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Aggregates of medin amyloid (a fragment of the protein MFG-E8, also known as lactadherin) are found in the vasculature of almost all humans over 50 years of age1,2, making it the most common amyloid currently known. We recently reported that medin also aggregates in blood vessels of ageing wild-type mice, causing cerebrovascular dysfunction3. Here we demonstrate in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice and in patients with Alzheimer’s disease that medin co-localizes with vascular amyloid-β deposits, and that in mice, medin deficiency reduces vascular amyloid-β deposition by half. Moreover, in both the mouse and human brain, MFG-E8 is highly enriched in the vasculature and both MFG-E8 and medin levels increase with the severity of vascular amyloid-β burden. Additionally, analysing data from 566 individuals in the ROSMAP cohort, we find that patients with Alzheimer’s disease have higher MFGE8 expression levels, which are attributable to vascular cells and are associated with increased measures of cognitive decline, independent of plaque and tau pathology. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that medin interacts directly with amyloid-β to promote its aggregation, as medin forms heterologous fibrils with amyloid-β, affects amyloid-β fibril structure, and cross-seeds amyloid-β aggregation both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, medin could be a therapeutic target for prevention of vascular damage and cognitive decline resulting from amyloid-β deposition in the blood vessels of the brain. Aggregates of medin amyloid (a fragment of the protein MFG-E8, also known as lactadherin) are found in the vasculature of almost all humans over 50 years of age1,2, making it the most common amyloid currently known. We recently reported that medin also aggregates in blood vessels of ageing wild-type mice, causing cerebrovascular dysfunction3. Here we demonstrate in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice and in patients with Alzheimer’s disease that medin co-localizes with vascular amyloid-β deposits, and that in mice, medin deficiency reduces vascular amyloid-β deposition by half. Moreover, in both the mouse and human brain, MFG-E8 is highly enriched in the vasculature and both MFG-E8 and medin levels increase with the severity of vascular amyloid-β burden. Additionally, analysing data from 566 individuals in the ROSMAP cohort, we find that patients with Alzheimer’s disease have higher MFGE8 expression levels, which are attributable to vascular cells and are associated with increased measures of cognitive decline, independent of plaque and tau pathology. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that medin interacts directly with amyloid-β to promote its aggregation, as medin forms heterologous fibrils with amyloid-β, affects amyloid-β fibril structure, and cross-seeds amyloid-β aggregation both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, medin could be a therapeutic target for prevention of vascular damage and cognitive decline resulting from amyloid-β deposition in the blood vessels of the brain. ispartof: Nature vol:612 issue:7938 pages:123-131 ispartof: location:England status: published

Supplementary Figure from Exploiting Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization for Development of Novel Androgen Receptor Inhibitors

This file describes all yeast experiments and includes supplementary tables S1-S3 and supplementary figures S1-S10.

Supplementary Table from Exploiting Ligand-binding Domain Dimerization for Development of Novel Androgen Receptor Inhibitors

The number of atomic-resolution structures of disease-associated amyloids has greatly increased in recent years. These structures have confirmed not only the polymorphic nature of amyloids but also the association of specific polymorphs to particular proteinopathies. These observations are strengthening the view that amyloid polymorphism is a marker for specific pathological subtypes (e.g. in tauopathies or synucleinopathies). The nature of this association and how it relates to the selective cellular vulnerability of amyloid nucleation, propagation and toxicity are still unclear. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanistic insights provided by recent patient-derived amyloid structures. We discuss the framework organisation of amyloid polymorphism and how heterotypic amyloid interactions with the physiological environment could modify the solubility and assembly of amyloidogenic proteins. We conclude by hypothesising how such interactions could contribute to selective cellular vulnerability.

Mutant KRAS is a major driver of oncogenesis in a multitude of cancers but remains a challenging target for classical small molecule drugs, motivating the exploration of alternative approaches. Here, we show that aggregation-prone regions (APRs) in the primary sequence of the oncoprotein constitute intrinsic vulnerabilities that can be exploited to misfold KRAS into protein aggregates. Conveniently, this propensity that is present in wild-type KRAS is increased in the common oncogenic mutations at positions 12 and 13. We show that synthetic peptides (Pept-ins™) derived from two distinct KRAS APRs could induce the misfolding and subsequent loss of function of oncogenic KRAS, both of recombinantly produced protein in solution, during cell-free translation and in cancer cells. The Pept-ins exerted antiproliferative activity against a range of mutant KRAS cell lines and abrogated tumor growth in a syngeneic lung adenocarcinoma mouse model driven by mutant KRAS G12V. These findings provide proof-of-concept that the intrinsic misfolding propensity of the KRAS oncoprotein can be exploited to cause its functional inactivation.

