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In the present work, some MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets were prepared and characterized. Depending on the preparation procedures, trigonal prismatic (2H) or octahedral (1T) coordination of the metal atoms was obtained, exhibiting metallic (1T) or semiconducting (2H) character. Both MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets were found exhibiting large nonlinear optical (NLO) responses, strongly dependent on their metallic (1T) or semiconducting (2H) character. Therefore, the semiconducting character of MoS2 and WS2 exhibits positive nonlinear absorption and strong self-focusing behavior, while their metallic character counterparts exhibit strong negative nonlinear absorption and important self-defocusing behavior. In addition, the semiconducting MoS2 and WS2 were found exhibiting important and very broadband optical limiting (OL) action extending from 450 to 1750 nm. Therefore, by selecting the crystalline phase of the nanosheets, that is, their semiconduction/metallic character, their NLO response can be greatly modulated. The results of the present work demonstrate unambiguously that the control of the crystalline phase of MoS2 and WS2 provides an efficient strategy for 2D nanostructures with custom-made NLO properties for specific optoelectronic and photonic applications such as OL, saturable absorption, and optical switching., M.S. acknowledges support from the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (HFRI) under the HFRI PhD Fellowship grant (number: 83656). Financial support to N.T. by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation HFRI under the “2nd Call for HFRI Research Projects to support Faculty Members and Researchers” (Project number: 2482) is acknowledged. TEM studies were performed in Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739GB–100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R), and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3” (Grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (Grant number 881603).

We investigate the effect of introducing C$_{60}$ to (C$_{59}$N)$_2$ and the molecular ring, [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP), using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Incorporating C$_{60}$ into the system results in the formation of novel stable [10]CPP ⊃ C$_{59}$N-C$_{60}$$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPP encapsulated heterodimer radicals whose spin is localized on C$_{60}$ and manifests in EPR measurements as a signal at g = 2.0022 without any discernable hyperfine structure. This signal has an exceptionally long spin coherence lifetime of 440 μs at room temperature, far longer than any of the radical fullerene species reported in the literature and over twice that of the C$_{59}$N$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPP radical. The radicals are long-lived, with EPR signal still strong over a year after thermal activation. The [10]CPP ⊃ C$_{59}$N-C$_{60}$$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPP oligomer is more stable than C$_{59}$N$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPP radicals and becomes the predominant species at room temperature after annealing. Its formation is thermally activated with an experimental activation energy of only 0.189 eV, as compared to 0.485 eV for the pure azafullerene-[10]CPP case. The [10]CPP ⊃ C$_{59}$N-C$_{60}$$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPP radicals discovered here could be used to bridge C$_{59}$N$^•$ ⊂ [10]CPPs acting as qubits, providing effective coupling between them.

Electrochemical reactions for hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide production are essential for energy conversion to diminish the energy crisis but still lack efficient electrocatalysts. Development of non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction and 2e– oxygen reduction reaction to ease reaction kinetics is a challenging task. Integration of single components by employing easy strategies provides a key step toward the realization of highly active electrocatalysts. In this vein, MoSe2 owns catalytic active sites and a high specific surface area but suffers from insufficient conductivity and high catalytic performance that noble metals provide. Herein, MoSe2 was used as a platform for the incorporation of manganese-metalated porphyrin (MnP). The developed hybrid, namely, MoSe2–MnP, obtained by the initial metal–ligand coordination and the subsequent grafting with MnP was fully characterized and electrochemically assessed. The bifunctional electrocatalyst lowered the overpotential toward hydrogen evolution, improved the reaction kinetics and charge transfer processes, and was extremely stable after 10,000 ongoing cycles. Simultaneously, rotating ring disk electrode analysis showed that oxygen reduction proceeds through the 2e– pathway for the selective production of hydrogen peroxide with a high yield of 97%. The new facile modification route can be applied in diverse transition metal dichalcogenides and will help the development of new advanced functional materials., R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R) and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3” (grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (881603). The TEM studies were performed in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain). R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R) and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3” (grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (881603).

