, crystal engineering, etc.) can be used to increase its bioavailability., (© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022.)

Novel hybrid materials of the PB- b -P(o-Bn-L-Tyr) and PI- b -P(o-Bn-L-Tyr) type (where PB: 1,4/1,2-poly(butadiene), PI: 3,4/1,2/1,4-poly(isoprene) and P(o-Bn-L-Tyr): poly(ortho-benzyl-L-tyrosine)) were synthesized through anionic and ring-opening polymerization under high-vacuum techniques. All final materials were molecularly characterized through infrared spectroscopy (IR) and proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR) in order to confirm the successful synthesis and the polydiene microstructure content. The stereochemical behavior of secondary structures (α-helices and β-sheets) of the polypeptide segments combined with the different polydiene microstructures was also studied. The influence of the α-helices and β-sheets, as well as the polydiene chain conformations on the thermal properties (glass transition temperatures, thermal stability, α- and β-relaxation) of the present biobased hybrid copolymers, was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dielectric spectroscopy (DS). The obtained morphologies in thin films for all the synthesized materials via atomic force microscopy (AFM) indicated the formation of polypeptide fibrils in the polydiene matrix.

Background: The reasons and consequences of people's activity on social networks have not been sufficiently studied. Most studies have focused on identifying the dangers and risks associated with posting self-portraits on social networks, but it is an open question as to whether such behavior serves to increase people's psychological well-being., Objective: We asked ourselves what are the main motives for publishing selfies and whether online activity contributes to psychological well-being., Design: Our study involved 96 respondents from Moscow, mainly psycho logy students, who provided information about their activity on social networks, and completed questionnaires on their motivation, social support, and psychological well-being., Results: Three main motives for publishing selfies were identified: 1) to increase self-esteem; 2) maintain social contacts; and 3) preserve and exchange information. The higher the ratio of selfies taken to preserve information, the higher was the user's psychological well-being. We found significant differences between the characteristics of those participants with high and low activity, and larger and smaller numbers of "friends" in social networks. For those with high activity, their sense of psychological well-being was largely determined by interaction with others. For these persons, communication (including with virtual contacts) was the important resource of well-being. The other group was less dependent on others, and for them, psychological well-being was not related to their activity on social networks., Conclusion: Our results confirm the connection between the personality traits and characteristics of the respondents' network behavior and their psychological well-being. The study showed that the type of correlation constellation differs between groups of respondents depending upon how much or how little they are oriented toward social support., Competing Interests: The author declares no conflict of interest., (© Lomonosov Moscow State University, 2021© Russian Psychological Society, 2021.)

Prognosis of neuropsychiatric disorders in progeny requires consideration of individual (1) parent-of-origin effects (POEs) relying on (2) the nerve cell nuclear 3D chromatin architecture and (3) impact of parent-specific miRNAs. Additionally, the shaping of cognitive phenotypes in parents depends on both learning acquisition and forgetting, or memory erasure. These processes are independent and controlled by different signal cascades: the first is cAMPdependent, the second relies on actin remodeling by small GTPase Rac1 - LIMK1 (LIM-kinase 1). Simple experimental model systems such as Drosophila help probe the causes and consequences leading to human neurocognitive pathologies. Recently, we have developed a Drosophila model for Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS): a mutant agn ts3 of the agnostic locus (X:11AB) harboring the dlimk1 gene. The agn ts3 mutation drastically increases the frequency of ectopic contacts (FEC) in specific regions of intercalary heterochromatin, suppresses learning/memory and affects locomotion. As is shown in this study, the polytene X chromosome bands in reciprocal hybrids between agn ts3 and the wild type strain Berlin are heterogeneous in modes of FEC regulation depending either on maternal or paternal gene origin. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that FEC between X:11AB and the other X chromosome bands correlates with the occurrence of short (~30 bp) identical DNA fragments partly homologous to Drosophila 372-bp satellite DNA repeat. Although learning acquisition in a conditioned courtship suppression paradigm is similar in hybrids, the middle-term memory formation shows patroclinic inheritance. Seemingly, this depends on changes in miR-974 expression. Several parameters of locomotion demonstrate heterosis. Our data indicate that the agn ts3 locus is capable of trans-regulating gene activity via POEs on the chromatin nuclear organization, thereby affecting behavior., (Copyright © AUTHORS.)

