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Abstract Sulfide electrolytes represent a crucial category of superionic conductors for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Among sulfide electrolytes, glassy sulfide is highly promising due to its long-range disorder and grain-boundary-free nature. However, the lack of comprehension regarding glass formation chemistry has hindered their progress. Herein, we propose interstitial volume as the decisive factor influencing halogen dopant solubility within a glass matrix. We engineer a Li3PS4-Li4SiS4 complex structure within the sulfide glassy network to facilitate the release of interstitial volume. Consequently, we increase the dissolution capacity of LiI to 40 mol% in 75Li2S-25P2S5 glass. The synthesized glass exhibits one of the highest ionic conductivities among reported glass sulfides. Furthermore, we develop a glassy/crystalline composite electrolyte to mitigate the shortcomings of argyrodite-type sulfides by utilizing our synthesized glass as the filler. The composite electrolytes effectively mitigate Li intrusion. This work unveils a protocol for the dissolution of halogen dopants in glass electrolytes.

Abstract There remains an unmet need for targeted therapies against advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with HER2 mutations. To improve the antitumor activity of single anti‐HER2 agent, this prospective, single‐arm clinical trial (NCT05016544) examined the safety profile and efficacy of anti‐HER2 antibody inetetamab and pan‐HER TKI pyrotinib in HER2‐posivite advanced NSCLC patients. Enrolled patients received inetetamab every 3 weeks and pyrotinib once per day (pyrotinib, dose‐escalation part, 240 mg, 320 mg; dose‐expansion part, 320 mg). Primary endpoints were dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) dosage and safety. Secondary endpoints included progression‐free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and disease control rate (DCR). A total of 48 patients were enrolled. During the dose‐escalation period, no DLT occurred. Diarrhea was the most commonly reported treatment‐related adverse event (TRAE). Grade 3 TRAEs occurred in seven patients. The median PFS (mPFS) was 5.5 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4–8.6 months]. The confirmed ORR and DCR reached 25% (11/44) and 84.1% (37/44), respectively. Responses were shown in patients with distinct HER2 aberrations. In summary, inetetamab in combination with pyrotinib demonstrated acceptable safety and antitumor activity among patients with advanced HER2‐mutant NSCLC.

Abstract First-line chemoimmunotherapy (with or without bevacizumab) has improved outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, this open-label, multi-cohort phase II study (NCT05329025) was done to investigate the safety and efficacy of QL1706 (a single bifunctional MabPair product against PD-1 and CTLA-4) and chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in this population. Patients were enrolled into five different cohorts based on genotype (cohorts 1-4, epidermal growth factor receptor [EGFR] wild-type; cohort 5, EGFR-mutant and progressed on EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors [TKIs]). Between June 11, 2021 and December 29, 2021, 91 patients were enrolled. Most frequent treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) included decreased appetite (60 [65.9%]), anemia (60 [65.9%]), infusion-related reactions (48 [52.7%]), and pruritus (44 [48.4%]). Grade ≥ 3 TRAEs occurred in 30 (33.0%) patients. Twenty-seven (45%) patients with wild-type EGFR achieved partial response (PR) (objective response rate [ORR] = 45%) and had a median progression-free survival (mPFS) of 6.8 months (95% CI: 5.2-9.7). For 31 patients harboring mutated EGFR, 17 (54.8%) achieved PR (ORR = 54.8%), with an mPFS of 8.5 months (95% CI: 5.72-not evaluable). Overall, QL1706 plus chemotherapy, regardless of having bevacizumab, was generally tolerable and had promising antitumor activity for EGFR wild-type advanced NSCLC in first-line setting. Moreover, QL1706 plus chemotherapy and bevacizumab showed favorable antitumor activity for patients who had EGFR mutated NSCLC but failed in TKI therapy, demonstrating a potential for treating this population.

Abstract Porous materials impregnated with lubricants can be used in conditions where limited lubricant is desirable. In this work, three porous polyimides (PPI) with different densities were prepared. Polyalphaolefin (PAO) impregnated PPI (iPPI) discs were rubbed against steel and sapphire balls. In operando observations of the iPPI–sapphire contacts show that oil is released under an applied load, forming a meniscus around contacts. Cavitation at the outlet is created at high sliding speeds. The amount of released oil increases with increasing PPI porosity. Contact moduli, E*, estimated based on the actual contact size show that trapped oil in iPPIs contributes to load support. At higher speeds, tribological rehydration of the contact occurs in low density iPPI, with that E* rises with speed. For high density PPIs, high speeds give a constantly high E* which is limited by the viscoelastic properties of the PPI network and possibly the rate of oil exudation. Friction of iPPI–steel contacts is governed by the mechanical properties of the PPI, the flow of the lubricant, and the roughness of the PPI surfaces. For low- and medium- density (highly porous, high roughness) PPIs, large amount of oil is released, and lubrication is mainly via lubricant restricted in the contact in the pores and possibly tribological rehydration. For high density (low porosity) PPI, with lower roughness, hydrodynamic lubrication is achieved which gives the lowest friction. Our results show that polymeric porous materials for effective lubrication require the optimization of its surface roughness, stiffness, oil flow, and oil retentions.

Background: Social acknowledgment is a protective factor for survivors of trauma. However, the role of social acknowledgment in association with prolonged grief symptoms has not yet been established. Objectives: The current study aims to explore the relationship between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief via two beliefs foundational to how people think about grief-related emotions (1) goodness (i.e. whether emotions are desirable, useful, or unwanted and harmful), and (2) controllability (i.e. whether emotions are regulated according to our will or involuntary, arising of their own accord). These effects were explored in two different cultural samples of bereaved people. Methods: One hundred and fifty-four German-speaking and two hundred and sixty-two Chinese bereaved people who lost their loved ones completed questionnaires assessing social acknowledgment, beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions, and prolonged grief symptoms. Results: Correlation analyses showed that social acknowledgment was positively linked with stronger beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions and negatively related to prolonged grief symptoms. Beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions correlated negatively with prolonged grief symptoms. Multiple mediation analyses suggested that beliefs about the controllability and goodness of grief-related emotions mediated the link between social acknowledgment and prolonged grief symptoms. Cultural groups did not moderate the above model. Conclusion: Social acknowledgment may be related to bereavement adjustment consequences via the roles of beliefs about the goodness and controllability of grief-related emotions. These effects seem to be consistent cross-culturally.

