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Table 4 Excel Document

Supplemental Figures 1-8, Supplemental Tables 1-3

Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising cellular therapy for cancer, with challenges in the field including persistence, functional activity, and tumor recognition. Briefly, priming blood NK cells with recombinant human (rh)IL-12, rhIL-15, and rhIL-18 (12/15/18) results in memory-like NK cell differentiation and enhanced responses against cancer. However, the lack of available, scalable Good Manufacturing Process (GMP)–grade reagents required to advance this approach beyond early-phase clinical trials is limiting. To address this challenge, we developed a novel platform centered upon an inert tissue factor scaffold for production of heteromeric fusion protein complexes (HFPC). The first use of this platform combined IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 receptor engagement (HCW9201), and the second adds CD16 engagement (HCW9207). This unique HFPC expression platform was scalable with equivalent protein quality characteristics in small- and GMP-scale production. HCW9201 and HCW9207 stimulated activation and proliferation signals in NK cells, but HCW9207 had decreased IL-18 receptor signaling. RNA sequencing and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed parallels between HCW9201 and 12/15/18. HCW9201 stimulation improved NK cell metabolic fitness and resulted in the DNA methylation remodeling characteristic of memory-like differentiation. HCW9201 and 12/15/18 primed similar increases in short-term and memory-like NK cell cytotoxicity and IFNγ production against leukemia targets, as well as equivalent control of leukemia in NSG mice. Thus, HFPCs represent a protein engineering approach that solves many problems associated with multisignal receptor engagement on immune cells, and HCW9201-primed NK cells can be advanced as an ideal approach for clinical GMP-grade memory-like NK cell production for cancer therapy.

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Table 5 Excel Document

Background: On April 25 2015, a magnitude of 7.8 earthquake struck in central Nepal, causing a huge physical and social disturbances. Physical impacts comprised casualties with deaths and injuries and damage to infrastructure, cultural heritage and natural environment while social impacts are demographic, psychological and economic consequences. We report our experience in treating victims who were brought at our centre via different means.Objectives: to provide an overview the caseload and provide analysis of earthquake victims for improving the future strategies in similar scenarios.Methods: A retrospective study of the clinical characteristics and patterns of hospitalised patient after the 2015 earthquake was conducted. Demographic evaluation, surgical procedures and morbidities were reviewed. The patients were followed up for an average of 24 months, detail records were kept on their recovery and function.Results: A total of 85 patients were treated with subsequent follow-up. The proportion of males admitted was similar to that of females (49.4% and 50.5% respectively). The highest number of admitted age group ranges (17- 45) was about 37.64%. Most injured site was lower limbs (68.23%) where fracture tibia and fibula had the highest incidence (56.89%). Out of all, 14.11% of cases were open fractures. Trauma severity was assessed with injury severity score and most of them categorized as mild one (95.29%). The most common procedure performed was closed reduction and pinning (n=28), followed by open reduction and fixation (n=24). Overall, mortality rate was 2.35% (2 of 85). Total 25 implants were removed within three years of period and 28.6% of patients were not returned to date.Conclusions: The injury epidemiology reported in this study showed quite congruence with most other earthquake related studies. Analysis profiles of injuries and clinical features of earthquake victims will definitely impact rescue efforts and treatment of fracture injuries in possible future natural calamities.

Copper (Cu) incorporation is a key process for fabricating efficient CdTe-based thin-film solar cells and has been used in CdTe-based solar cell module manufacturing. Here, we investigate the effects of different Cu precursors on the performance of CdTe-based thin-film solar cells by incorporating Cu using a metallic Cu source (evaporated Cu) and ionic Cu sources (solution-processed cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl2)). We find that ionic Cu precursors offer much better control in Cu diffusion than the metallic Cu precursor, producing better front junction quality, lower back-barrier heights, and better bulk defect property. Finally, outperforming power conversion efficiencies of 17.2 and 17.5% are obtained for devices with cadmium sulfide and zinc magnesium oxide as the front window layers, respectively, which are among the highest reported CdTe solar cells efficiencies. Our results suggest that an ionic Cu precursor is preferred as the dopant to fabricate efficient CdTe thin-film solar cells and modules.

