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Ascribing to the abundance of Ti element, exceptional electrical conductivity, and electrocatalytic performance, titanium carbide MXene (Ti3C2Tx, MX) is considered as an ideal conductive matrix and employed for in situ preparation of promising TiO2 NPs@MX/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) heterojunction electrodes for uric acid (UA) detection. However, the incapability of achieving the controllable growth and synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on MX nanosheets is a bottleneck in fabricating optimal and controllable TiO2 NPs@MX hybrid. Herein, an “on‐site transformation strategy” is developed to synthetize TiO2 NPs@MX/rGO heterojunction platform controllably by in situ electrochemical oxidizing MX nanosheets at various treatment times. The proposed approach allows for the greater operability to controllably grow and synthetize TiO2 NPs on the surface of MX nanosheets. The heterojunction electrodes present a linear voltammetric response toward UA in the concentration range of 0.003–0.3 and 0.3–300 μm and a low detection limit of 0.78 nm (S/N = 3). Additionally, a handheld electrochemical system with a smartphone readout is developed for point‐of‐care health monitoring, enabling fast, precise, and specific recognition of UA in real urine samples. The study provides a facile and controllable approach to fabricate TiO2 NPs@MX/rGO heterojunction platform for future use in other biomolecules' detection.

Oxalic acid (OA) is a predominant constituent in kidney stones, contributing to 70–80% of all cases. Rapid detection of OA is vital for the early diagnosis and treatment of kidney stone conditions. This work introduces a novel electrochemical sensing approach for OA, leveraging vanadium disulfide (VS2) nanoflowers synthesized via hydrothermal synthesis. These VS2 nanoflowers, known for their excellent electrocatalytic properties and large surface area, are used to modify glassy carbon electrodes for enhanced OA sensing. The proposed OA sensor exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity across a wide linear detection range of 0.2–20 μM, with an impressively low detection limit of 0.188 μM. The practicality of this sensor was validated through interference studies, offering a promising tool for the early diagnosis and monitoring of kidney stone diseases.

Recent advancements in polymer-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication have revolutionized the development of wearable sensors for health monitoring. LbL self-assembly has emerged as a powerful and versatile technique for creating conformal, flexible, and multi-functional films on various substrates, making it particularly suitable for fabricating wearable sensors. The incorporation of polymers, both natural and synthetic, has played a crucial role in enhancing the performance, stability, and biocompatibility of these sensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of LbL self-assembly, the role of polymers in sensor fabrication, and the various types of LbL-fabricated wearable sensors for physical, chemical, and biological sensing. The applications of these sensors in continuous health monitoring, disease diagnosis, and management are discussed in detail, highlighting their potential to revolutionize personalized healthcare. Despite significant progress, challenges related to long-term stability, biocompatibility, data acquisition, and large-scale manufacturing are still to be addressed, providing insights into future research directions. With continued advancements in polymer-assisted LbL fabrication and related fields, wearable sensors are poised to improve the quality of life for individuals worldwide.

This review critically evaluates the recent advancements in graphene dopants for electrocatalytic quantification of small molecules and ions. Emphasizing the enhanced catalytic activity and specificity of doped graphene, the paper delves into the various doping methods, ranging from chemical to physical techniques. It presents a detailed analysis of the mechanisms underlying graphene-based electrocatalysis and its applications in environmental monitoring, health care, and pharmaceuticals. The review also addresses challenges such as the reproducibility and stability of doped graphene, suggesting future research directions. By summarizing the latest findings, this review aims to elucidate the role of doped graphene in improving the sensitivity and selectivity of electrocatalytic processes, bridging the gap between research and practical use.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an industrial chemical used extensively in plastics and resins. However, its endocrine-disrupting properties pose risks to human health and the environment. Thus, accurate and rapid detection of BPA is crucial for exposure monitoring and risk mitigation. Molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensors (MIES) have emerged as a promising tool for BPA detection due to their high selectivity, sensitivity, affordability, and portability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in MIES for BPA detection. We discuss the operating principles, fabrication strategies, materials, and methods used in MIES. Key findings show that MIES demonstrate detection limits comparable or superior to conventional methods like HPLC and GC-MS. Selectivity studies reveal excellent discrimination between BPA and structural analogs. Recent innovations in nanomaterials, novel monomers, and fabrication techniques have enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. However, limitations exist in reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. While challenges remain, MIES provide a low-cost portable detection method suitable for on-site BPA monitoring in diverse sectors. Further optimization of sensor fabrication and characterization will enable the immense potential of MIES for field-based BPA detection.