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Aim: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the effect of four desensitizing agents (Strontium Chloride, Potassium Nitrate, Pro-Argin, Bioactive Glass) on dentinal occlusion. Materials and Methods: Forty freshly extracted mandibular molars were selected. Dentine discs measuring 6x6x3mm were cut off from cervical 1/3rd of molars. The occlusal surface of each dentine disc was abraded with silicon carbide paper for 1 minute and then immersed in 17% Ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid for 5 minutes. The specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups: Strontium Chloride(G1), Potassium Nitrate(G2), Pro-argin (G3) and Bioactive Glass(G4) and brushed with undiluted tooth paste (1 gm) with colgate actibrush 2 minutes daily for 7 days and stored in artificial saliva. Dentine discs were then analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Results: Data were statistically analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. The P value for each group was

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of propolis and chlorhexidine digluconate containing mouthrinse on a plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in 14-day period in patients with generalized chronic gingivitis. Materials & Methods: Thirty subjects were randomly divided into three groups of ten subjects each, which received a propolis-containing mouthrinse, or Saline (a negative control) or Chlorhexidine (a positive control). Plaque and gingival indexes were recorded at baseline and at the end of the 14th days. Results: Chlorhexidine was the most effective in reducing gingival index compared to the other groups and no significant differences were observed between propolis and saline groups (P0.05). Conclusion: Propolis mouthrinse is promising agent as an alternative to other antimicrobial agents in the mechanical plaque control and gingivitis treatment, but further randomized controlled trials are needed with increased number of individuals. Clinical Significance: Mechanical plaque control mechanism plays an essential role in reducing microbial burden among patients with gingivitis. However, microorganisms present at many areas of the oral cavity are not mechanically reachable. Therefore, a chemical mechanism; in conjunction with mechanical procedures can play an important role the management of gingival diseases.

Background: Tobacco use among adult Indian population is 34.6% by Global adult tobacco survey (2016–2017) reported 6.8 crores urban, 19.9 crores rural Indians are tobacco consumers. M. P state fact file declares highest tobacco consumers residing in Madhya Pradesh. Methodology: The current study is an individual as well as community-based tobacco intervention program, to evaluate the trends of tobacco use, awareness related to tobacco hazard, quit tobacco regime, withdrawal, relapse in post intervention follow-up. Results: In the total regime of 3 months starting from detox groundwork of body for cessation to behavior modification, phase of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to pharmacological intervention at spaced out follow-up the graph gradually declined down of individuals positively motivated for quitting. Conclusion: Tobacco cessation (quitting) with behavior modification, NRT, and Pharmacological mode is a relatively novel approach of tobacco control in India. It is considered to be the most cost-effective intervention as compared to other tobacco control programs and other approaches of reducing tobacco menace.

Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess oral health-related knowledge, attitude, and practices among 12-year-old schoolchildren studying in Nepal. The ultimate goal was to implement an oral health-promotion program in this area. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 children were included in this study. All the participants were requested to complete a 10-question closed-ended questionnaire. The statistical significance of any difference between the pre-intervention and post-intervention of oral health education was determined using the chi-square test. Results: Approximately 65.5% of students said that purpose of tooth brushing was for brighter teeth. Approximately 77.8% did not know the meaning of dental plaque, but after oral health education intervention 67.6% knew that meaning of dental plaque as soft deposits on teethConclusion: On the basis of the findings of this study, the knowledge of the surveyed children with regard to oral health is poor and showed better results post intervention. Hence, there is a need for regular oral health education for the children.

Researchers active in clinical, epidemiological, or translational research have the aim to publish their outcomes so that they can generalize their findings to the population. The sample size decision should be based on the difference in the result between the two groups analyzed as in an analytical subject field. It should also be based on the acceptable P value for statistical significance and the expected statistical power to test a hypothesis. Therefore, the purpose of sample size planning is to calculate an appropriate number of subjects for a specified survey design. This article accounts the concepts in calculating the sample size.