Different tauopathies are characterized by specific amyloid filament folds that are conserved between patients. Disease-specific tau filament folds probably reflect the specific pathological contexts leading to their formation including isoforms or post-translational modifications. Little is known, however, as to whether and how intrinsic conformational tendencies of the tau sequence itself contribute to its polymorphism. Using cryo-EM structure determination we find that a short amyloidogenic C-terminal peptide consisting of residues 350-362 of the tau repeat domain adopts the same polymorphic conformations in isolation as it does in the context of major disease-associated protofilament folds. Biophysical characterisation and molecular modelling show that the amyloid conformations adopted by this peptide constitute core structural motifs stabilizing distinct disease-associated tau filament folds. In accordance this segment also contributes to the efficient propagation of human AD tau seeds in tau reporter cells while it is irrelevant to heparin-induced recombinant seeds. Our findings suggest that tau 350-362 is key to the propagation of disease-associated tau polymorphs and that the conformational preferences of this segment predispose to the topological diversity observed in tau filament folds.

Summary Amyloid polymorphism is emerging as a key property that is differentially linked to various conformational diseases, including major neurodegenerative disorders, but also as a feature that potentially relates to complex structural mechanisms mediating transmissibility barriers and selective vulnerability of amyloids. In response to the rapidly expanding number of amyloid fibril structures formed by full-length proteins, we here have developed StAmP-DB, a public database that supports the curation and cross-comparison of experimentally determined three-dimensional amyloid polymorph structures. Availability and implementation StAmP-DB is freely accessible for queries and downloads at https://stamp.switchlab.org.

Highly ordered, straight amyloid fibrils readily lend themselves to structure determination techniques and have therefore been extensively characterized. However, the less ordered curly fibrils remain relatively understudied, and the structural organization underlying their specific characteristics remains poorly understood. We found that the exemplary curly fibril-forming protein ovalbumin contains multiple aggregation prone regions (APRs) that form straight fibrils when isolated as peptides or when excised from the full-length protein through hydrolysis. In the context of the intact full-length protein, however, the regions separating the APRs facilitate curly fibril formation. In fact, a meta-analysis of previously reported curly fibril-forming proteins shows that their inter-APRs are significantly longer and more hydrophobic when compared to straight fibril-forming proteins, suggesting that they may cause strain in the amyloid state. Hence, inter-APRs driving curly fibril formation may not only apply to our model protein but rather constitute a more general mechanism.

The increasing number of amyloid structures offers an opportunity to investigate the general principles determining amyloid stability and polymorphism. We find that amyloid stability is dominated by ∼30% of residues localized in segments that favor the cross-β conformation. These correspond to known aggregation-nucleating regions and constitute a stabilizing cross-β structural framework that is shared among polymorphs. Alternative packing of these segments with structurally frustrated regions within the protofilament results in conformationally different, but energetically similar, polymorphs. Differential analysis of distributions of interatomic distances in amyloid and globular structures revealed that unconventional residue contacts, such as identical charges in close proximity, are located in energetically frustrated segments of amyloids. These observations suggest that polymorphism results from a framework mechanism consisting of conserved stabilizing regions of high cross-β propensity. These are interspersed by structurally suboptimal regions that are potential sites of conformational plasticity and interaction with stabilizing cofactors such as (poly)ions. ispartof: STRUCTURE vol:30 issue:8 pages:1178-+ ispartof: location:United States status: published