Chromatin 3D structure plays a crucial role in regulation of gene activity. Previous studies have envisioned spatial contact formations between chromatin domains with different epigenetic properties, protein compositions and transcription activity. This leaves specific DNA sequences that affect chromosome interactions. The Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes are involved in non-allelic ectopic pairing. The mutant strain agn ts3 , a Drosophila model for Williams-Beuren syndrome, has an increased frequency of ectopic contacts (FEC) compared to the wild-type strain Canton-S ( CS ). Ectopic pairing can be mediated by some specific DNA sequences. In this study, using our Homology Segment Analysis software, we estimated the correlation between FEC and frequency of short matching DNA fragments (FMF) for all sections of the X chromosome of Drosophila   CS and agn ts3 strains. With fragment lengths of 50 nucleotides (nt), CS showed a specific FEC-FMF correlation for 20% of the sections involved in ectopic contacts. The correlation was unspecific in agn ts3 , which may indicate the alternative epigenetic mechanisms affecting FEC in the mutant strain. Most of the fragments that specifically contributed to FMF were related to 1.688 or 372-bp middle repeats. Thus, middle repetitive DNA may serve as an organizer of ectopic pairing.

A novel approach to obtaining nanocomposite materials using anionic sequential polymerization and post-synthetic esterification reactions with chemically modified graphene sheets (CMGs) is reported. The anionically synthesized diblock copolymer precursors of the PS- b -PI-OH type were grafted to the chemically modified -COOH groups of the CMGs, giving rise to the final composite materials, namely polystyrene- b -poly(isoprene)- g -CMGs, which exhibited enhanced physicochemical properties. The successful synthesis was determined through multiple molecular characterization techniques together with thermogravimetric analysis for the verification of increased thermal stability, and the structure/properties relationship was justified through transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the arrangement of CMGs utilizing lamellar and cylindrical morphologies was studied in order to determine the effect of the loaded CMGs in the adopted topologies.

Heat shock proteins, in particular Hsp70, play a central role in proteostasis in eukaryotic cells. Due to its chaperone properties, Hsp70 is involved in various processes after stress and under normal physiological conditions. In contrast to mammals and many Diptera species, inducible members of the Hsp70 family in Drosophila are constitutively synthesized at a low level and undergo dramatic induction after temperature elevation or other forms of stress. In the courtship suppression paradigm used in this study, Drosophila males that have been repeatedly rejected by mated females during courtship are less likely than naive males to court other females. Although numerous genes with known function were identified to play important roles in long-term memory, there is, to the best of our knowledge, no direct evidence implicating Hsp70 in this process. To elucidate a possible role of Hsp70 in memory formation, we used D. melanogaster strains containing different hsp70 copy numbers, including strains carrying a deletion of all six hsp70 genes. Our investigations exploring the memory of courtship rejection paradigm demonstrated that a low constitutive level of Hsp70 is apparently required for learning and the formation of short and long-term memories in males. The performed transcriptomic studies demonstrate that males with different hsp70 copy numbers differ significantly in the expression of a few definite groups of genes involved in mating, reproduction, and immunity in response to rejection. Specifically, our analysis reveals several major pathways that depend on the presence of hsp70 in the genome and participate in memory formation and consolidation, including the cAMP signaling cascade.

The purpose of this work is to establish the dynamics of the electrical conductivity of various corpse tissues using impedance measurements to assess this method for diagnosing the time of death. It was studied the values of the tissue impedance from the corpses of 8 persons of both sexes and different ages (30-50 years) who died from various causes, with the known date of death. A Keysight U1731 parting was used with two probes, which are stainless steel needles with a diameter of 0.5 mm and a 5 mm immersion length. The analysis of special literature on using indicators of the electrical conductivity dynamics of the corpse tissues, determined by the method of impedance measurement, in the early and late postmortem periods to diagnose the time of death. Trial measurements of a methodological nature were carried out with diagnostic zones: skin, cartilage tissue and tendon. The impedance-metric approach is promising for the purposes of forensic medical diagnostics of the time of death; however, it requires more careful experimental work to establish the dynamics of changes in the total electrical resistance of various tissues of a whole corpse over a long period from the moment of death.