Context: Transgenders are highly disadvantaged people, deprived of adequate opportunities of earning a respectable living. The forensic literature has emphasized on two genders, male and female, the existence of a third gender (Transgenders) is almost negligible in the literature, and this makes it compulsive to determine their identity through forensic approaches at the time of disasters. Previous studies have demonstrated that no two palatal rugae pattern are alike in their configuration and this unique feature has led us to undertake a study to establish individual identities using palatal rugae pattern. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare the palatal rugae pattern among male, female, and transgender population of the Bhopal city. Settings and Design: This study was cross sectional in nature and conducted on a convenience sample of 148 subjects selected from Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh. The study involved 49 males, 51 females, and 48 eunuchs in the age range of 17 to 35 years. Materials and Methods: Maxillary impression using alginate impression material was made and the cast was prepared using die stone on palatal area and dental stone as a base. The palatal rugae pattern was assessed on the basis of number, length, shape, direction, and unification. Statistical Analysis Used: One way ANOVA was used for comparing the mean values between different genders. The multiple pairwise comparisons were done with the Bonferroni post hoc correction. The statistical significance was fixed at 0.05. Results: The statistically significant difference with regard to some parameters like number of rugae, fragmentary rugae, wavy rugae, curve rugae, forwardly directed, and backwardly directed rugae between transgender and other gender groups were present. Conclusion: The difference in the parameters of the palatal rugae pattern among the transgender population and the other gender group is attributed to be the genetic makeup and sexual dimorphism.

Objective: This study evaluated the ability of 30% ethanolic extract of Indian propolis on dentinal tubule occlusion comparatively against CPP-ACP containing desensitizing agent GC tooth mousse. Methodology: The specimens were prepared from 30 freshly extracted sound human third molars stored in 10% formalin (pH 7.0) at a room temperature. From each specimen, a sectioned sample (5 mm length × 5 mm width × 3.5 mm depth) was obtained including the cervical area. Samples were smoothened and wet-polished with 1000- and 1200-grit aluminum oxide abrasive paper and diamond pastes, in order to stimulate the clinical aspect of hypersensitive dentin cervical surfaces. All the specimens were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10), according to dentin surface treatments. Negative control: Untreated specimens (n = 4) and pretreated with 6% citric acid (n = 6); Test Group: 30% ethanolic extract of Indian propolis (n = 10); Positive Group: GC Tooth Mousse (n =10). All the specimens were prepared for SEM analysis. Results: GC tooth mousse promoted tubule occlusion by crystal-like deposits in the lumen of the tubules. While propolis created a thin, smooth layer over dentin surface. Conclusion: According to the SEM analysis, both desensitizing agent were able to occlude the dentinal tubules.

Objectives: To investigate the approach of both pharmacies and herbalists' shops while offering a proper advice for patients seeking guidance on a potentially malignant oral lesion. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was undertaken using the standardized patient approach on a representative sample of pharmacies and herbalists' shops in Bhopal city. The study sample was selected by stratified random sampling technique and was contacted by telephone. Our patient's introductory statement was, I have a painful ulceration on the tongue since 3 months. What would you advise? To avoid the hypothetical bias in telephone answers, another study was designed for two regions of the city, of which pharmacies were visited in one and herbal shops in the other one. Results: A total of 497 establishments were contacted. Out of these, 368 were pharmacies (74.1%) and 129 were herbalists' shops (25.9%). Patients with potentially malignant lesions were more frequently referred to a dentist (16.03%) or a physician (23.36%) by the pharmacies compared to the herbalists' shops. In contrast, most of the herbalists' shops prescribed over-the counter (OTC) remedies (66.66%) and showed no interest in referring the patient to a dentist or a physician. Conclusion: Apart from pharmacists, the new probable off-clinical counselors (herbalists and pharmacy assistants) have been identified as potential factors of patient diagnostic delay in oral cancer. Educational strategies to improve advice and referral for these identified groups should be designed.