Abstract Background Currently, no biomarkers can accurately predict survival outcomes in patients with SCLC undergoing treatment. Tumor growth rate (TGR; percent size change per month [%/m]) is suggested as an imaging predictor of response to anti‐cancer treatment. We aimed to evaluate the predictive role of the maximum TGR (TGRmax) for outcomes of small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients undergoing first‐line chemotherapy plus immune‐checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. Methods Patients with SCLC receiving first‐line chemotherapy plus immunotherapy were analyzed within this retrospective study. The X‐tile program was used to identify the cut‐off value of TGRmax based on maximum progression‐free survival (PFS) stratification. The Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the effect of the presence of TGRmax on PFS and overall survival (OS). Results In total, 104 patients were evaluated. Median (range) TGRmax was −33.9 (−65.2 to 21.6) %/m and the optimal cut‐off value of TGRmax was −34.3%/m. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that patients with TGRmax > −34.3%/m was associated with shorter PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.81; 95% CI, 1.71–4.63; p −34.3%/m had worse PFS and OS in first‐line ICI plus platin‐based chemotherapy. TGRmax could independently serve as an early biomarker to predict the benefit from chemoimmunotherapy.

The brief longevity of tree peony blossoms constrains its ornamental value and economic worth. Gibberellins (GAs) are crucial in the modulation of flower senescence, and GA 20-oxidase (GA20ox), GA 3-oxidase (GA3ox), and GA 2-oxidase (GA2ox) catalyze the synthesis and deactivation of bioactive GAs. In Paeonia ostii, a total of three PoGA20ox, ten PoGA3ox, and twelve PoGA2ox proteins were identified and comprehensively analyzed. The analysis of the gene structures, conserved domains, and motifs revealed structural similarities and variances among the GA20ox, GA3ox, GA2ox-A, and GA2ox-B subfamilies. The synteny analysis indicated a scarcity of collinear blocks within the P. ostii genome, with no tandem or whole-genome duplication/segmental duplications found in PoGAoxs. The investigation into the binding of transcription factors to PoGAox promoters and the assessments of the expression levels suggest that PoGA2ox1 and PoGA2ox8.1 are promising candidate genes implicated in the regulation of floral senescence. Further, Pos.gene61099 (BPC6) and Pos.gene61094 (CIL2) appear to modulate PoGA2ox1 transcription in a positive and negative manner, respectively, while Pos.gene38359 (DDF1) and Pos.gene17639 (DREB1C) likely enhance PoGA2ox8.1’s expression. This study lays a foundation for an in-depth understanding of PoGAox functions and the development of strategies to delay flower senescence in tree peony.

Abstract Oil-impregnated porous polyimide (iPPI) materials are usually used as retainer for bearings. In these bearings, balls and rings, balls and retainers are two different kinds of contact. In this paper, the friction and wear properties of iPPI were investigated using steel (disc)—steel (ball)—iPPI (pin) double-contact friction test rig for simulating the actual contact in bearings. The results show that compared with that of iPPI—steel single contact, the friction coefficient of iPPI—steel in double contacts is lower and decreases with the amount of additional oil. The surface of iPPI in single contact suffers more wear compared with that in double contacts. Different from single contact, the worn surfaces of iPPI in double contacts are blackened. The Raman spectra of worn surfaces of balls and discs indicate that α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were formed during rubbing of the double contacts. Many nanoscale iron oxide particles are found on the worn surfaces of iPPI in double contacts; on the contrary, few particles could be found on the surface in single contact. In double-contact friction, the nanoscale wear debris penetrates inside the iPPI material through the process of extruding and recycling of oil, which is the mechanism of the blackening of the iPPI worn surfaces. The studies show that the double-contact friction method is a new and effective method to study the friction in bearings, especially for those with polymer retainer.

Abstract Achievement of steady and reliable super-low friction at the steel/steel contact interface, one of the most tribological systems applied for mechanical moving parts, is of importance for prolonging machine lifetime and reducing energy consumption. Here we reported that the superlubricity performance of the steel/steel sliding interface lubricated with tiny amounts of diketone solution strongly depends on the oxygen content in surrounding environment. The increase of oxygen not only significantly shortens the initial running-in time but also further reduces the stable coefficient of friction in superlubricity stage due to the enhancement of tribochemical reactions. On the one hand, more severe oxidation wear occurring at higher oxygen content facilitates material removal of the contact interface, lowering the contact pressure and the corresponding initial friction. On the other hand, the growth of iron ions during the shear process in high oxygen environment promotes the formation of chelate which acted as an effective lubricated film chemisorbed at the steel/steel friction interface to further lower the interfacial friction. The results provide a new opportunity to further optimize the tribological performance of diketone superlubricity system, especially towards the lubrication of mechanical engineering materials.

BackgroundStudies have found that sleep disturbance is associated with obsessive–compulsive symptoms. This study aimed to elaborate on the mediating and moderating mechanisms between these two variables. We hypothesized that repetitive negative thinking plays a mediating role in the relationship between sleep disturbance and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and experiential avoidance plays a moderating role.MethodThis study included 639 Chinese adults. A questionnaire survey was used to assess sleep quality, obsessive–compulsive symptoms, experiential avoidance, repetitive negative thinking, and depression symptoms. A moderated mediation model was established.ResultsAfter controlling for depressive symptoms, repetitive negative thinking partially mediated the positive correlation between sleep disturbance and obsessive–compulsive symptoms. This indirect relationship was significant in individuals with lower experiential avoidance levels. Particularly, the relationship between sleep disturbance and repetitive negative thinking was significant among individuals with lower experiential avoidance levels, but not among individuals with higher experiential avoidance levels.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that repetitive negative thinking partially mediated the impact of sleep disturbance on obsessive–compulsive symptoms. The findings suggest that when providing support to individuals with sleep disturbance and obsessive–compulsive symptoms, assessing their level of experiential avoidance is necessary for performing targeted interventions. Individuals with low experiential avoidance may benefit from a clinical intervention targeting repetitive negative thinking to improve sleep quality and obsessive–compulsive symptoms.

In this paper, a dynamic simulation analysis model was established for CMGB (control moment gyroscope bearing) under the conditions of time-varying moment. The influences of the moment’s response time, axial preload, and working temperature on the dynamic characteristics and friction torque of CMGB were analyzed, and the relevant verification tests were conducted. The results show that the friction torque fluctuation of CMGB directly corresponds to the dynamic characteristics. The faster the response time of the time-varying moment, the larger the friction torque fluctuation of CMGB. The larger preload minimizes the difference in the ball’s loading state, which is the actual reason for reducing the friction torque fluctuation. Moreover, as the working temperature increases, the friction torque fluctuation of CMGB decreases.