Thinopyrum ponticum (Podpěra, 1902) Z.-W. Liu & R.-C.Wang, 1993 is an important polyploid wild perennial Triticeae species that is widely used as a source of valuable genes for wheat but its genomic constitution has long been debated. For its chromosome identification, only a limited set of FISH probes has been used. The development of new cytogenetic markers for Th. ponticum chromosomes is of great importance both for cytogenetic characterization of wheat-wheatgrass hybrids and for fundamental comparative studies of phylogenetic relationships between species. Here, we report on the development of five cytogenetic markers for Th. ponticum based on repetitive satellite DNA of which sequences were selected from the whole genome sequence of Aegilops tauschii Cosson, 1849. Using real-time quantitative PCR we estimated the abundance of the found repeats: P720 and P427 had the highest abundance and P132, P332 and P170 had lower quantity in Th. ponticum genome. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we localized five repeats to different regions of the chromosomes of Th. ponticum . Using reprobing multicolor FISH we colocalized the probes between each other. The distribution of these found repeats in the Triticeae genomes and its usability as cytogenetic markers for chromosomes of Th. ponticum are discussed.

The effects of weak static magnetic field on the organotypic tissue culture of the rat cerebral cortex, liver, and spleen have been investigated. Exposure to a 200 μT static magnetic field induces tissue development, leading to the intensification of regeneration processes compared to the control explants.

Metabolic disorders of L-kinurenin, which is an intermediate product of the breakdown of genetically encoded amino acid L-tryptophan, is one of the links in the development of a number of neuropathological processes. The influence of tryptophan and kynurenine on cell proliferation in organotypic tissue culture of the cerebral cortex in young and old rats was studied. Tryptophan in effective concentration (0,5 ng/ml) inhibited cellular proliferation of the cerebral cortex of young and old rats by 35 and 18%, respectively. However, under the action of kinurenin (1 ng/ml), stimulation of cell proliferation occurred, and more pronounced in the explants of the cerebral cortex of old rats-by 22% compared to the control. The data obtained about the ability of kynurenine to stimulate cellular proliferation in the cerebral cortex of old animals has the potential to create new drugs of nootropic drugs for diseases of the nervous system associated with age.

Genomic disorders, the syndromes with multiple manifestations, may occur sporadically due to unequal recombination in chromosomal regions with specific architecture. Therefore, each patient may carry an individual structural variant of DNA sequence (SV) with small insertions and deletions (INDELs) sometimes less than 10 bp. The transposable elements of the Tc1/ mariner superfamily are often associated with hotspots for homologous recombination involved in human genetic disorders, such as Williams Beuren Syndromes (WBS) with LIM-kinase 1-dependent cognitive defects. The Drosophila melanogaster mutant agn ts 3 has unusual architecture of the agnostic locus harboring LIMK1 : it is a hotspot of chromosome breaks, ectopic contacts, underreplication, and recombination. Here, we present the analysis of LIMK1 -containing locus sequencing data in agn ts 3 and three D. melanogaster wild-type strains- Canton-S, Berlin , and Oregon-R . We found multiple strain-specific SVs, namely, single base changes and small INDEls. The specific feature of agn ts 3 is 28 bp A/T-rich insertion in intron 1 of LIMK1 and the insertion of mobile S-element from Tc1/ mariner superfamily residing ~460 bp downstream LIMK1 3'UTR. Neither of SVs leads to amino acid substitutions in agn ts 3 LIMK1. However, they apparently affect the nucleosome distribution, non-canonical DNA structure formation and transcriptional factors binding. Interestingly, the overall expression of miRNAs including the biomarkers for human neurological diseases, is drastically reduced in agn ts 3 relative to the wild-type strains. Thus, LIMK1 DNA structure per se , as well as the pronounced changes in total miRNAs profile, probably lead to LIMK1 dysregulation and complex behavioral dysfunctions observed in agn ts 3 making this mutant a simple plausible Drosophila model for WBS.