Neuronal activity causes use-dependent decline in protein function. However, it is unclear how this is coupled to local quality control mechanisms. We show in Drosophila that the endocytic protein Endophilin-A (EndoA) connects activity-induced calcium influx to synaptic autophagy and neuronal survival in a Parkinson disease-relevant fashion. Mutations in the disordered loop, including a Parkinson disease-risk mutation, render EndoA insensitive to neuronal stimulation and affect protein dynamics: when EndoA is more flexible, its mobility in membrane nanodomains increases, making it available for autophagosome formation. Conversely, when EndoA is more rigid, its mobility reduces, blocking stimulation-induced autophagy. Balanced stimulation-induced autophagy is required for dopagminergic neuron survival, and a variant in the human ENDOA1 disordered loop conferring risk to Parkinson disease also blocks nanodomain protein mobility and autophagy both in vivo and in human-induced dopaminergic neurons. Thus, we reveal a mechanism that neurons use to connect neuronal activity to local autophagy and that is critical for neuronal survival. ispartof: NEURON vol:111 issue:9 pages:1402-+ ispartof: location:United States status: published

Currently, all clinically used androgen receptor (AR) antagonists target the AR ligand-binding pocket and inhibit T and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) binding. Resistance to these inhibitors in prostate cancer frequently involves AR-dependent mechanisms resulting in a retained AR dependence of the tumor. More effective or alternative AR inhibitors are therefore required to limit progression in these resistant stages. Here, we applied the structural information of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) dimerization interface to screen in silico for inhibitors. A completely new binding site, the Dimerisation Inhibiting Molecules (DIM) pocket, was identified at the LBD dimerization interface. Selection of compounds that fit the DIM pocket via virtual screening identified the DIM20 family of compounds which inhibit AR transactivation and dimerization of the full-length AR as well as the isolated LBDs. Via biolayer interferometry, reversible dose-dependent binding to the LBD was confirmed. While DIM20 does not compete with 3H-DHT for binding in the LBP, it limits the maximal activity of the AR indicative of a noncompetitive binding to the LBD. DIM20 and DIM20.39 specifically inhibit proliferation of AR-positive prostate cancer cell lines, with only marginal effects on AR-negative cell lines such as HEK 293 and PC3. Moreover, combination treatment of DIM compounds with enzalutamide results in synergistic antiproliferative effects which underline the specific mechanism of action of the DIM compounds.

Neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release cause use-dependent decline in protein function. However, it is unclear how this is coupled to local protein turnover and quality control mechanisms. Here we show that the endocytic protein Endophilin-A (EndoA/ENDOA1) couples activity-induced calcium influx to synaptic autophagy and neuronal survival. We identify single mutations in the EndoA flexible region that either increases EndoA diffusion and promotes autophagosome formation in the absence of calcium, or immobilizes EndoA and blocks autophagy, even in the presence of calcium. Hence, the EndoA flexible region is a switch that responds to calcium, regulating EndoA nanoscale synaptic organization and association with autophagosomes driving their formation. Interestingly, a pathogenic variant in the human ENDOA1 variable region that confers risk to Parkinson’s disease (PD), also confines ENDOA1 to the synaptic plasma membrane and equally blocks autophagy in flies in vivo and in induced human neurons. Thus, our work reveals a mechanism neurons use to connect neuronal activity to local protein turnover by autophagy, which is critical for neuronal survival.