Abstract The characterization of immunological and genomic differences in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) between East Asian (EA) and Caucasian patients can reveal important clinical therapies for EA patients with SCLC. By sequencing and analyzing a molecular and immunological dataset of 98-SCLC patients of EA ancestry, immunogenicity, including DNA damage repair alterations and tumor mutation burden (TMB), was found to be significantly higher in the EA cohort than in the Caucasian cohort. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was the signaling signature with the predominant frequency of mutations across all patients in the EA cohort. Analysis of tumor-infiltrated immune cells revealed that resting lymphocytes were significantly enriched in the EA cohort. Compound-targeting analysis showed that topoisomerase inhibitors might be capable of targeting TP53 and RB1 comutations in EA SCLC patients. EA SCLC patients who harbored COL6A6 mutations had poor survival, while Caucasian SCLC patients with OTOF, ANKRD30B, and TECPR2 mutations were identified to have a shorter survival.

Abstract Background In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, people in many countries have shown xenophobia toward China, where the pandemic began. Within China, xenophobia has also been observed toward the people of Wuhan, the city where the first cases were identified. The relationship between disease threat and xenophobia is well established, but the reasons for this relationship are unclear. This study investigated the mediation role of perceived protection efficacy and moderation role of support seeking in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 risk and xenophobia within China. Methods An online survey was administered to a nationally representative sample (N = 1103; 51.7% women; ages 18 to 88) of Chinese adults during the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants completed questionnaires about their perceived COVID-19 risk, perceived protection efficacy in reducing risk, support seeking, and xenophobic attitudes toward people of the Wuhan area. Results Regression based analyses showed that the perceived COVID-19 risk positively predicted xenophobia. Low perceived protection efficacy partly mediated the relationship between perceived COVID-19 risk and xenophobic attitudes, and this indirect effect was moderated by support seeking. Specifically, the indirect effect was weaker among individuals who sought more social support. Conclusions Under disease threat, xenophobia can appear within a country that otherwise seems culturally homogeneous. This study extends the extant research by identifying a possible psychological mechanism by which individuals’ perception of disease threat elicits xenophobia, and by addressing the question of why this response is stronger among some people than others. Increasing the public’s perceived efficacy in protecting themselves from infection, and encouraging support seeking, could reduce xenophobic attitudes.

Mutants lacking wild-type MLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) proteins show broad-spectrum resistance to the powdery mildew fungus, and dysregulated cell death control, with spontaneous cell death in response to developmental or abiotic stimuli. In order to understand the evolution and divergence patterns of the MLO gene family in Rosaceae plants, we analysed systematically genome-wide data from Fragaria vesca, Prunus persica, Prunus mume, Malus domestica, Pyrus bretschneideri and Rubus occidentalis based on bioinformatics methods. Using three phylogenetic methods (the neighbour-joining, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods), we identified 117 MLO genes from 6 Rosaceae species. The results of all three phylogenetic analysis methods supported that these genes were divided into six clades. Conserved motif analysis found that only motif 2 was present in all MLO proteins and had 3 nearly invariant amino acid residues. The findings indicated that motif 2 might be shared by the MLO gene family. The structural features of these genes showed large variations in sequence length among different species, although the lengths and the numbers of exons exhibited high degrees of similarity. Selective pressure analysis showed extremely significant differences in all 6 clades, with 2, 1, and 1 site(s) under significant positive selection detected in clades III, IV, and VI, respectively. These positive selection sites were important driving forces for the promotion of the functional differentiation of the MLO genes. Functional divergence analysis showed that the significantly divergent sites were located within the domains of the MLO genes. Functional distance analysis showed that the clade V had more conservative functions and might have retained more original functions during the evolutionary process. However, clade I may have undergone extensive altered functional constraints as a specialised functional role. Moreover, the most original function of the MLO genes in Rosaceae could be related to the evolution of their resistance to powdery mildew, which then gradually evolved into functions such as the regulation of flower development, the control of root morphology, and seed evolution due to the different evolutionary rates after gene duplication. These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies of the molecular evolutionary patterns of the plant MLO gene family.

Abstract Background Rose is one of the most popular flowers in the wold. Its field growth and quality are negatively affected by aphids. However, the defence mechanisms used by rose plants against aphids are unclear. Therefore, to understand the defence mechanism of rose under aphid stress, transcriptome and metabolome techniques were used to investigate the regulation mechanism in R. longicuspis infected with M. rosivorum. Result In our study, after inoculation with M. rosivorum, M. rosivorum quickly colonized R. longicuspis. A total of 34,202 genes and 758 metabolites were detected in all samples. Under M. rosivorum stress, R. longicuspis responded by MAPK cascades, plant hormone signal transduction pathway activation, RlMYBs and RlERFs transcription factors expression and ROS production. Interestingly, the ‘brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ pathway was significantly enriched in A3 d-vs.-A5 d. Further analysis showed that M. rosivorum induced the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, tannins and phenolic acids, among others. Importantly, the ‘glutathione metabolic’ and ‘glucosinolate biosynthesis’ pathways were significantly enriched, which involved in the rose against aphids. Conclusion Our study provides candidate genes and metabolites for Rosa defence against aphids. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular regulation mechanism of rose aphid resistance and aphid resistance breeding in the future.

Target detection based on space modulation requires a large number of test modes with space-time independence. The Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) beams are orthogonal to each other and have infinite modes. Due to the strong dispersive materials, multi-mode OAM beams with the same scattering angle can be generated in the frequency domain. In this manuscript, the propagation characteristics of multi-mode OAM beams are analyzed, which can be utilized to improve detection efficiency. The echoes from the target illuminated by the multi-mode OAM beams are then investigated in three different application scenarios. A convolution neural network is employed to extract the relationship between the echo data and the target image based on prior knowledge. The target and the imaging scenarios can be distinguished with a high probability. Finally, the proposed method’s anti-noise performance is analyzed. The experimental results show that in the ideal state, the accuracy of target scene judgment can reach 97.5%. The accuracy of the target location recognition is higher than 80% when the interval between two adjacent targets in a scene is larger than a threshold. The accuracy of the target location recognition in three scenes is greatly reduced when SNR is less than 20 dB, depending on the scene.

Multi-region sequencing of small cell lung cancers (SCLC) can improve our understanding of the disease. Here the authors analyse 120 multi-region samples from 40 SCLC patients with whole exome sequencing and characterise their mutational burden, evolution, heterogeneity, and potential prognostic biomarkers.