Background: The current cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted to assess the oral health-related knowledge, attitude and practices among eunuchs (hijras) residing in Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: Based on a convenient non-probability snow ball sampling technique, all the self-identified eunuchs residing in the city of Bhopal who were present at the time of study and who fulfilled the selection criteria were approached. A cross section of the general population was also surveyed. An interviewer-based, predesigned, structured, close-ended 18-item questionnaire that had been designed based on the primary objective of the study was used. All the obtained data were analyzed using software, Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. Results: According to 188 (86.2%) males, 187 (87.4%) females and 168 (81.2%) eunuchs, good oral health can improve the general health. Most of the study participants including 211 (98.6%) females, 210 (96.3%) males and 205 (99%) eunuchs use either tooth paste or tooth powder to clean their teeth. While, a majority of eunuchs, i.e., 113 (54.6%), were having habit of chewing smokeless tobacco containing products such as betel nut, betel quid, gutkha, etc., The difference in use of tobacco products was statistically significant. Conclusion: The information presented in this study adds to our understanding of the common oral hygiene practices which are performed among eunuch population. Efforts to increase the awareness of oral effects of tobacco use and to eliminate the habit are needed to improve oral and general health of this population.

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 30% ethenolic extract of Indian propolis compared with Recaldent TM (casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate) in reduction of dentinals hypersensitivity, a randomized, double-blind, split mouth, controlled clinical trial was conducted among the patients residing in Central Jail. Materials and Methods: A sample of 73 teeth from 13 patients having at least three teeth with dentinal hypersensitivity (DH) were randomly allocated into three treatment groups: Group A: 30% ethenolic extract of Indian propolis, Group B: Recaldent TM , Group C: Sterile water. Verbal rating scale was used to record the degree of hypersensitivity based on patient′s response to tactile and air blast stimuli. The baseline scores were obtained. Each intervention group received applications of their respective agents consecutively on 1 st , 7 th , 14 th , and 21 st day. After each application the scores were recorded. Results: Both the 30% Indian propolis and Recaldent TM showed significant reduction in DH. Conclusions: Recaldent TM was found to be significantly better in reducing the DH compared to propolis and sterile water (P < 0.01).

Aim: The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among psychiatric jail patients residing in Central Jail, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Materials and Methods: The study subjects consisted of prediagnosed psychiatric patients residing in Central Jail, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. A matched control consisting of cross-section of the population, that is, jail inmates residing in the same Central Jail locality was also assessed to compare the psychiatric subjects. An 18 item questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of tobacco consumption among study subjects. Results: The total number of subjects examined was 244, which comprised of 122 psychiatric inmates and 122 nonpsychiatric inmates. Among all psychiatric inmates, about 57.4% of inmates had a diagnosis of depression, 14.8% had psychotic disorders (such as schizophrenia), and 12.3% had anxiety disorder. A total of 77% study inmates, which comprised of 87.7% psychiatrics and 66.4% nonpsychiatrics had a habit of tobacco consumption (smokeless or smoking). Conclusion: The information presented in this study adds to our understanding of the common tobacco related practices among psychiatric inmate population. Efforts to increase patient awareness of the hazards of tobacco consumption and to eliminate the habit are needed to improve oral and general health of the prison population.

To assess the periodontal status among eunuchs residing in Bhopal city, Madhya Pradesh, India.Based on convenient non-probability snow ball sampling technique, all the self-identifi ed eunuchs residing in the city of Bhopal along with a matched control consisting of cross section of the general population residing in the same locality where these eunuchs live was examined to assess the periodontal status of the population by using WHO oral health assessment proforma 1997. All the obtained data was entered into a personal computer on Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed by using a software; SPSS version 20. Data comparison was done by applying chi square test, ANOVA and multiple logistic regression analysis.A total of 639 subjects comprised of 207 eunuchs, 218 males and 214 females. The overall gingival and periodontal disease prevalence was 87.3% with calculus and shallow pocket contributing a major part i.e., 67%. Among study participants, 56.9% males were having highest prevalence for calculus. Whereas, eunuchs were having highest prevalence for bleeding (17.4%), shallow pocket (22.7%) and deep pocket (9.7%). However, highest of 19.7% males and 10.1% eunuchs were having attachment loss of 4-5 mm and 6-8 mm respectively. However, 6.3% eunuchs were having attachment loss of 12 mm or more.The results of the current study showed poor periodontal status among eunuch population with most of the population requiring simple therapy. This indicates that comprehensive oral hygiene instruction and dental prophylaxis need to be initiated.