We have shown previously that the polymorphic structure of the limk1 gene in drosophila leads to changes in LIMK1 content and to defects in courtship behavior, sound production, and learning/memory. The results of the present study of three wild-type strains and mutant agn(ts3) with altered limk1 structure demonstrate that long-term memory is normal in Canton-S and Oregon-R but is impaired in Berlin and drastically suppressed in agn(ts3). This temperature-sensitive mutant carries the S-element from the Tc1/mariner family insertion near the dlimk1 3'-UTR and, compared to Canton-S, has a reverse pCREB distribution in adult neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the second dorsal imago nerve before and after learning. Moreover, only agn(ts3) demonstrates amyloid-like aggregate formation in NMJ. This suggests that this impedes pCREb transport and thereby impairs the formation of short- and long-term memory.

"Genetics of behavior," or "Neurogenetics," is based on the evolutionary ideas of T. Dobzhansky on brain development and behavior. It continues with the "experimental genetics of higher nervous activity" of I. Pavlov and uses a comparative approach in the study of heredity and variation in behavioral manifestations, from Protozoa to humans. The study of the classical Pavlovian conditioned reflex in mutant Drosophila helped to identify the main types of memory and their evolutionary conservatism. Long-term memory defects are caused by mutations of the same genes as in mental, retardation in humans, when signaling cascades intersecting with the cAMP-dependent pathway are damaged. The cascade of actin remodeling is also among these. The key enzyme, LIM-kinase 1, controls cognitive manifestations of the "genomic disease" Williams deletion syndrome. Its study resulted in the recognition of neuroepigenetics as an interface between the genome and environmental influences. Epigenetic factors of "variability"--DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA regulation--do not change the structure of the gene but its manifestations. Certain miRNAs have already been considered to be both biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases and factors of the intergenerational transmission of the behaviorial properties of ancestors who experienced stress from adverse environmental influences.

Elucidation of molecular mechanisms of cognitive functions is one of the major achievements in neurobiology. At most, this is due to the studies on the simple nervous systems, such as the CNS in Drosophila melanogaster. Many of its functional characteristics are pretty similar to higher vertebrates. Among these are: 1) evolutionary conservation of genes and molecular systems involved in the regulation of learning acquisition and memory formation; 2) presence of highly specialized and differentiated sensory, associative and motor centers; 3) utilization of similar modes of informational coding and analysis; 4) availability of major learning forms including non-associative, as well as associative learning; 5) diversity of different memories, including short-term- and protein synthesis- dependent long-term memory; 6) presence of aminergic reinforcement systems in the brain; 7) feed-back loops of circadian clocks, current organism experience and individual organism characters affecting cognitive process per se. In this review the main attention is paid to the two mostly studied Drosophila learning forms, namely to olfactory Iearning and courtship suppression conditioning (CCS). A separate consideration is given to the impacts of kynurenins and metabolite of actin remodeling signal cascade.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is essential for biological responses to endogenous and exogenous toxins in mammals. Its Drosophila homolog spineless plays an important role in fly morphogenesis. We have previously shown that during morphogenesis spineless genetically interacts with CG5017 gene, which encodes a nucleosome assembly factor and may affect cognitive function of the fly. We now demonstrate synergistic interactions of spineless and CG5017 in pathways controlling oxidative stress response and long-term memory formation in Drosophila melanogaster. Oxidative stress was induced by low doses of X-ray irradiation of flies carrying hypomorphic mutation of spineless, mutation of CG5017, and their combination. To determine the sensitivity of these mutants to pharmacological modifiers of the irradiation effect, we irradiated flies growing on standard medium supplemented by radiosensitizer furazidin and radioprotector serotonin. The effects of irradiation were investigated by analyzing leg and antenna morphological structures and by using real-time PCR to measure mRNA expression levels for spineless, Cyp6g1 and Gst-theta genes. We also examined long-term memory in these mutants using conditioned courtship suppression paradigm. Our results show that the interaction of spineless and CG5017 is important for regulation of morphogenesis, long-term memory formation, and detoxification during oxidative stress. Since spineless and CG5017 are evolutionary conserved, these results must be considered when evaluating the risk of combining similar mutations in other organisms, including humans.