Background: In China, bereaved parents who have lost their only child are known as Shidu parents, and they tend to present high levels of prolonged grief reactions. To date, a widespread focus has been placed on positive social support, while potential negative experiences have been relatively neglected. Additionally, the role of social support from different sources (i.e. close family members [partner, siblings, grandchildren], peers, and others [relatives, friends, colleagues]) has not been examined thoroughly. Objective: The present study investigated whether social support from different sources has a differential impact on postloss adaptation (i.e. prolonged grief and growth). The loss-orientated and restoration-orientated coping strategies of the dual process model were also tested for their mediating roles. Methods: A total of 277 Chinese Shidu parents were recruited to complete a series of questionnaires including social support from different sources, prolonged grief symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and dual process coping strategies. Correlation analyses, paired sample t tests and structural equation modelling were conducted. Results: More positive support were related to less prolonged grief symptoms and more posttraumatic growth, while more negative support was only related to more prolonged grief. Positive support from close family members and others was significantly related to prolonged grief/growth, and negative support from these sources was significantly positively associated with prolonged grief. Positive or negative support from people who shared a similar experience was unrelated to prolonged grief/growth. Positive and negative support were related to prolonged grief and growth through loss-oriented coping strategies. Conclusion: Overall, the present study indicated that positive and negative support experiences from different sources functioned differently in the recovery of Chinese Shidu parents and that loss-oriented coping played a mediating role. These findings highlight the importance of differentiating social support by traits in coping with grief and the crucial mediating role of loss-oriented coping. HIGHLIGHTS More positive support correlated with less prolonged grief and more growth, while more negative support correlated with more prolonged grief. Support from family members and friends was more potent than that from peers. Social Support correlated with prolonged grief/growth through loss-oriented coping.

Background Chinese shidu parents (bereaved parents over the age of 49 who have lost their only child) are potentially at a high risk of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and insomnia. Objective The current study aimed to estimate three network models in 310 shidu parents who met the ICD-11 criteria for PGD: (1) a PGD network to identify central symptoms; (2) a comorbidity network to explore bridge symptoms between PGD and PTSD; (3) a comorbidity network to examine the associations between PGD and insomnia symptoms. Methods The R-packages bootnet, qgraph and networktools were used to investigate the structure of network models and centrality indices of symptoms. In addition, robustness and significance analyses for the edge weights and the order of centrality were performed. Results Emotional pain and numbness emerged as the most central symptoms in the PGD network. In the PGD-PTSD comorbidity network, the highest bridge strength symptoms were inability to trust others (PGD) and feeling upset (PTSD). Inability to trust others (PGD), avoidance (PGD), and impairment of life quality (insomnia) were possible bridge symptoms connecting PGD and insomnia. Conclusions Reducing emotional pain and numbness may be a viable target in PGD interventions for shidu parents. Additionally, findings suggest that future studies could examine the role of inability to trust others and avoidance in PGD comorbidities. HIGHLIGHTS • Emotional pain and numbness were the most influential symptoms in shidu parents with PGD. The role of PGD symptoms of inability to trust others and avoidance in the comorbidities of PGD with PTSD and insomnia might be worthy of further study

Summary: Reversing chemotherapy resistance in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is crucial to improve patient prognosis. The present study aims to investigate the underlying mechanisms in SCLC chemoresistance. We see that nuclear receptor binding factor 2 (NRBF2) is a poor prognostic factor in SCLC. The effects of NRBF2 on chemoresistance were determined in SCLC. The underlying molecular mechanisms of NRBF2 in the autophagy process in SCLC were examined. NRBF2 positively regulated autophagy, leading to drug resistance in SCLC. The MIT domain of NRBF2 directly interacted with the PB1 domain of P62. This interaction increased autophagic P62 body formation, revealing the regulatory role of NRBF2 in autophagy. Notably, NRBF2 was directly modulated by the transcription factor XRCC6. The MIT domain of NRBF2 interacts with the PB1 domain of P62 to regulate the autophagy process, resulting in SCLC chemoresistance. NRBF2 is likely a useful chemotherapy response marker and therapeutic target in SCLC.

Rosa chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissima complex are the morphologically very similar key ancestors of modern roses with high importance in rose research and breeding. Although widely distributed in subtropical central and southwestern China, these two taxa are highly endangered. We sampled a total of 221 specimens and 330 DNA samples from 25 populations across the two taxa's whole range. Leaf morphological traits were compared. Two chloroplast DNA intergenic spacers (trnG-trnS, petL-psbE) and ITS were used for population genetics and phylogenetic study to delimit the boundary between the two taxa, assess the genetic variation, uncover the possible evolutionary mechanism responsible for the differentiation within the complex, and make the conservation recommendations. The complex exhibited high levels of genetic variation (hTcpDNA = 0.768, hTITS = 0.726) and high population differentiation even over small geographic distance. We suggest R. chinensis var. spontanea and R. lucidissma be treated as independent taxa, and the northern populations around and within the Sichuan Basin being R. chinensis var. spontanea, having broader leaflets and paler full-blooming flowers, while those in the middle and southern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the adjacent regions being R. lucidissma, having narrower leaflets and darker full-blooming flowers. Transitional areas between the southeastern Sichuan Basin and northeastern Guizhou are the contact or the hybridization zone of the two taxa. Ancestral haplotypes of the complex (R. lucidissma) evolved at about 1.21–0.86 Mya in southeastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and its adjacent regions and survived there during the Quaternary Oscillation. Ancestral haplotypes of R. chinensis var. spontanea deviated from R. lucidissma at about 0.022–0.031 Mya at the transitional areas (Daloushan and Wulingshan Mountains) between the northeastern edge of Yunnan-Guizhou Plaeteau and the southeastern border of Sichuan Basin, where they survived the LGM. The evolution of the complex included spatial isolation and inter-species hybridization. The complex's endangered status might be the result of over-exploitation for its ornamental and medical value, or due to reforestation of some originally open habitats. We provide specific recommendations for the two taxa's in situ and ex situ conservation.

The coincidence imaging system based on a metamaterial surface solves the problem of low detection efficiency. Nevertheless, the number of effective imaging points is limited owing to the lack of the detection mode. To solve this problem, based on the first-order statistical characteristics of a reference-radiation field, a correlation-imaging signal model based on a randomly-modulated metamaterial surface is established, and the imaging error is analyzed. This study presents a robust coincidence imaging called Differential Coincidence Imaging (DCI), which uses the differential of different modes to form a new detection mode. The DCI analysis proves that it can improve the imaging quality. At the same time, the resolution of a special DCI method called the Gradient Coincidence Imaging (GCI) method is analyzed, which effectively improves the ability of extracting a target edge. With the special design of a metasurface unit, the edge information of a target can be extracted directly in the imaging process without obtaining an image. Finally, the proposed methods are validated through simulation experiments.

