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Environmental surveillance (ES) is a useful approach for monitoring circulating viruses, including polioviruses (PVs) and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs). In this study, the results of nine years of ES from 2013 to 2021 at six sampling sites in three cities in Fujian Province, China, were summarized. It showed that the sewage samples contained abundant viruses, but the positive rate was affected by different sampling sites. From the 520 samples, 431 PVs, 1,713 NPEVs, and 281 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) were isolated. PV isolates had been markedly affected following the adjustment of the immunization strategy. All but one PV isolate were Sabin-like strains without wild PVs. One isolate was vaccine-derived PV type 3 with 10 variation points in the VP1 region. After May 2016, PV type 2 was no longer detected, and PV type 3 became a superior serotype. Of 1,713 NPEVs, 24 serotypes were identified, including echovirus11 (E11), E6, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), CVB5, E7, and E3 were the predominant serotypes (37.65%, 20.96%, 11.50%, 8.87%, 8.23%, and 7.06%, respectively). The temporal dynamic of the six common serotypes was inconsistent. E3 was frequently isolated, but the number of isolates was low, with no obvious peaks. E6, E7, and CVB3 exhibited periodic changes with a high peak every three to four years, and E11 only had one high peak lasting four years. Summer-fall peaks of the echoviruses and spring-winter peaks of CVB were observed in the monthly distribution of virus isolation. The infectious isolates of various serotypes of different species identified from the sewage samples showed that ES is an essential part of pathogen surveillance.

Background Since 2008, Fujian province provided measles-rubella (MR) vaccine at 8 months followed by measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine at 18 months a one-dose mumps-containing-vaccine (MuCV) schedule. Several mumps outbreaks have occurred recently in Fujian. Serological surveillance can assess population immunity to mumps and identify risk factors for mumps. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey of mumps IgG antibodies in the general population of Fujian Province in 2018 and compare results with a similar study conducted in 2009, when the routine schedule had no MuCV. We analyzed changes in mumps epidemiology after implementation of a one-dose MuCV vaccination strategy. Results Mumps seroprevalence was 78.6% (95% CI: 77.4–79.8), and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) of mumps antibodies was 245.8 IU/ml (95% CI:237.3–255.1). MuCV vaccination at 18 months resulted in increased seroprevalence and GMCs. Seroprevalence and GMCs varied by age, gender, and number of doses received. Except for children under 18 months, seroprevalence and GMCs were lowest among 10-15-year-olds. Each year after introduction of the one-dose MuCV vaccination policy, the highest incidence of mumps was among 4–6-year-olds and 9–15-year-olds, gradually shifting to older age groups. Conclusion A one-dose mumps-containing vaccine schedule does not provide sustained and stable mumps immunity in Fujian. To reduce the risk of mumps, we recommend supplementary vaccination of children without a history of receiving at least one MuCV dose or who are seronegative at 10–15 years of age.

Parametric modulation is an effective tool to measure the trap frequency and investigate the atom dynamics in an optical dipole trap or lattices. Herein, we report on experimental research of parametric resonances in an optical dipole trap. By modulating the trapping potential, we have measured the atomic loss dependence on the frequency of the parametric modulations. The resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations at the resonant frequency have been demonstrated and compared under three modulation waveforms (sine, triangle and square waves). A phenomenological theoretical simulation has been performed and shown good accordance with the observed resonance loss spectra and the evolution of atom populations. The theoretical analysis can be easily extended to a complex waveform modulation and reproduce enough of the experiments.