Σφαιρικές υδατοδιαλυτές πρωτεΐνες, υπό ορισμένες συνθήκες, αδυνατούν να αποκτήσουν τη φυσιολογική τους στερεοδιάταξη στο χώρο. Ως αποτέλεσμα τα πρωτεϊνικά μόρια αυτοσυγκροτούνται σε ινίδια που εμφανίζουν χαρακτηριστικές ιδιότητες και ονομάζονται αμυλοειδή. Τα αμυλοειδή ινίδια σχηματίζουν εξωκυτταρικές ή/και ενδοκυτταρικές εναποθέσεις που προκαλούν την καταστροφή κυττάρων/ιστών και σχετίζονται με μια ετερογενή ομάδα ασθενειών, τις αμυλοειδώσεις. Οι αμυλοειδώσεις περιλαμβάνουν, μεταξύ άλλων, τις νευροεκφυλιστικές νόσους του Alzheimer, του Parkinson, τις σπογγώδεις εγκεφαλοπάθειες, τον διαβήτη τύπου ΙΙ, ακόμη και ορισμένους τύπους καρκίνου. Συχνά, οργανισμοί από τα βακτήρια έως και τον άνθρωπο παράγουν φυσικά λειτουργικά αμυλοειδή, τα οποία εκμεταλλεύονται για να εξυπηρετήσουν πολύπλοκες βιολογικές διεργασίες, απαραίτητες για την ομαλή επιβίωση τους. Μικρές αλληλουχίες, γνωστές ως αμυλοειδογόνοι καθοριστές, τμήματα των αμυλοειδογόνων πρωτεϊνών, διακρίνονται για την αυξημένη ροπή που εμφανίζουν προς συσσωμάτωση. Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή επικεντρώθηκε στην αναζήτηση και πειραματική επιβεβαίωση αμυλοειδογόνων καθοριστών πρωτεϊνών που σχετίζονται με τη δημιουργία τόσο λειτουργικών όσο και παθολογικών αμυλοειδών. Οι αμυλοειδογόνες ιδιότητες των αναγνωρισμένων περιοχών μελετήθηκαν και επιβεβαιώθηκαν με τη χρήση βιοφυσικών μεθόδων, όπως είναι η ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία διέλευσης, η περίθλαση ακτίνων-Χ, η φασματοσκοπία υπερύθρου και η πολωτική μικροσκοπία. Σε επόμενο στάδιο, επιχειρήθηκε η διερεύνηση των άγνωστων μηχανισμών που διέπουν το δίπλωμα και την αυτοσυγκρότηση των αμυλοειδογόνων πρωτεϊνών σε ινίδια με χρήση υπολογιστικών μεθόδων δομικής βιοπληροφορικής.

Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2-family members not only act at mitochondria but also at the endoplasmic reticulum, where they impact Ca

The present article reports on the career of Professor Nikolaos Louros and his contribution to the development of obstetrics and gynaecology. The data presented is based on desk research with the aim to gather and analyse relevant credible information from documents existing in primary and secondary resources in the archive of Foundation History of Medicine N. Louros. As a Professor at the University of Athens, Louros introduced new teaching methods. His multifaceted work includes writing, teaching, research, and the clinical and laboratory context. His scientific interest covers all areas of obstetrics and gynaecology. Pioneering and progressive in the medical field, he invented new clinical and surgical methods with international appeal. As a director, Louros established innovative rules in the Maternity Hospitals he directed. He supported every effort aiming to protect maternity and the child, and adopted a new approach regarding the problem of home based obstetric help to the destitute women.

Amyloidogenic proteins like human Cystatin C (hCC) have been shown to form dimers and oligomers by exchange of subdomains of the monomeric proteins. Normally, the hCC monomer, a low molecular type 2 Cystatin, consists of 120 amino acid residues and functions as an inhibitor of cysteine proteases. The oligomerization of hCC is involved in the pathophysiology of a rare form of amyloidosis namely Icelandic hereditary cerebral amyloid angiopathy, in which an L68Q mutant is deposited as amyloid in brain arteries of young adults. In order to find the shortest stretch responsible to drive the fibril formation of hCC, we have previously demonstrated that the LQVVR peptide forms amyloid fibrils, in vitro (Tsiolaki et al., 2015). Predictions by AMYLPRED, an amyloidogenic determinant prediction algorithm developed in our lab, led us to synthesize and experimentally study two additional predicted peptides derived from hCC. Along with our previous findings, in this work, we reveal that these peptides self-assemble, in a similar way, into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, as electron microscopy, X-ray fiber diffraction, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and Congo red staining studies have shown. Further to our experimental results, all three peptides seem to have a fundamental contribution in forming the ‘‘aggregation-prone’’ core of human Cystatin C.

Isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA) is a common localized form of amyloid deposition within the atria of the aging heart. The main constituents of amyloid fibrils are atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the N-terminal part of its precursor form (NT-proANP). An ‘aggregation-prone’ heptapeptide ( 114KLRALLT120) was located within the NT-proANP sequence. This peptide self-assembles into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro, as electron microscopy, X-ray fiber diffraction, ATR FT-IR spectroscopy and Congo red staining studies reveal. Consequently, remedies/drugs designed to inhibit the aggregation tendency of this ‘aggregation-prone’ segment of NT-proANP may assist in prevention/treatment of IAA, congestive heart failure (CHF) or atrial fibrillation (AF)