Abstract Ciclopirox (CPX) is an antifungal drug that has recently been reported to act as a potential anticancer drug. However, the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of CPX on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remain unknown. Bortezomib (BTZ) is the first proteasome inhibitor-based anticancer drug approved to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma, as BTZ exhibits toxic effects on diverse tumor cells. Herein, we show that CPX displays strong anti-tumorigenic activity on GBM. Mechanistically, CPX inhibits GBM cellular migration and invasion by reducing N-Cadherin, MMP9 and Snail expression. Further analysis revealed that CPX suppresses the expression of several key subunits of mitochondrial enzyme complex, thus leading to the disruption of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in GBM cells. In combination with BTZ, CPX promotes apoptosis in GBM cells through the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Moreover, CPX and BTZ synergistically activates nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and induces cellular senescence. Our findings suggest that a combination of CPX and BTZ may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy to enhance the anticancer activity of CPX against GBM.

Rosa rugosa is not only cultivated as a landscaping plant, but also used in cosmetics, the medical and food industries. However, little information is currently available on the gene regulatory networks involved in its scent and color biosynthesis and metabolism. In this study, R. rugosa Thunb. f. rosea Rehd with red petals (RR) and its white petal variant (WR), were used to study the molecular mechanisms in flower color and scent. Sixty-five differential flavonoid metabolites and 15 volatiles were found to have significant differences between RR and WR. Correspondingly, the key regulators (MYB-bHLH-WD40) of anthocyanin synthesis pathway and their structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, benzenoid/phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, terpenoid biosynthesis pathways were also found to be differentially expressed by comparative transcriptome. Further, qPCR permitted the identification of some transcripts encoding proteins that were putatively associated with scent and color biosynthesis in roses. Particularly, the results showed that the ACT gene (encoding CoA geraniol/citronellol acetyltransferase, GeneID: 112190420), which expressed lower in WR, was involved in three pathways: flavonoid biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and terpenoid biosynthesis, however, GT5 (anthocyanin glycosylation gene, GeneID:112186660), expressed higher in WR, was involved in both flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. These results suggested that ACT and GT5 might play important roles in regulating the relationship of color pigmentation and volatile emission.

Rose (Rosa L.) is an economically important ornamental genus that has been cultivated for its scent for the perfume industry since antiquity. However, most modern roses have lost their fragrance during the later stages of the breeding process. Here, 59 species of Rosa, including 24 wild Rosa species, 20 Chinese old garden roses, and 15 modern roses, were examined by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Fifty-three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives, were detected with qualitative and quantitative analyses. Thirteen common components, including geraniol, citronellol, 2-phenylethanol, 3,5-dimethoxytoluene, 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, germacrene D, and cis-3-hexenyl acetate, were found. Furthermore, different wild species or cultivars showed different characteristic compounds. 3,5-Dimethoxytoluene and 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene were the main compounds in Rosa odorata and Rosa chinensis, which are the original parents of modern roses. 2-Phenylethanol, citronellol, and geraniol were the main aromatic compounds in Rosa damascene and Rosa centifolia. Methyl salicylate, eugenol, methyl eugenol, and benzyl acetate were lost during domestication and breeding of wild Rosa species to Chinese old garden roses and then to modern cultivars. Geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and dihydro-β-ionol were gained during this time and showed higher amounts across the rose breeding process. Natural and breeding selection may have caused volatile compound gains and losses. These findings provide a platform for mining scent-related genes and for breeding improved ornamental plants with enhanced flower characteristics to develop new essential oil–producing plants.

Rhodotorulamucilaginosa (Rho) can secrete large amounts of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to resist lead (Pb) toxicity. Phosphate is an effective material for the remediation of Pb. This study explored the Pb remediation by the combination of Rho and different types of phosphate in water. To do so, four phosphates, namely, ferric phosphate (FePO4, Fe-P), aluminum phosphate (AlPO4, Al-P), calcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2, Ca-P], and phosphogypsum (PG) were employed along with Rho. Compared with Rho application, the addition of phosphate significantly promoted the secretion of EPS by Rho (21–25 vs 16 mg). The formed EPS-Pb contributes to the Pb immobilization in the combination of Rho and phosphate. After 6 days of incubation, Rho + phosphate treatments immobilized over 98% of Pb cations, which is significantly higher than Rho treatment (94%). Of all Rho + phosphate treatments, Ca-P and PG-amended Rho had higher secretion of EPS, resulting in higher Pb removal. Nevertheless, PG had the highest efficiency for Pb removal compared with other phosphates, which reached 99.9% after 6 days of incubation. Likewise, new Pb minerals, such as pyromorphite and lead sulfate, only appeared in Rho + PG treatment. Altogether, this study concludes on the combined application of Rho and phosphate as an efficient approach to promote Pb remediation, particularly using PG waste.

Lignin is identified as a promising candidate in renewable energy and bioproduct manufacturing due to its high abundance, polymeric structure, and biochemical properties of monomers. Thus, emerging opportunities exist in generating high-value small molecules from lignin through depolymerization. This review aims at providing an overview of the major technologies of lignin depolymerization. The feasibility of large-scale implementation of these technologies, including thermal, biological, and chemical depolymerizations, are discussed in relation to potential industrial applications. Lignin as a renewable alternative to petroleum-based chemicals has been well documented. This review attempts to emphasize potential applications of lignin-derived monomers and their derivatives as bioactives in food, natural health product, and pharmaceutical sectors. The critical review of the prospects and challenges of lignin-derived bioproducts reveals that the advancement of research and development is required to explore the applications of depolymerization of lignins to their full potential.

TiNb2O7 has been considered as a promising anode material for next-generation high power lithium ion batteries for its relatively high theoretical capacity, excellent safety and long cycle life. However, the unsatisfactory electrochemical kinetics resulting from the intrinsic sluggish electron transport and lithium ion diffusion of TiNb2O7 limit its wide application. Morphology controlling and carbon coating are two effective methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrode materials. Herein, an ultrathin carbon-coated porous TiNb2O7 nanosheet (TNO@C) is successfully fabricated by a simple and effective approach. The distinctive sheet-like porous structure can shorten the transport path of ions/electrons and provide more active sites for electrochemical reaction. The introduction of nanolayer carbon can improve electronic conductivity and increase the specific surface area of the porous TiNb2O7 nanosheets. Based on the above synergistic effect, TiNb2O7@C delivers an initial discharge capacity of 250.6 mAh g−1 under current density of 5C and can be maintained at 206.9 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles with a capacity retention of 82.6%, both of which are superior to that of pure TiNb2O7. These results well demonstrate that TiNb2O7@C is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries.