In this paper we present results of a comprehensive analysis of the effect of heat shock at different stages of ontogenesis (adult stage, development of the mushroom bodies and the central complex) on courtship behavior (latency, duration and efficacy of courtship), sound production (pulse interval, dispersion of interpulse interval, the percentage of distorted pulses, the mean duration of the pulse parcels), learning and memory formation compared with the content of isoforms LIMK1 in Drosophila melanogaster male with altered structure of the limk1 gene. The heat shock is shown to affect the behavior parameters and LIMK1 content in analyzed strains of Drosophila. The most pronounced effect of the heat shock was observed at the stage of development of the central complex (CC). Heat shock at CC and adult restores the ability of learning and memory formation in the mutant strain agn(ts3), which normally is not able to learn and form memory. Correlations between changes of content of isoforms LIMK1 and behavioral parameters due to heat shock have not been established.

Genomic diseases or syndromes with multiple manifestations arise spontaneously and unpredictably as a result of contiguous deletions and duplications generated by unequal recombination in chromosomal regions with a specific architecture. The Williams syndrome is believed to be one of the most attractive models for linking genes, the brain, behavior and cognitive functions. It is a neurogenetic disorder resulting from a 1.5 Mb deletion at 7q11.23 which covers more than 20 genes; the hemizigosity of these genes leads to multiple manifestations, with the behavioral ones comprising three distinct domains: 1) visuo-spatial orientation; 2) verbal and linguistic defect; and 3) hypersocialisation. The shortest observed deletion leads to hemizigosity in only two genes: eln and limk1. Therefore, the first gene is supposed to be responsible for cardiovascular pathology; and the second one, for cognitive pathology. Since cognitive pathology diminishes with a patient's age, the original idea of the crucial role of genes straightforwardly determining the brain's morphology and behavior was substituted by ideas of the brain's plasticity and the necessity of finding epigenetic factors that affect brain development and the functions manifested as behavioral changes. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRs) began to be considered as the main players in these epigenetic events. This review tackles the following problems: is it possible to develop relatively simple model systems to analyze the contribution of both a single gene and the consequences of its epigenetic regulation in the formation of the Williams syndrome's cognitive phenotype? Is it possible to use Drosophila as a simple model system?

Dynamics of mean value indices and mean dispersion doesn't exclude the feedback (Mayanskiy D.N., 2008) in process of study the disease according to cooperative processes using system leukocyte-monocyte-lymphocyte (L+M+LM). The authors investigated a dynamic balance between these cell substratums and collagen formation. Acute inflammatory processes in tissues of maxillofacial area accompanied by leukemoid response of peripheral blood in the form of leukocytosis (10 x 10(9)-15 x 10(9)/l and more). The authors completely agree with the opinion of M.M. Solov'yov (2012) and N.K. Artyushenko (2008) that mechanism of this reaction is associated with both the leukocyte redistribution in the inflammation zone and with changes of hematopoietic rostock which aimed to balance the affected compensatory mechanisms of nonspecific resistance.

Molecular mechanisms of the synapse and dendrite maintenance and their disturbance in psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases (ND) are intensively studied in searching for target genes of therapeutic actions. It is suggested that glia, alongside with well-studied pre- and postsynaptic neurons, is the third, poorly studied partner in synaptic transmission (the tripartite synapse) that is involved in the positive feedback between the first two partners. This bidirectional coupling between presynaptic neurons and their postsynaptic targets involve neurotrophins (NTF), such as glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) that is produced LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1, the key enzyme of actin remodeling). The cytoplasmic domain of neuregulins interacts with LIMK1. Since neurons and axons that do not receive a sufficient NTF amount are at risk of degeneration and synapse elimination, GDNF seems to be the best studied factor of the ND therapy. The delivery of GDNF stem cells to the neurodegeneration locus is very efficient. There has been proposed a new approach based on use of Drosophila heat shock (hs) promoter. This promoter responds to the mammalian body temperature as to the shock factor resulting in the constant expression of the GDNF gene. The Drosophila models allow studying any given component of the bidirectional communication between pre- and postsynaptic neurons in development of the main diagnostic ND symptom, such as defective memory resulted from synaptic atrophy. In the present study we used the Drosophila stocks imitating different disturbances of the nervous system: Canton-S (wild type), GDNF (transgenic flies that carry human glial-cell-line derived nerve factor (GDNF) gene under hs promoter), l(1)ts403 with dusturbance of HSPs mRNA extranuclear transport, a defect of intracellular stress report, and agn(ts3) mutation in LIMK1 gene. We have revealed functional connections at the behavioral level (learning/memory) depending on the GDNF and LIMK1 brain expression and HSPs transduction that might provide targets for complex approaches for the ND treatment.