Natural killer (NK) cells are a promising cellular therapy for cancer, with challenges in the field including persistence, functional activity, and tumor recognition. Briefly, priming blood NK cells with recombinant human (rh)IL-12, rhIL-15, and rhIL-18 (12/15/18) results in memory-like NK cell differentiation and enhanced responses against cancer. However, the lack of available, scalable Good Manufacturing Process (GMP)–grade reagents required to advance this approach beyond early-phase clinical trials is limiting. To address this challenge, we developed a novel platform centered upon an inert tissue factor scaffold for production of heteromeric fusion protein complexes (HFPC). The first use of this platform combined IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 receptor engagement (HCW9201), and the second adds CD16 engagement (HCW9207). This unique HFPC expression platform was scalable with equivalent protein quality characteristics in small- and GMP-scale production. HCW9201 and HCW9207 stimulated activation and proliferation signals in NK cells, but HCW9207 had decreased IL-18 receptor signaling. RNA sequencing and multidimensional mass cytometry revealed parallels between HCW9201 and 12/15/18. HCW9201 stimulation improved NK cell metabolic fitness and resulted in the DNA methylation remodeling characteristic of memory-like differentiation. HCW9201 and 12/15/18 primed similar increases in short-term and memory-like NK cell cytotoxicity and IFNγ production against leukemia targets, as well as equivalent control of leukemia in NSG mice. Thus, HFPCs represent a protein engineering approach that solves many problems associated with multisignal receptor engagement on immune cells, and HCW9201-primed NK cells can be advanced as an ideal approach for clinical GMP-grade memory-like NK cell production for cancer therapy.

Immunotherapeutics that aid in boosting natural immune defenses against cancers have revolutionized cancer treatment. Previously, we reported a novel heterodimeric bifunctional fusion molecule, HCW9218, designed using soluble tissue factor (TF)-based scaffold technology comprising extracellular domains of the human transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor II and a human interleukin (IL)-15/IL-15 receptor α complex which exhibited both immune cell stimulatory and TGF-β neutralizing properties. Herein, we showed in two different syngeneic murine tumor models (B16F10, 4T1) that subcutaneous treatment with HCW9218 induces a proliferative burst of CD8+ T cells and NK cells in blood and a subsequent infiltration of these cells into established tumors. In vivo imaging of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice after treatment showed that HCW9218 was present both in lymph nodes and established tumors up to 24hr following treatment. Comprehensive analysis of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) showed that HCW9218 mediated antitumor activity by expanding TCF+TIM3− ‘progenitor exhausted’ (Tpex) CD8+ T cells in tumors. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor blockade resulted in decreased tumor infiltration of CD8+ Tpex in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor-bearing mice indicating that these cells originate from tumor draining lymph nodes (TdLN). Increased ‘terminally exhausted‘ TCF-1−TIM3+ (Tex) CD8+ TILs were also observed in tumors of HCW9218-treated mice indicating increased antitumor activity. Tumor transplantation experiments further confirmed the mechanism of HCW9218 antitumor activity by increasing influx of CD45.1+ CD8+ T cells into transplanted tumors from CD45.2+ mice. Additionally, HCW9218 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of PD-L1 treatment by increasing the infiltration of activated/memory CD8+ T cells into B16F10 tumors in mice leading to significant reduction in tumor volume. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrated that HCW9218 treatment of mice bearing solid tumors resulted in modulating the TdLN immune landscape and invigorating T cells for enhanced checkpoint blockade therapy. HCW9218 are currently in two clinical trials (clinicaltrials.org: NCT05322408, NCT05304936) against chemo-resistant/refractory solid tumors. Citation Format: Varghese George, Pallavi Chaturvedi, Niraj Shrestha, Leah Kanakraj, Crystal Gilkes, Nicole Encalada, Meng Wang, Xiaoyun Zhu, Bai Liu, Peter Rhode, Hing C. Wong. Bifunctional immunotherapeutic HCW9218 facilitates recruitment of immune cells from tumor draining lymph nodes to promote antitumor activity and enhance checkpoint blockade efficacy in solid tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4441.