Aim: Innovation in primary oral healthcare delivery is a potential yet relatively unexplored area in Dental literature. Aim of the present study was to assess the economic gains that can be made by designing and operating an indigenously fabricated portable dental unit in rural areas. Materials and Methods: Cost-efficiency was determined by comparing total revenue (number of patients treated) with total costs (direct – capital cost of fabrication; and indirect – dental materials, disposables, transport, miscellaneous) over a period of seven years (2005 to 2012). Operational efficiency of portable dental units was also compared with dental vans on various categories of performance indicators. Data analysis was based on institutional records of Rajasthan Dental College (RDC), Jaipur, India. Results: Results show that a total of 52,900 patients who attended 223 camps during this period were provided various primary oral healthcare services using four such portable dental units that were developed @ Rs. 24,000 ($ 417) per unit. Based on a cost-efficiency of Rs 35.53 ($ 0.65) per person, which is among the lowest reported from any part of the world, the authors conclude that indigenously fabricated portable dental units provide a cost-efficient service. The other aspects most relevant to portable equipment were ease of transportation and feasibility in domiciliary care provision. Conclusion: The Limitations of productivity due to time spent in setting up the unit and need for additional space/equipment was their main drawbacks vis-a-vis dental vans.

In recent times, oral diseases have gained an importance and are considered as a major health problem worldwide. Oral cancer, dental caries, and periodontal diseases are among the most important global oral health problems. Although new treatments and technologies for dealing with them are plentiful, nonetheless more and more patients are now looking for simpler, gentler therapies for improving the quality of life and avoiding iatrogenic problems. Traditional medical systems are easily accessible, cheaper and relatively safer than other conventional medicines. The time tested herbal formulations indicated in Unani material medica have been proven effective and safe. The exploration and identification of various botanicals used in traditional and complementary medicine, may lead to development of novel preventive or therapeutic strategies for oral health. The present scientific evidence based review is focused on possible role of Unani system of medicines in the management of various orofacial disorders.

Oral diseases continue to be a major health problem world-wide. Oral health is integral to general well-being and relates to the quality-of-life that extends beyond the functions of the craniofacial complex. The standard Western medicine has had only limited success in the prevention of periodontal disease and in the treatment of a variety of oral diseases. Hence, the search for alternative products continues and natural phytochemicals isolated from plants used in traditional medicine are considered to be good alternatives to synthetic chemicals. The botanicals in the Ayurvedic material medica have been proven to be safe and effective, through several hundred to several thousand years of use. The exploration of botanicals used in traditional medicine may lead to the development of novel preventive or therapeutic strategies for oral health. The present scientific evidence based review is focused on the possible role of Ayurveda in the management of various orofacial disorders.

Oral health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate oral health decisions. The current review is based on some of the extensive literature in health literacy, much of it focused on the intersection of low literacy and the understanding of basic health care information. Health literacy is a non-pharmacological method of managing and preventing diseases. There are three distinct levels in oral health literacy, i.e. functional, interactive and critical. Health literacy is important for all adults, who must be able to read articles and magazines about oral and general health prevention, interpret instructions on prescription bottles and over-the-counter medications, manage the healthcare needs of their children and ageing parents and interpret insurance and Medicare rules, regulations and benefits. There are several factors which impact on low health literacy level in the community. Poor health literacy is considered as a contributor of poor oral health status in an individual, poor heath outcome in a community and health inequalities. The dental profession is indeed changing the tide and now recognizes that several solutions can be implemented to ensure effective communication becomes a national organizational priority to improve oral healthcare.