11 figures, 2 tables.-- Supporting information available., Covalent functionalization of tungsten disulfide (WS2) with photo- and electro-active nickel-porphyrin (NiP) is reported. Exfoliated WS2 interfacing NiP moieties with 1,2-dithiolane linkages is assayed in the oxygen evolution reaction under both dark and illuminated conditions. The hybrid material presented, WS2−NiP, is fully characterized with complementary spectroscopic, microscopic, and thermal techniques. Standard yet advanced electrochemical techniques, such as linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and calculation of the electrochemically active surface area, are used to delineate the catalytic profile of WS2−NiP. In-depth study of thin films with transient photocurrent and photovoltage response assays uncovers photo-enhanced electrocatalytic behavior. The observed photo-enhanced electrocatalytic activity of WS2−NiP is attributed to the presence of Ni centers coordinated and stabilized by the N4 motifs of tetrapyrrole rings at the tethered porphyrin derivative chains, which work as photoreceptors. This pioneering work opens wide routes for water oxidation, further contributing to the development of non-noble metal electrocatalysts., Financial support by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation HFRI under the “2nd Call for HFRI Research Projects to support Faculty Members and Researchers” (Project Number: 2482) to N.T. is acknowledged. [...] R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MCIN (PID2019-104739GB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R) and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3” (Grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (881603). W.K.M and A.M.B acknowledge support from Spanish MCIN (PID2019-104272RB-C51/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), and the Government of Aragon (Grupos Reconocidos DGA T03_20R).

Graphene-based hybrid (ZnP-azaBDP)-graphene was synthesized, comprehensively characterized and found to manage energy transfer processes, yielding upon illumination (ZnP-azaBDP˙−)-graphene˙+ charge-separated state.

The multiaddition chemistry of azafullerene C59 N has been scarcely explored, and the isolation of pure bisadducts is in its infancy. Encouraged by the recent regioselective synthesis of the inherently chiral equatorialface bisadduct of C59 N, we focused on the isolation of the first trans-4 bisadduct in a simple two-step approach. The first regioselective synthesis of the trans-4 bisadduct of C59 N by using cyclo-[2]-dodecylmalonate as a tether is now reported. The newly synthesized bisadduct has C1 symmetry, as evidenced by 13 C NMR, while X-ray crystallography validated the trans-4' addition pattern. Furthermore, the inherently chiral trans-4' C59 N bisadduct was enantiomerically resolved, and the mirror-image relation of the two enantiomers was probed by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Finally, UV-Vis and redox assays suggested that the addition pattern has a reflection in the light-harvesting and redox properties of the bisadduct.

International audience; Molecular entities with robust spin-1/2 are natural two-level quantum systems for realizing qubits and are key ingredients of emerging quantum technologies such as quantum computing. Here we show that robust and abundant spin-1/2 species can be created in-situ in the solid state from spin-active azafullerene (C59N) cages supramolecularly hosted in crystals of [10]cycloparaphenylene ([10]CPP) nanohoops. This is achieved via a two-stage thermally-assisted homolysis of the parent diamagnetic [10]CPP⊃(C59N)2⊂[10]CPP supramolecular complex. Upon cooling, the otherwise unstable C59N• radical is remarkably persistent with a measured radical lifetime of several years. Additionally, pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance measurements show long coherence times, fulfilling a basic condition for any qubit manipulation, and observed Rabi oscillations demonstrate single qubit operation. These findings together with rapid recent advances on the synthesis of carbon nanohoops offer the potential to fabricate tailored cycloparaphenylene networks hosting C59N• centers, providing a promising platform for building complex qubit circuits.

Single-walled carbon nanohorns (CNHs) have great potential in diverse applications such as gas storage, catalyst support, and drug carriers. Although chemical functionalization of CNHs is critical ...

Advances are required to develop functionalization routes for MoS2, in both the metallic 1T and semiconducting 2H phase, that will not only enable their easier manipulation and handling in liquid media but also enhance their applicability in diverse technological fields. Herein, we report an original functionalization methodology for covalently incorporating dithiolene units at the periphery of exfoliated 1T- and 2H-MoS2 sheets, by employing a bis(thiolate) salt as a ligand in a green and facile protocol. Extensive characterization of the covalently functionalized materials is presented, along with a pathway for the à la carte chemical manipulation of MoS2. Markedly, the reported methodology may be applied for modifying other transition metal dichalcogenides., Partial support of this work by the project “Advanced Materials and Devices” (MIS 5002409), which is implemented under the “Action for the Strategic Development on the Research and Technological Sector” funded by the Operational Program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) is acknowledged. R.A. gratefully acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MAT2016-79776-P), from the Government of Aragon and the European Social Fund under the project “Construyendo Europa desde Aragon” 2014-2020 (grant number E13_17R) and from EU H2020 program “ESTEEM3” (823717) and “Graphene Flagship“ (785219 and 881603).