Objectives: The study was carried out to compare the inhibitory effects between commonly used antibiotics and bee honey samples, so as to correlate the inhibitory effects between bee honey alone and in combination with antibiotics. Methods: This study was carried out between December 2012 to September 2013. A total of one hundred and twenty-two clinical microbiological specimens and five different floral sourced honey samples were collected between December 2012 to September 2013. Twenty-three multi-drug resistant organisms were selected. Then, AST for commonly used antibiotics, honey alone and combination of honey-antibiotics discs was done. The difference in ZOI of antibiotic contrasting with the antibiotics containing honey were statistically analysed to define the synergism. Results: The inhibition due to honey is variable among bacteria types (F=39.17, p

Background: Injury-related mortality and morbidity, a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is common among adolescents. However, there is insufficient information on the status and factors responsible for injury among adolescents in Nepal. Hence, the paper estimates the injury prevalence and identify the factors associated with it among adolescent Nepalese students. Methods: This study used national representative cross-sectional data of the Global School-based Student Health Survey 2015. Complex sample analysis was performed after adjusting the selection probability of each sample participants to identify the correlates of injury among 6529 students of 68 schools in Nepal. Results: Out of 6529 study participants, 62.79% reported severe injury. The most common injury type was cut or stab wound (67.61%) followed by broken bone/dislocated joints (11.03%) and the most common cause of injury was fall (56.40%). Serious injury was significantly associated with a physical attack (AOR=1.54, CI=1.17-2.04), being involved in a physical fight (AOR=1.62, CI=1.2-2.2), being bullied (AOR=2.73, CI=2.25-3.31), feeling unsafe at school (AOR=1.53, CI=1.23-1.91), helmet use(never/rarely/sometimes) while driving a motorbike (AOR=1.69, CI=1.21-2.38) and drink and drive(AOR=2.28, CI=1.05-4.96). Conclusions: This study reported the injury as a significant public health concern in Nepal associated with several factors like physical attack, being involved in a physical fight, being bullied, feeling unsafe at school, helmet use while driving motorbike and drink and drive. The high prevalence of injury in Nepal suggests the application of appropriate prevention strategies. Keywords: Adolescents; injury; Nepal

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that through its complications can seriously impact the quality of life of an individual. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is starting to rise at a younger age. This study is carried out to determine the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus in productive aged persons and to study the association of socio-demographic characteristics, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure among persons with and without diabetes mellitus. A community-based cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in Makalbari area. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the households. The family members from those households who met the inclusion criteria were interviewed with self-constructed semi-structured questionnaire which included socio-demographic information of respondents. Height, weight and blood pressure were recorded. BMI was interpreted as per WHO guidelines and hypertension was defined as per Joint National Committee (JNC) VII guidelines. Among total 662 participants, 342 (51.7%) were female and 320 (48.3%) were male. About 196 (29.6%) of subjects were between 25 to 34 age group followed by 145(21.9%) of them in 35 to 44 age group. Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes mellitus in productive aged persons in urban area was 3.8%. The prevalence of BMI of ≥25 was 42.4%. Out of total subjects, maximum number of respondents were prehypertensive 406 (61.3%). Mean age of total participants was 37.9±13.59 and BMI was 24.15±3.89.The age of respondents was highly statistically significant among the persons with diabetes (p = 0.000). The number of diabetes mellitus increased with increase in age and BMI of the participants. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus was almost same in both male 13 (52.0%) and female 12 (48.0%). Diabetes mellitus was seen more in subjects who had completed secondary level education 11 (44.0%) and in homemakers and government job holders, 3 (33.3%) each. In conclusion, most of the people in productive age groups were preobese and were in prehypertensive stage which may increase the risk of acquiring diabetes mellitus in future. This necessitates the screening of more persons in productive age group for diabetes mellitus.