The rare lung cancer subtype pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma is linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection. Here, the authors provide a mutational landscape for this cancer, showing a low burden of somatic mutations and high prevalence of copy number variations.

Abstract High-level tissue tumor mutational burden (tTMB) or blood TMB (bTMB) are associated with better response of immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, the correlations of single-region tTMB, multi-region tTMB and bTMB remain to be determined. Moreover, whether intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) has impact on TMB should be clarified. We collected multi-region tumor tissues with matched blood from 32 operative NSCLC and evaluated single-region tTMB, multi-region tTMB and bTMB through a 1021-gene panel sequencing. TMB of > 9 mutations/Mb was classified as high. Besides, we used tTMB fold-change to evaluate the influence of the enrolled region number on tTMB. We found both of single-region tTMB and bTMB showed strong correlations with multi-region tTMB, while the former correlated better (Pearson r = 0.94, P = 2E-84; Pearson r = 0.47, P = 0.0067). It showed extremely high specificity (100%) but low sensitivity (43%) when using bTMB to define TMB-high patients, while most false-negative predictions were in early-stage patients. Compared to single region, we found significantly enhanced tTMB fold-change if taking multi-regions for consideration. However, it showed insignificant tTMB fold-change increase if the included regions’ number more than three. Moreover, ITH-high patients had significantly higher tTMB fold-change compared with ITH-low patients (2.32 vs. 1.02, P = 8.879e-05). The conversion rate of tTMB level (tTMB-low to tTMB-high) was numerically higher in ITH-high group than that in ITH-low group (16.67% vs. 3.84%). In summary, single-region tTMB has stronger correlation with multi-region tTMB compared with bTMB. ITH has an impact on tTMB, especially in high-level ITH patients.

Abstract Understanding of intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) among different non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtypes is necessary. Whether circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) profile could represent these ITH is still an open question. We performed 181 multi-region tumor tissues sequencing and matched ctDNA sequencing from 32 operative NSCLC to compare ITH among different NSCLC subtypes, including EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), KRAS-mutant LUAD, EGFR&KRAS-wild-type LUAD, and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), and examine potential value of ctDNA for ITH analysis. ITH is evaluated by ITH index (ITHi). If the somatic genetic alteration is shared by all the tissue regions, it is defined as trunk mutation. Otherwise, it is called branch mutation. The ITHi will be higher, if the tumor has less trunk mutations. We found EGFR-mutant LUAD showed significantly higher ITHi than KRAS-mutant LUAD/wild-type LUAD (P = 0.03) and numerically higher ITH than LUSC. For trunk mutations, driver mutations were identified at a higher proportion than passenger mutations (60% vs. 40%, P = 0.0023) in overall, especially in EGFR-mutant LUAD (86% vs. 14%, P = 0.0004), while it was opposite in KRAS-mutant LUAD (40% vs. 60%, P = 0.18). For branch mutations, the proportions of driver mutations and passenger mutations were similar for each NSCLC subtype. ctDNA analysis showed unsatisfactory detections of tumor-derived trunk and branch mutations (43% vs. 23%, P = 4.53e-6) among all NSCLC subtypes. In summary, EGFR-mutant LUAD has the highest ITH than other NSCLC subtypes, offering further understanding of tumorigenesis mechanisms among different NSCLC subtypes. Besides, ctDNA maybe not an appropriate method to reflect ITH.

Oncolytic vaccinia virus has been developed as a novel cancer therapeutic drug in recent years. Our previous studies demonstrated that the antitumor effect of oncolytic vaccina virus harboring Aphrocallistes vastus lectin (oncoVV-AVL) was significantly enhanced in several cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of AVL that affect virus replication and promote the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic virus in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our results showed that oncoVV-AVL markedly exhibited antitumor effects in both hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and a xenograft mouse model. Further investigation illustrated that oncoVV-AVL could activate tumor immunity by upregulating the expression of type I interferons and enhance virus replication by inhibiting ISRE mediated viral defense response. In addition, we inferred that AVL promoted the ability of virus replication by regulating the PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and Hippo/MST pathways through cross-talk Raf-1, as well as metabolism-related pathways. These findings provide a novel perspective for the exploitation of marine lectins in oncolytic therapy.

[Background] Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a new disorder included in the 11th edition of the International classification of diseases (ICD-11). An important remit of the new ICD-11 is the global applicability of the mental health disorder guidelines or definitions. Although previous definitions and descriptions of disordered grief have been assessed worldwide, this new definition has not yet been systematically validated. [Method] Here we assess the validity and applicability of core items of the ICD-11 PGD across five international samples of bereaved persons from Switzerland (N = 214), China (N = 325); Israel (N = 544), Portugal (N = 218) and Ireland (N = 830). [Results] The results confirm that variation in the diagnostic algorithm for PGD can greatly impact the rates of disorder within and between international samples. Different predictors of PGD severity may be related to sample differences. Finally, a threshold for diagnosis of clinically relevant PGD symptoms using a new scale, the International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS), in three samples was confirmed. [Conclusions] Although this study was limited by lack of questionnaire data points across all five samples, the findings for the diagnostic threshold and algorithm iterations have implications for clinical use of the new ICD-11 PGD criteria worldwide.

Background: Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a newcomer to psychopathology and the new ICD-11 diagnostic criteria are conceptualized with an eye towards global applicability. Yet, previous network studies have not used official ICD-11 criteria nor tested whether network structures generalize across cultural groups even though much current research relies on ICD-11 PGD criteria. Methods: To overcome these limitations, the present study used data from 539 German-speaking (n = 214) and Chinese (n = 325) bereaved individuals to investigate similarities and differences in network structures of ICD-11 PGD criteria. In addition, network structures were investigated for an expanded supplementary questionnaire of culturally-bound grief symptoms hypothesized to be of relevance in each cultural context. Results: Results suggested both similarities and differences in network structures between the two samples. Across cultural groups, intense feelings of sorrow and inability to experience joy or satisfaction since the death emerged as most central symptoms. Compared to the standard PGD network, the expanded network showed a better average predictability for Chinese participants, but no improvement for the German-speaking context. Unhealthy behavior change was the most central symptom for Chinese bereaved when additional grief symptoms were included. Conclusions: Results of the present study suggest there are culturally-bound symptoms of grief which are not included in the current ICD-11 PGD criteria. These findings provide areas of special clinical attention concerning screening and treatment and present a first step towards a more cultural-sensitive understanding of grief. Clinical Trials: NCT03568955