This Special Issue of Chemistry-A European Journal is dedicated to the Chemical Functionalization of 2D Materials, and features some great contributions from experts in the field of 2D materials. This issue was originally assembled to support the Symposium G "Chemical Functionalization of 2D Materials" at the European Materials Research Society (E-MRS) 2020 Spring Meeting, which was originally scheduled to be held in Strasbourg, France, from May 25th to 29th, 2020. Although the E-MRS 2020 Spring Meeting has been cancelled due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the publication of this Special Issue has proceeded and has become even more important as the contributors discuss diverse and timely research themes related to 2D materials. In this Editorial, a brief overview of the different types of 2D materials is given, together with the chemical functionalization schemes that can be applied to them to achieve new properties as well as enable improved performance in applications. Some of the articles featured in this Special Issue are also highlighted, with the hope that they will inspire readers and further advance the field.

Mixed halide hybrid perovskites are strong candidates for fabrication of efficient, stable and reproducible perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To restrain intrinsic volatility and ionic migration effec...

A face-to-face porphyrin dimer, (H2P)2 “porphyrin tweezer”, was explored as a photo- and redox-responsive host for the molecular recognition of an azafullerene (C59N) derivative bearing an amphoteric pentafluoroquinoline (FQ) domain. The intramolecular electronic coupling between the FQ substituent and the C59N cage, within the newly synthesized C59N-FQ dyad was evaluated, while the neutral and protonated form of the covalently attached FQ moiety were utilized as recognition motifs for the (H2P)2 tweezer. Complementary photophysical and electrochemical techniques were applied to investigate the electronic communication between the porphyrin-dimer (H2P)2 tweezer and the azafullerene cage as mediated by the FQ unit.

Molybdenum disulfide nanosheets covalently modified with a 1,2-dithiolane derivative were used as a novel substrate for the immobilization of Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) towards the development of a highly efficient hybrid electrocatalyst, namely PdNPs/f-MoS2, for the oxygen reduction in an alkaline medium. The newly prepared hybrid material was thoroughly characterized through complementary techniques such as Raman and IR spectroscopy, TGA, HRTEM, STEM/EELS, and EDS. The PdNPs/f-MoS2 nanohybrid exhibited excellent performance towards oxygen electroreduction with a positive onset potential of +0.066 V and a half-wave potential of -0.116 V vs. Hg/HgO, along with a high current response, which are superior to those of its graphene counterpart and comparable to those of the benchmark Pd/C product. Moreover, PdNPs/f-MoS2 was proved to be remarkably stable as chronoamperometric assays showed minimum activity loss among the tested materials, clearly outperforming the commercial catalyst. The excellent performance of PdNPs/f-MoS2 is attributable to (i) the high affinity of the catalytic PdNPs with the f-MoS2 substrate, (ii) the absence of any capping agent for the stabilization of PdNPs onto f-MoS2, and more importantly (iii) the preservation of the integrity of the MoS2 basal plane during the functionalization process. Lastly, the oxygen reduction on PdNPs/f-MoS2 proceeded through the energy efficient four-electron pathway, showing great potential for the use of layered transition metal dichalcogenides in energy conversion applications, comprising fuel cells.

While graphene-based materials hold a strong potential as electrocatalysts, owing to their astonishing properties and functionalization capability, their intrinsic catalytic activity is more often masked under the umbrella of the precious and industrial metals that are used as counterparts for boosting the electrocatalytic performance. In the present work, we envisioned and realized a simple, stepwise surface engineering path for the modification of graphene oxide, aiming at elevating its intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, excluding any metals, towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). More specifically, oxidized graphene was initially covalently decorated with amphoteric imidazole rings, which were then converted to the corresponding imidazolium counterparts. At the last step, anion exchange of the grafted imidazolium species was performed to immobilize via electrostatic interactions polyacrylate chains. The electrocatalytic performance of the so-formed graphene-based ensembles towards the ORR in alkaline media was evaluated, unveiling the 2e– reduction of oxygen, selectively producing hydrogen peroxide. The results indicate that both covalent and non-covalent surface engineering of graphene with organic chains matters towards electrocatalysis and should not be considered negligible. Our findings and insights provided are a stepping stone on the quest of graphene-based ensembles as metal-free electrocatalysts., The TEM studies were performed in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain). R.A. acknowledges support from Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R (FEDER, EU)) and from EU H2020 “ESTEEM3″ (Grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (Grant number 881603).