High-performance perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells require high-efficiency and stable low-bandgap perovskite subcells. State-of-the-art low-bandgap mixed tin–lead iodide perovskite solar cells exhibit either a high power-conversion efficiency or improved stability, but not both. Here we report a two-step bilayer interdiffusion growth process to simultaneously meet both requirements for formamidinium-based low-bandgap mixed tin–lead iodide perovskite solar cells. The bilayer interdiffusion growth process allows for the formation of high-quality and large-grained perovskite films with only 10 mol% volatile methylammonium. Additionally, one-dimensional pyrrolidinium perovskite was applied to passivate the perovskite film and improve the junction quality, which resulted in a carrier lifetime of 1.1 μs and an open circuit voltage of 0.865 V for our perovskite film and device with a bandgap of 1.28 eV. Our strategies enabled a power-conversion efficiency of 20.4% for low-bandgap perovskite solar cells under AM 1.5G illumination. More importantly, an encapsulated device can retain 92% of its initial efficiency after 450 h of continuous 1 sun illumination. Low-bandgap tin–lead perovskites are key to all-perovskite tandem solar cells but simultaneous improvement in efficiency and stability has proven challenging. Now, Li et al. fabricate tin–lead perovskite cells with reduced methylammonium content that are 20.4% efficient and stable under illumination for 450 h.

Various studies have shown that abnormal body mass index (BMI) of an individual is linked to poor sleep. Abnormal BMI is a predisposing factor for many non- communicable diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. However, if BMI is affected by sleep, detecting sleep abnormality followed by simple corrective measures may help in making BMI normal hence preventing the risk of many such diseases. Using Asian Classification for BMI and questions from Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PQSI) a survey was carried out among persons aged 15 to 60 years in a ward of Gokarneshwor Municipality. In this study, out of a total of 563 persons 4.4% were underweight, 33.9% had normal BMI, 18.5% were overweight and 43.2% were obese. Around 22% reported a reduced duration of sleep but only around 5% of the persons felt that their quality of sleep was poor. This study showed that the association between reduced sleep duration and abnormal BMI was significant even when confounding variables like tobacco or alcohol and poverty state were removed.

Surface treatment using large alkyl/aryl ammonium cations has demonstrated reduced open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficits in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), but the origin of the improvements has been vaguely attributed to defect passivation. Here, we combine microscopic probing of the local electrical properties, thermal admittance spectroscopic analysis, and first-principles calculations to elucidate the critical role of arylammonium interface layers in suppressing ion migration in wide-bandgap (WBG) PSCs. Our results reveal that arylammonium surface treatment using phenethylammonium iodide increases the activation energy barrier for ion migration on the surface, which suppresses the accumulation of charge defects at surface and grain boundaries, leading to a reduced dark saturation current density in WBG PSCs. With device optimization, our champion 1.73 eV PSC delivers a power conversion efficiency of 19.07% with a VOC of 1.25 V, achieving a VOC deficit of 0.48 V.

A novel lattice matched double barrier Al 0.72 In 0.16 Ga 0.12 N/Al 0.18 In 0.04 Ga 0.78 N/GaN normally-off high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is designed and simulated by solving a set of thermodynamic transport equations. Using the experimentally calibrated physical models with bearing mobility degradation by surface roughness in account, the recess gate and double barrier of the proposed device achieves a maximum drain current density ( $I_{D,max}$ ) of 1149 mA/mm and a maximum transconductance ( $g_{m,max}$ ) of 358 mS/mm with a positive threshold voltage ( $V_{th}$ ) of 0.2 V. The small polarization charge of first barrier is responsible for positive $V_{th}$ . $I_{DS,max}$ in the double barrier HEMT at high gate bias condition is due to injection of electrons from upper 2DEG which is almost impossible at lower gate voltage because of insufficient energy to cross the barrier. The injection of electrons is further supported by the second peak in the $\text{g}_{m}$ curve at low gate bias $V_{G} = 1\text{V}$ . The outcome of this study suggests that the proposed device will be beneficial for high-frequency and high-power electronic applications.