Phosphogypsum (PG) is a by-product of the phosphorus (P) chemical industry, and usually contains ~2% residual phosphate. The P in PG would cause P pollution in the environment by the way of long-term stacking. Phosphate-solubilizing fungi (PSF) can effectively promote the release of P from insoluble phosphate. The aim of this study was to investigate the P release capacity between tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and PG by Aspergillus niger (ANG) via flask experiment. At the same time, the application of PG fertilizer (PGF) in soil was also performed. The dry biomass of ANG between TCP and PG treatment reached the maximum value of 0.71 and 0.38 g, respectively, after five days of incubation. The maximum P concentrations released from PG and TCP by ANG is five and seven days, i.e., 128 and 1103 mg/L, respectively. PG has a similar P release ratio compared with TCP by ANG, i.e., 52% vs. 55%. In the soil incubation experiment, PGF can significantly increase the soil available P content and continuously maintain the high concentration (17.2 mg/kg) after four weeks of incubation. The utilization of PG by ANG via the PGF is a feasible pathway to increase the soil P content, especially for the sustainable use of phosphate resources.

Plasmon-induced photocatalysis on noble metal surfaces has attracted broad attention due to its application in sunlight energy conversion, while the selectivity of plasmonic platforms remains unclear. Herein, we present the controlled plasmon-mediated oxidation of para-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) by employing Au@Ag core–shell nanostars with tunable tip plasmons in visible–near-infrared range as reactors. In-situ Raman measurements indicate that Au@Ag core–shell nanostars essentially promote the conversion of p-ATP to 4,4′-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) due to hot carriers excited by localized surface plasmon resonance. Au@Ag nanostars with plasmon modes under resonant light excitation suggested higher catalytic efficiency, as evidenced by the larger intensity ratios between 1440 cm−1 (N=N stretching of DMAB) and 1080 cm−1 shifts (C–S stretching of p-ATP). Importantly, the time-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra showed that the conversion efficiency of p-ATP was mainly dictated by the resonance condition between the tip plasmon mode of Au@Ag core–shell nanostars and the excitation light, as well as the choice of excitation wavelength. These results show that plasmon bands of metal nanostructures play an important role in the efficiency of plasmon-driven photocatalysis.

Aim: Tumor metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), in which epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) plays a vital role. However, the exact mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) in CRC metastasis by regulating EMT. Main methods: Wound healing assays and Transwell matrix assays were used to evaluate the potential of PEITC to inhibit CRC cells invasion and migration in vitro. Western blotting, light microscopy and immunofluorescence assays were used to detect the occurrence of EMT. Luciferase activity assay, real time-PCR and western blotting were used to investigate TGF-β1/Smad signaling activity. Key findings: We observed that PEITC, an isothiocyanate compound from crucifer with chemopreventive potential, inhibited the invasion and migration of CRC cells. Moreover, we showed that PEITC regulated the EMT of CRC cells. Additionally, we demonstrated that PEITC blocked the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway and significantly suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT. Significance: Our results suggested that PEITC plays a crucial role in inhibiting the invasion and migration of CRC cells by regulating TGF-β1-induced EMT. The results of the present study provide a theoretical basis for the use of PEITC to treat CRC.

Objective: Losing the only child is considered as the most severe kind of bereavement. It can trigger intense grief symptoms along with loss of psychosocial resources, but meanwhile, it can also lead to posttraumatic growth (PTG). The current study aimed to examine (a) whether a curvilinear relationship exists between grief and PTG and (b) the moderating role of resources-loss among Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child (shidu parents).Methods: One hundred and ninety-nine shidu parents from five provinces completed the assessment packet covering prolonged grief symptoms and PTG, as well as resource loss. Hierarchical regression analyses were computed to examine the curvilinear relationship and the moderating effect of interpersonal loss and socio-economic loss.Results: There was no significant curvilinear relationship between grief and PTG in shidu parents. Under the high levels of interpersonal loss, shidu parents’ PTG scores decreased as the severity of grief increased. However, the socio-economic loss did not show a significant moderating effect.Conclusion: The results of the current study did not show a significant curvilinear relationship between grief and PTG in shidu parents. High levels of grief coupled with high levels of interpersonal loss may interfere with their ability to achieve PTG. Therefore, evaluating degrees of interpersonal loss seems to be an important part of the treatment process when working with shidu parents. To facilitate their adaptation from a positive perspective, helping them maintain existing or develop new interpersonal relationships may be helpful.

Introduction: A certain number of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients become long-term survivors after treatment, and they are at high risk to develop a second primary malignancy, including non-small cell lung cancer. However, the optimal management of early-stage second primary non-small cell lung cancer (SPLC) after SCLC remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the survival benefits of surgery in these patients.Methods: Patients with early-stage SPLC after SCLC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Patients were balanced with propensity score matching (PSM). Overall survival (OS) and lung cancer-specific survival (CSS) were compared between non-surgery group and surgery group with the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox multivariate regressions.Results: A total of 228 patients with early-stage SPLC after SCLC were identified. Surgery was associated with significantly improved OS and CSS in the multivariate Cox regression analysis (OS, 5-year survival: 41.2 vs. 11.6%, HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.31–0.59, P < 0.01; CSS, 5-year survival: 46.8 vs. 24.3%, HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37–0.75, P < 0.01). However, no statistically significant survival difference was found between sublobar resection and lobectomy (OS, 5-year survival: 41.0 vs. 45.3%, P = 0.73; CSS, 5-year survival: 43.5 vs. 54.1%, P = 0.49). After 1:1 PSM, 162 patients were selected for further analysis, and surgery continued to demonstrate superior survival (OS, 5-year survival: 44.2 vs. 7.2%, HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.33–0.70, P < 0.01; CSS, 5-year survival: 48.0 vs. 20.6%, HR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.42–0.97, P = 0.03).Conclusion: The resection of early-stage SPLC after SCLC led to significantly improved OS and CSS and therefore should be considered whenever possible. Nevertheless, further randomized controlled trials are warranted to investigate the safety and effect of surgery in these patients.

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is included as a new mental health disorder in the 11th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Understandably, this has boosted research efforts to investigate this newcomer to psychopathology. However, the use of different diagnostic algorithms has resulted in substantially different prevalence rates both within and across cultural groups. Furthermore, global applicability of the new criteria outside of the Global North has not been yet been established. This perspective presents key findings from Asian research groups and discusses the roadblocks to unified PGD research, including the heterogeneric use of diagnostic algorithms and the lack of cultural compatibility of ICD-11 items. The authors discuss the key issues and address implications for practice.