The computations of the association constants K(ass) were performed at the microscopic level for the ion pair Cy(+)I(-) composed of the complex cyanine dye cation Cy(+) coupled to the negative iodine counterion. The wide array of K(ass) values is arranged by a variation of the composition of the binary solvent mixtures toluene/dimethylsulfoxide with the accompanying change of the solvent polarity. The potentials of mean force (PMFs) are calculated for a set of interionic separations R in the Cy(+)I(-) by a methodology which combines the quantum-chemical techniques for the treatment of the electronic structure of the Cy(+)I(-) system with the recent dielectric continuum approach which accounts for the solvation effects. For a given solute/solvent system the probability function P(R), which describes the distribution of interionic separations, is constructed in terms of the PMFs and implemented for the evaluation of the K(ass)., (© 2011 American Institute of Physics)

The photophysical properties of aqueous solution of styryl dye, 4-[(E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-1-ethylpyridinium perchlorate (dye 1), in the presence of cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) was studied by means of fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The production of 1:1 host-guest complexes in the range of CB[7] concentrations up to 16 μM with K = 1.0 × 10(6) M(-1) has been observed, which corresponds to appearance of the isosbestic point at 396 nm in the absorption spectra and a 5-fold increase in fluorescence intensity. The decay of fluorescence was found to fit to double-exponential functions in all cases; the calculated average fluorescence lifetime increases from 145 to 352 ps upon the addition of CB[7]. Rotational relaxation times of dye 1 solutions 119 ± 14 ps without CB[7] and 277 ± 35 ps in the presence of CB[7] have been determined by anisotropy fluorescence method. The comparison of the results of quantum-chemical calculations and experimental data confirms that in the host cavity dye 1 rotates as a whole with CB[7].

The response of a nanographene sheet to external stresses was considered in terms of a mechanochemical reaction. The quantum chemical realization of the approach was based on the coordinate-of-reaction concept for the purpose of introducing a mechanochemical internal coordinate (MIC) that specifies a deformational mode. The related force of response is calculated as the energy gradient along the MIC, while the atomic configuration is optimized over all of the other coordinates under the MIC constant-pitch elongation. The approach is applied to the benzene molecule and (5,5) nanographene. A drastic anisotropy in the microscopic behavior of both objects under elongation along a MIC was observed when the MIC was oriented either along or normally to the C-C bond chain. Both the anisotropy and the high stiffness of the nanographene originate from the response of the benzenoid unit to stress.

The modification of the electrostatic continuum solvent model considered in the present work is based on the exact solution of the Poisson equation, which can be constructed provided that the dielectric permittivity epsilon of the total solute and solvent system is an isotropic and continuous spatial function. This assumption allows one to formulate a numerically efficient and universal computational scheme that covers the important case of a variable epsilon function inherent to the solvent region. The obtained type of solution is unavailable for conventional dielectric continuum models such as the Onsager and Kirkwood models for spherical cavities and the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for solute cavities of general shape, which imply that epsilon is discontinuous on the boundary confining the excluded volume cavity of the solute particle. Test computations based on the present algorithm are performed for water and several nonaqueous solvents. They illustrate specific features of this approach, called the "smooth boundary continuum model" (SBCM), as compared to the PCM procedure, and suggest primary tentative results of its parametrization for different solvents. The calculation for the case of a binary solvent mixture with variable epsilon in the solvent space region demonstrates the applicability of this approach to a novel application field covered by the SBCM.