Nickel oxide (NiOx) as a hole-transporting layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been studied extensively in recent years. However, unlike the solution-processed NiOx films, magnetron sputtered NiOx exhibits relatively low conductivity and imperfect band alignment with perovskites, severely limiting the device performance of PSCs. In this study, a synergistically combined strategy consisting of triple interface treatments – including post-annealing, O2-plasma, and potassium chloride treatments – is employed to modulate the optoelectronic properties of the sputtered NiOx films. Through this approach, we successfully obtained NiOx films with increased carrier density and conductivity, better energy level alignment with the perovskite absorber layer, reduced interface trap density, and improved interfacial charge extraction. PSCs using this modified sputtered NiOx as the HTL deliver a highest stabilized efficiency of 18.7%. Our result offers an alternative method to manipulate sputtered NiOx thin film properties and thereby sheds light on a manufacturing pathway to perovskite solar cells featuring sputtered NiOx HTL.

Therapy induced senescence (TIS) in tumors and TIS cancer cells secrete proinflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors. SASP factors promote TIS cancer cells to re-enter the growth cycle with stemness characteristics, resulting in chemo-resistance and disease relapse. Herein, we show that the immunotherapeutic HCW9218, comprising transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor II and interleukin (IL)-15/IL-15 receptor α domains, enhances metabolic and cytotoxic activities of immune cells and reduces TIS tumor cells in vivo to improve the efficacy of docetaxel and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel against B16F10 melanoma and SW1990 pancreatic tumors, respectively. Mechanistically, HCW9218 treatment reduces the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhances immune cell infiltration and cytotoxicity in the tumors to eliminate TIS cancer cells. Immuno-depletion analysis suggests that HCW9218-activated natural killer cells play a pivotal role in TIS cancer cell removal. HCW9218 treatment following docetaxel chemotherapy further enhances efficacy of tumor antigen-specific and anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) antibodies in B16F10 tumor-bearing mice. We also show that HCW9218 treatment decreases TIS cells and lowers SASP factors in off-target tissues caused by chemotherapy of tumor-bearing mice. Collectively, HCW9218 has the potential to significantly enhance anti-tumor efficacy of chemotherapy, therapeutic antibodies, and checkpoint blockade by eliminating TIS cancer cells while reducing TIS-mediated proinflammatory side effects in normal tissues.

Copper (Cu) is being widely used in CdTe solar cells to improve the p-type conductivity and reduce the back-barrier height. However, due to the defect compensate effect and the high spatial migration rate of Cu, the physical mechanism of Cu in CdTe is still a challenge. Here, three different Cu dopant source, metallic copper (Cu), and cuprous chloride (CuCl) and copper chloride (CuCl 2 ), are applied in ZMO/CdTe solar cells. Our results indicate that solution processed Cu treatment supplies lower Cu diffusion temperature and possibilities to reduce the Cu dosage and distribution profile in CdTe.

Organic p-type semiconductors with tunable structures offer great opportunities for hybrid perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). We report herein two dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]pyrrole (DTP) cored molecular semiconductors prepared through π-conjugation extension and an N-alkylation strategy. The as-prepared conjugated molecules exhibit a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of -4.82 eV and a hole mobility up to 2.16×10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 . Together with excellent film-forming and over 99 % photoluminescence quenching efficiency on perovskite, the DTP based semiconductors work efficiently as hole-transporting materials (HTMs) for n-i-p structured PVSCs. Their dopant-free MA0.7 FA0.3 PbI2.85 Br0.15 devices exhibit a power conversion efficiency over 20 %, representing one of the highest values for un-doped molecular HTMs based PVSCs. This work demonstrates the great potential of using a DTP core in designing efficient semiconductors for dopant-free PVSCs.