The covalent functionalization of chemically exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (ce-MoS2) with hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) and hydrophilic poly(acrylic acid) polymers, in a single-step without additives, is presented. The nature of chemical modification and the impact on the structure of ce-MoS2 were spectroscopically investigated. Complexation of Eu3+ was accomplished on grafted polycarboxylate chains on MoS2., The TEM study was performed in the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza (Spain). R. A. acknowledges support from the Spanish MICINN (PID2019-104739GB-100/AEI/10.13039/501100011033), the Government of Aragon (projects DGA E13-20R (FEDER, EU)) and the EU H2020 projects “ESTEEM3” (Grant number 823717) and Graphene Flagship (881603).

The extensive research on carbon nanostructures and 2D nanomaterials will come to fruition once these materials steadily join everyday-life applications. Their chemical functionalization unlocks their potential as carriers of customized properties and counterparts to fabric fibers. The scope of the current review covers the chemical modification of carbon nanostructures and 2D nanomaterials for hybrid fabrics with enhanced qualities against critical operational and weather conditions, such as antibacterial, flame retardant, UV resistant, water repellent and high air and water vapor permeability activities.

The multiaddition chemistry of azafullerene C

Herein, it is demonstrated that pyrene butyric acid (PBA)-stabilized metal nanoparticles with core-shell morphology, Pd@MNPs (M=Ni, Cu, Co), non-covalently supported on graphene (G) sheets, are more active towards oxygen electroreduction in alkaline environments than the benchmark Pd/C catalyst, albeit with a 70 % lower precious metal loading. The PBA-stabilized Pd@MNPs (M=Ni, Cu, Co)/G ensembles were prepared by employing a simple modified polyol method and galvanic replacement and thoroughly characterized with advanced microscopy imaging and complementary spectroscopic techniques. Electrochemical studies revealed that Pd@NiNPs /G presents the optimum performance, exhibiting a 30 mV more positive onset potential and 3.2 times greater mass activity over Pd/C. Moreover, chronoamperometric assays showed the minimum activity loss for Pd@NiNPs /G, not only among its core-shell counterparts but importantly when compared with the benchmark catalyst. The excellent performance of Pd@NiNPs /G was attributed to the (a) presence of PBA as stabilizer, (b) uniform Pd@NiNPs dispersion onto the graphene sheets, (c) efficient intra-ensemble interactions between the two species, (d) existence of the core-shell structure for Pd@NiNPs , and (e) stability of the Ni core metal under the reaction conditions. Last, the oxygen reduction on Pd@NiNPs /graphene occurs by the direct four-electron reduction pathway, showing great potential for use in energy related applications.

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) based on gold as core and silver as shell, abbreviated as Ag@AuNCs, were electrostatically associated with functionalized semiconducting MoS2 nanosheets, abbreviated as f-MoS2. The realization of the Ag@AuNCs/f-MoS2 ensemble was manifested by UV–vis and photoluminescence titration assays, while its morphology was evidenced by high-angle annular dark-field STEM imaging coupled with EDX analyses. Photoinduced intra-ensemble charge-transfer phenomena were witnessed and attributed to the suppression and concomitant shift of Ag@AuNC photoluminescence by incremental additions of f-MoS2. The Ag@AuNCs/f-MoS2 was employed as RhB photodegradation catalyst for wastewater purification from organic pollutant dyes. The production of highly oxidant radicals from the photogenerated electron-hole pairs within Ag@AuNCs/f-MoS2 were found to be the main reactive species, while the holes left on Ag@AuNCs attacked RhB, as evidenced by the disappearance of the characteristic absorption peak. The photocatalytic reaction by the ensemble followed fast kinetics as compared with bare Ag@AuNCs or individual AuNCs and AgNCs.