Background: In China, parents whose only-child dies and who have no living or adopted child are called Shidu parents. Negative thinking is assumed to contribute to the development of emotional problems in bereavement. Because grief cognitions are likely influenced by the concepts of Chinese traditional culture (e.g., family continuation), Shidu parents may hold specific culture-related grief beliefs about themselves or the world, which, in turn, could impede their recovery. Objective: This study developed a questionnaire assessing the culture-related grief beliefs of Shidu parents and examined its psychometric properties. Methods: This newly developed questionnaire was administered to the combined sample of 313 Shidu parents. Exploratory (n = 164) and confirmatory factor analysis (n = 149) were conducted. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated. Results: Exploratory factor analysis revealed three distinct factors (filial piety belief, destiny belief and perceived stigma), generating a nine-item culture-related grief beliefs of Shidu parents questionnaire (CBSQ). Confirmatory factor analysis verified the three-factor structure (χ2(24) = 39.103, p = 0.027, χ2/df = 1.630, CFI = .980, TLI = .970, RMSEA = .065, SRMR = .052). Internal consistency and temporal stability were adequate. Convergent, discriminant and concurrent validity were supported. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of extending the concept of grief cognitions to include culture-specific beliefs, and provides a first measurement tool to assess culture-related grief beliefs after only-child loss, which can be used in future research with Shidu parents.

Genetics: How to build a rose Roses have been prized throughout history for their beauty and now we’re closer to understanding the genetics underpinning their appearance. MIKCc genes encode transcription factors and have long been implicated in flower organ development; they fall into five classes, the precise combination of which underpins the type of flower that develops. Changquan Wang at Nanjing Agricultural University in China and colleagues compared MIKCc gene transcripts from roses with those from Arabidopsis and strawberries, identifying certain genes that were remarkably expanded, and others that were missing. They also compared MIKCc genes from Old Blush roses with those from their mutant relative Viridiflora, pinpointing specific genes which appeared altered. Further characterization of such genes may enable a better understanding of why rose flowers differ and aid the design of even more beautiful varieties.

Abstract This study achieved water-based superlubricity with the lubrication of H3PO4 solution in vacuum (highest vacuum degree

Oncolytic vaccina virus (oncoVV) used for cancer therapy has progressed in recent years. Here, a gene encoding white-spotted charr lectin (WCL) was inserted into an oncoVV vector to form an oncoVV-WCL recombinant virus. OncoVV-WCL induced higher levels of apoptosis and cytotoxicity, and replicated faster than control virus in cancer cells. OncoVV-WCL promoted IRF-3 transcriptional activity to induce higher levels of type I interferons (IFNs) and blocked the IFN-induced antiviral response by inhibiting the activity of IFN-stimulated responsive element (ISRE) and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The higher levels of viral replication and antitumor activity of oncoVV-WCL were further demonstrated in a mouse xenograft tumor model. Therefore, the engineered oncoVV expressing WCL might provide a new avenue for anticancer gene therapy.

Background: Along with the implementation of the one-child policy in China, a special group of bereaved parents called ‘shiduer’ (失独者), meaning parents bereaved by the loss of their only child, emerged. Although previous research has examined the physical and psychological health of this population, individual differences in physical and psychological outcomes are still not well understood. Objective: This study aimed to identify heterogenous subgroups of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child based on the physical and psychological health of this population as well as the predictive factors of each subgroup. Method: Latent profile analysis was used to explore underlying patterns of physical and psychological indicators including subjective physical health, negative psychological outcomes (i.e. depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief disorder) and positive psychological outcomes (i.e. post-traumatic growth) among a sample of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child (N = 536). A three-step approach was used to examine the effects of covariates including quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels on psychological and physical outcomes. Results: A three-profile model identified severity-based groupings of a ‘resilient’ subgroup (n = 153), a ‘coping’ subgroup (n = 338) and a ‘dysfunctional’ subgroup (n = 45). Less satisfaction with spousal relationship and recruitment from institutions in the community and online self-help groups (vs. offline support groups) are associated with the membership of the ‘coping’ or ‘dysfunctional’ subgroup compared to the ‘resilient’ subgroup. Conclusions: There is heterogeneity regarding the physical and psychological health of Chinese parents after losing their only child. The predictive effects of the quality of spousal relationship and the recruitment channels could provide directions for professional intervention.

The friction of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (H-DLC) films was evaluated under the controlled environments of humid air and vacuum by varying the applied load. In humid air, there is a threshold applied load below which no obvious friction drop occurs and above which the friction decreases to a relatively low level following the running-in process. By contrast, superlubricity can be realized at low applied loads but easily fails at high applied loads under vacuum conditions. Further analysis indicates that the graphitization of the sliding H-DLC surface has a negligible contribution to the sharp drop of friction during the running-in process under both humid air and vacuum conditions. The low friction in humid air and the superlow friction in vacuum are mainly attributed to the formation and stability of the transfer layer on the counterface, which depend on the load and surrounding environment. These results can help us understand the low-friction mechanism of H-DLC film and define optimized working conditions in practical applications, in which the transfer layer can be maintained for a long time under low applied load conditions in vacuum, whereas a high load can benefit the formation of the transfer layer in humid air.

Background and objective Targeted therapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) had become a research hotspot. Both of gefitinib and erlotinib had already been recommended as first line treatment in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant advanced NSCLC patients. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness and prognosis of advanced NSCLC with gefitinib or erlotinib, as well as the cost-effectiveness ratio of the two drugs. Methods Data of 66 EGFR mutant NSCLC patients who were included in Guangzhou medical insurance were analyzed. The efficacy and adverse reactions were evaluated. All the patients were followed-up regularly and the cost of the treatment was recorded. Results The median progression free survival (PFS) of all patients was 15.0 months. 49 patients received gefintib and 17 patients had erlotinib. The PFS for the two groups of patients was 17.5 month and 13 months, respectively (P=0.459). 31 (62.3%) patients had rash in gefitinib group, 16 (94.1%) in erlotinib group. Cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) in gefitinib group was 3,027 RMB per month, while 6,800 RMB in erlotinib group. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICEA) of erlotinib was 2.25 times of gefitinib. Conclusion For EGFR mutant advanced NSCLC patients, equal efficacy and survival benefit were observed in patients with gefitinib and erlotinib. The adverse reaction was milder in gefitinib group than that of erlotinib group. And with Guangzhou medical insurance, gefitinib had a superior cost-effectiveness ratio.