Wide-bandgap (∼1.7–1.8 eV) perovskite solar cells have attracted substantial research interest in recent years due to their great potential to fabricate efficient tandem solar cells via combining with a lower bandgap (1.1–1.3 eV) absorber (e.g., Si, copper indium gallium diselenide, or low-bandgap perovskite). However, wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells usually suffer from large open circuit voltage (Voc) deficits caused by small grain sizes and photoinduced phase segregation. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to large grain sizes and passivated grain boundaries, controlling interface properties is critical for achieving high Voc's in the inverted wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells. We adopt guanidinium bromide solution to tune the effective doping and electronic properties of the surface layer of perovskite thin films, leading to the formation of a graded perovskite homojunction. The enhanced electric field at the perovskite homojunction is revealed by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements. This advance enables an increase in the Voc of the inverted perovskite solar cells from an initial 1.12 V to 1.24 V. With the optimization of the device fabrication process, the champion inverted wide-bandgap cell delivers a power conversion efficiency of 18.19% and sustains more than 72% of its initial efficiency after continuous illumination for 70 h without encapsulation. Additionally, a semitransparent device with an indium tin oxide back contact retains more than 88% of its initial efficiency after 100 h maximum power point tracking.

AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) with nonrecess and recess gates are simulated by solving a set of drift–diffusion equations for electrostatic potential and electron–hole concentrations with self-heating model. The approach is first calibrated for both HEMT devices with experimentally measured data, to provide the best accuracy of the simulation. Recess gate device suffers from high potential to the channel, increased parasitic resistances, and deep level traps in barrier due to surface roughness. In addition, selective thinning of the barrier and increase parasitic resistance results in 17% reduction on the carrier concentration. The carrier mobility degradation due to surface roughness and electron velocity lessen due to high electric field result shrinkage of current density with considerable shift of the threshold voltage toward positive value. Even though transconductance does not seems to be remarkably changed for 3-nm recess gate, its value increases on deeper recess. This paper reveals that surface roughness is crucial issue that has dominant role behind the low current density in the recess gate structure. The detail physical understanding of the recess technology will be helpful to minimize the performance deterioration of the explored devices.

Depression which is characterized by hopelessness and loss of interest in social activities is commonduring adolescence. However it is often unrecognized and the burden is even more in low incomecountries. It also increases the risk of suicide in future. Hence in a developing country like Nepalit is important that such cases are detected at the early stage preventing further worsening of thecondition. A simple set of questionnaires like Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) 9 can be used toscreen for depression. Using this questionnaire screening for depression was carried out in adolescentsof Gokarneshwor municipality, ward 4. Four hundred and twenty participants were selected by theprocess of systematic random sampling. Based on answers to nine questions score was given andadolescents categorized as having no, mild, moderate or severe depression. The PHQ 9 score suggestedthat 13.1% were suffering from depression, out of which 23.6% from moderate to severe depressionwhich required psychiatric consultation. Out of those shown to have some form of depression 40.0%said they had thought of self harm in last 2 weeks. Late adolescence was significantly associated withdepression. Thoughts related to self harm were also six times more in late adolescent age group thanthe early adolescent age group. Keywords : Adolescence, Depression,Gokarneshwor-4

Comparing to the traditional CdS buffer layer, zinc magnesium oxide (ZMO) offers the following advantages for CdTe-based thin-film solar cells: it introduces a spike to conduction band offset, whic...

Background: Equity has emerged as a cross-cutting theme in the health sector, and countries across the world are striving to ensure that all people have access to the health services they need without undue financial hardship and educational, social, cultural and geographical barriers. In this context, this analysis has attempted to analyse Nepal’s progress in reducing inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services based on economic status and place of residence.Methods: In this analysis, we have used data available from the web version of the Health Equity Assessment Toolkit, a data visualisation tool developed by the World Health Organisation. We have analysed the inequalities in terms of a composite coverage index which combines eight reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions along the continuum of care.Results: Composite coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health services was 43% in 2001 which increased to 65% in 2016. The absolute difference in composite coverage of the services between the lowest and highest wealth quintiles decreased from 28-percentage points in 2001 to 8-percentage points in 2016. The difference in service coverage between the urban and rural settings reduced from 21-percentage points to six percentage points in the period. Among the eight various services, births attended by skilled birth attendants is the indicator with the highest scope for improvement. Conclusions: Inequalities based on wealth quintiles and residence places have narrowed from 2001 to 2016. Additional efforts in expanding skilled birth attendants and antenatal care service coverage among the poorest quintile and rural residents could further improve the coverage of the indicators at the national level and narrow down the inequalities.Keywords: Health services; inequality; maternal; Nepal; newborn and child health; reproductive health