A facile route for the preparation of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten disulfide (WS2), uniformly deposited onto sulfur-doped graphene (SG), is reported. The realization of the SG/MoS2 and SG/WS2 heterostructured hybrids was accomplished by employing microwave irradiation for the thermal decomposition of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and tetrathiotungstate, respectively, in the presence of SG. Two different weight ratios between SG and the inorganic species were used, namely 3 : 1 and 1 : 1, yielding SG/MoS2 (3 : 1), SG/MoS2 (1 : 1), SG/WS2 (3 : 1) and SG/WS2 (1 : 1). SG and all newly developed hybrid materials were characterized by ATR-IR and Raman spectroscopy, TGA, HR-TEM and EELS. The electrocatalytic activity of the SG/MoS2 and SG/WS2 heterostructured hybrids was examined against the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and it was found that the presence of SG not only significantly improved the catalytic activity of MoS2 and WS2 but also made it comparable to that of commercial Pt/C. Specifically, hybrids containing higher amounts of SG, namely SG/MoS2 (3 : 1) and SG/WS2 (3 : 1), exhibited extremely low onset overpotentials of 26 and 140 mV vs. RHE, respectively. The latter results highlighted the beneficial role of SG as a substrate for immobilizing MoS2 and WS2 and stressed its significance for achieving optimum electrocatalytic performance toward the HER. Finally, examination of the Tafel slopes as extracted from the electrocatalytic polarization curves, manifested the adsorption of hydrogen as the rate-limiting step for SG/MoS2 (3 : 1), while for SG/WS2 (3 : 1) the electrochemical desorption of adsorbed hydrogen atoms to generate hydrogen was revealed to be the rate-limiting step., This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 642742. Partial support of this work by the project “Advanced Materials and Devices” (MIS 5002409) which is implemented under the “Action for the Strategic Development on the Research and Technological Sector”, funded by the Operational Program “Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation” (NSRF 2014-2020) and co-financed by Greece and the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) is also acknowledged. The HR-TEM and EELS studies were conducted at the Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain. R. A. gratefully acknowledges the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through project MAT2016-79776-P (AEF/FEDER. UE), the Government of Aragon and ESF under the project “Construyendo Europa desde Aragon” 2014–2020 (grant number E13_17R), and from the EU H2020 program “Graphene Flagship” (Grant Agreement 785219).

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) 2e

The preparation of an MoS2–polymer carbon nanodot (MoS2-PCND) hybrid material was accomplished by employing an easy and fast bottom-up synthetic approach. Specifically, MoS2-PCND was realized by the thermal decomposition of ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and the in situ complexation of Mo with carboxylic acid units present on the surface of PCNDs. The newly prepared hybrid material was comprehensively characterized by spectroscopy, thermal means, and electron microscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of MoS2-PCND was examined in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and compared with that of the corresponding hybrid material prepared by a top-down approach, namely MoS2-PCND(exf-fun), in which MoS2 was firstly exfoliated and then covalently functionalized with PCNDs. The MoS2-PCND hybrid material showed superior electrocatalytic activity toward the HER with low Tafel slope, excellent electrocatalytic stability, and an onset potential of −0.16 V versus RHE. The superior catalytic performance of MoS2-PCND was rationalized by considering the catalytically active sites of MoS2, the effective charge/energy-transfer phenomena from PCNDs to MoS2, and the synergetic effect between MoS2 and PCNDs in the hybrid material.

We describe the basal plane functionalization of chemically exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (ce-MoS2) nanosheets with a benzo-15-crown-5 ether (B15C5), promoted by the chemistry of diazonium salts en route to the fabrication and electrochemical assessment of an ion-responsive electrode. The success of the chemical modification of ce-MoS2 nanosheets was investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and the amount of the incorporated crown ether was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. Raman spatial mapping at on-resonance excitation allowed us to disclose the structural characteristics of the functionalized B15C5-MoS2 nanosheets and the impact of basal plane functionalization to the stabilization of the 1T phase of ce-MoS2. Morphological investigation of the B15C5-MoS2 hybrid was implemented by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, fast-Fourier-transform analysis and in situ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the crystal lattice of the modified nanosheets and the presence of crown-ether addends, respectively. Finally, B15C5-MoS2 electrodes were constructed and evaluated as ion-selective electrodes for sodium ions in aqueous solution and an artificial sweat matrix.

We describe the basal plane functionalization of chemically exfoliated molybdenum disulfide (ce-MoS2) nanosheets with a benzo-15-crown-5 ether (B15C5), promoted by the chemistry of diazonium salts en route to the fabrication and electrochemical assessment of an ion-responsive electrode. The success of the chemical modification of ce-MoS2 nanosheets was investigated by infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and the amount of the incorporated crown ether was estimated by thermogravimetric analysis. Raman spatial mapping at on-resonance excitation allowed us to disclose the structural characteristics of the functionalized B15C5-MoS2 nanosheets and the impact of basal plane functionalization to the stabilization of the 1T phase of ce-MoS2. Morphological investigation of the B15C5-MoS2 hybrid was implemented by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, fast-Fourier-transform analysis and in situ energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the crystal lattice of the modified nanosheets and the presence of crown-ether addends, respectively. Finally, B15C5-MoS2 electrodes were constructed and evaluated as ion-selective electrodes for sodium ions in aqueous solution and an artificial sweat matrix.

Carbon nanohorns (CNHs) resembling a single-layered graphene sheet wrapped in a conical shape can be chemically modified in order to immobilize, carry, and release biologically active molecules. Here, we describe the major routes for the preparation of CNH-based drug delivery platforms, via covalent coupling and encapsulation, proficient to facilitate the design of sophisticated drug nanocarriers.