The concept on systemic regulation of genetic and cytogenetic processes has acquired a new perspective after the completion of the Human Genome project, when the view on systemic realization of genetic activity in the dynamic spatial organization of the genome is the nucleus was generally accepted. This organization underlies plasticity of complex biological systems. Chromosome position within the nucleus determined both processes of normal development and the development of genomic diseases, i.e., changes according to the environmental requirements, current needs of the organism, and its individual experience. Nuclear actin has been envisioned as a main factor bridging three levels of the genome organization (nucleotide, structural, and spatial), due to its capability of (1) regulating transcription by activating all three classes of RNA polymerase; (2) participating in chromatin remodeling by interacting with numerous proteins; and (3) lining the nuclear membrane, determining the chromosome attachment points and regulating export from the nucleus. In view of this, the role of actin remodeling factors (LIMK1, cofilin, actin) in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including prionic ones, and in the mechanisms of generation of genomic diseases, syndromes resulting from unequal recombination, has been intensely studied. Drosophila is a helpful model organism to determine the sequence of events in this system of hierarchical relationships. Using spontaneous and mutant variants of the agnostic locus, we have designed a model of the Williams syndrome, which also reproduces main diagnostic traits of neurodegenerative diseases.

The entropy contribution DeltaS to protein-ligand binding free energy is studied for nine protein-lipid complexes. The entropy effect from the loss of the translational/rotational degrees of freedom (DeltaStr) is calculated using the ideal gas approach. The change in the vibrational entropy (DeltaSvib) is calculated using the effective quantum oscillator approach with frequencies derived from the coordinate covariance matrix, so the inharmonic effects are taken into account. The change in the entropy of solvation (DeltaSsolv) is considered using the binomial cell model (developed by the authors) for the hydrophobic effect. The entropy contribution from loss of conformations that are available for the free ligand (DeltaSconf) is also estimated. It is revealed that the negative in view of binding term DeltaStr is only partly compensated by increasing of DeltaSvib, so T(DeltaStr+DeltaSvib+DeltaSconf)<0 for all complexes under investigation, but taking into account DeltaSsolv leads to significantly increased DeltaS. For all complexes except biotin-streptavidin, the results are found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental data.

The values of steady-state solvatochromic Stokes shifts (SS) in absorption/emission electronic spectra of organic chromophores are studied theoretically in the framework of the Hush-Marcus model. Charge distributions for chromophore solutes in their S0 and S1 states are found by means of conventional quantum-chemical methods combined with the continuum PCM approach for treating solvation effects. The solvent reorganization energies, which are expected to correlate with the solvent-induced part of 1/2 SS, are found in a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation which invokes a novel method for separation of the inertial piece of the electrostatic response (Vener, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 14950). Computations, performed in two solvents (acetonitrile and benzene), consider three organic dyes: coumarin 153 as a benchmark system and two other chromophores, for which experimental spectra are also reported. The results are found to be in reasonable agreement with the experiment. A consistent treatment of nonlinear effect in the solvent response, promoted by the polarizability of solutes and contributing to the solvent reorganization energies (Ingrosso, et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 3553), improves the results of computations.

Vertebrate synapsins are abundant synaptic vesicle phosphoproteins that have been proposed to fine-regulate neurotransmitter release by phosphorylation-dependent control of synaptic vesicle motility. However, the consequences of a total lack of all synapsin isoforms due to a knock-out of all three mouse synapsin genes have not yet been investigated. In Drosophila a single synapsin gene encodes several isoforms and is expressed in most synaptic terminals. Thus the targeted deletion of the synapsin gene of Drosophila eliminates the possibility of functional knock-out complementation by other isoforms. Unexpectedly, synapsin null mutant flies show no obvious defects in brain morphology, and no striking qualitative changes in behaviour are observed. Ultrastructural analysis of an identified 'model' synapse of the larval nerve muscle preparation revealed no difference between wild-type and mutant, and spontaneous or evoked excitatory junction potentials at this synapse were normal up to a stimulus frequency of 5 Hz. However, when several behavioural responses were analysed quantitatively, specific differences between mutant and wild-type flies are noted. Adult locomotor activity, optomotor responses at high pattern velocities, wing beat frequency, and visual pattern preference are modified. Synapsin mutant flies show faster habituation of an olfactory jump response, enhanced ethanol tolerance, and significant defects in learning and memory as measured using three different paradigms. Larval behavioural defects are described in a separate paper. We conclude that Drosophila synapsins play a significant role in nervous system function, which is subtle at the cellular level but manifests itself in complex behaviour.

The sbr gene of Drosophila melanogaster belongs to the NXF (nuclear export factor) family responsible for the mRNA transport from nucleus to cytoplasm. We have shown that in the heat-exposed (37 degrees C, 1 h) females, the l(1)ts403 (sbr10) mutation leads, in particular, to the high-frequency nondisjunction and loss of sex chromosomes in meiosis. For this trait, the incomplete dominance of the sbr10 mutation is observed. At the same time, the sbr10 mutation is recessive for many other traits of the heat-exposed flies: reduced viability, low fertility, impaired synthesis of the heat shock proteins, etc. The females heterozygous for the null allele (Df(1)vL4, a deletion eliminating gene srb) do not differ from females homozygous for the wild-type allele in frequency of the heat shock-induced nondisjunction and loss of sex chromosomes in meiosis. Because of this, the sbr10 mutation can be assigned to the gain-of-function alleles (those gaining the dominance function). Expression of the mutant sbr10 allele against the background of the wild-type allele suggests that in the heat shock-exposed females, the heat-modified product of this ts allele has a strong effect on sex chromosome disjunction in meiosis.

The structures and functions of many genes are homologous in Drosophila and humans. Therefore, studying pathological processes in Drosophila, in particular neurogenerative processes accompanied by progressive memory loss, helps to understand the ethiology of corresponding human disorders and to develop therapeutic strategies. It is believed that the development of neurogenerative diseases might result from alterations in the functioning of the heat shock/chaperone machinery. In view of this, we used Drosophila mutant l(1)ts403 with defective synthesis of heat shock proteins for studying learning and memory in a test of conditioned courtship suppression following a heat shock given at different developmental stages. High learning indices were registered immediately and 30 min after training both in the intact controls and in flies subjected to different developmental heat shocks. This indicated normal learning and memory acquisition in the mutant. At the same time, memory retention (3 h after training) suffered to different extent depending on the developmental stage. The remote effects of heat shock given during the formation of the mushroom bodies indicated the important role of this brain structure in the memory formation. The observed memory defects may result from alterations both in mRNA transport and in the functions of molecular chaperones in the l(1)ts403 mutant.

High thermosensitivity of early embryos controlled by mutation l(1)ts403 with disturbed heat-shock response was studied. Thermosensitivity was examined in early (0-1 h) and late (3.5-4.5 h) embryos obtained by reciprocal crosses and backcrosses. It was shown that mutation l(1)ts403 lacks maternal effect. In progeny of reciprocal crosses, early embryonic thermosensitivity was intermediate with regard to that of progeny obtained by interlinear crosses. In early embryos of Drosophila, zygotic genes are not expressed and synthesis heat-shock protein synthesis is not induced. Based on this, it was proposed that the product of gene l(1)ts403, which affects early embryonic thermosensitivity, is transmitted both paternally and maternally and shows dosage effect.

A study was made of urine lipids and their fractions in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) and renal amyloidosis with nephrotic syndrome (NS). 91 patients suffering from NS were examined. 2 subgroups were distinguished among these patients: with CGN of the nephrotic type and with the nephrotic stage of renal amyloidosis. The reference groups were made up of patients with latent CGN and healthy subjects. Measurements were made in the blood and urine of total lipids (TL) and their fractions--phospholipids (LP), free cholesterol (FC), mono- and diglycerides, triglycerides (TG), and cholesterol esters (CE). The presence of the NS was attended by a rise in the blood of TL concentration, relative content of FC, TG and by a decline of RL and CE, with the decrease of the relative content being more manifest in amyloidosis. Nephrotic lipiduria was largely characterized by an increase of the concentration of TL and of the relative content of PL, with the changes of the latter parameter being mostly characteristic of CGN patients. Thus, NS was associated with a high excretion of lipids with urine which is likely to reflect their elevated filtration under nephrotic hyperlipidemia. Still, in nephropathies whose pathogenesis is determined by an important role of inflammatory and membrane-destructive processes, of definite role is also the local (renal) formation of PL.