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The process of communication and social interaction creates a tendency for a speaker to take advantage of the potential of language variations. One of the language variations is in the form of code switching and code mixing to maintain togetherness in the community. Code switching and code mixing are changes in the use of certain languages or varieties of language to other languages. This study aims to describe certain forms of code switching and code mixing that are found in buying and selling activities in the market as well as the determining factors that influence the occurrence of code switching and code mixing. The design of this research is descriptive qualitative, which is located in the Songgolangit market, Ponorogo Regency. The data in this study are in the form of the use of language by sellers and buyers in the Songgolangit market during buying and selling transactions. For this reason, the form of the data is in the form of oral data. Oral data obtained from observations on buying and selling activities. The in-depth interviews with informants were carried out after the transaction took place. Data collection was carried out using the listening and speaking technique, recording techniques, note-taking techniques, and in-depth interviews. The conclusion is that the form of code switching that appears in buying and selling transaction activities is a form of language conversion from Javanese into Indonesian. Meanwhile, the form of code mixing that appears is in the form of code mixing from Javanese and Indonesian. The use of Javanese appears to be dominant in code switching and code mixing. The determinants that stand out influencing code-mixing and codeswitching are the habits of speakers, speech partners, the presence of third speakers, certain topics and situations of conversation and the ability to use language based on the level of education of both sellers and buyers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical modification of chitosan becomes a promising strategic to improve its physicochemical and biological properties which potentially applied in biomedical application. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of several radical initiator types on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of chitosan-ferulic acid conjugates. The conjugation reaction system used formic acid/H2O2, t-butanol/H2O2, oxalic acid/H2O2, ascorbic acid/H2O2, citric acid/H2O2, and malonic acid/H2O2 as redox pairs. The physicochemical properties of conjugate products were studied based on the total phenolic content, morphology image, thermal behavior, and infra red analyses. All conjugate products showed the improvement of the antioxidant activities. Furthermore, conjugation reaction employing many types of radical initiator system enhanced the total phenolic content of chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) can be used to evaluate intestinal perfusion in healthy dogs. It is helpful for diagnosing and monitoring inflammatory bowel disease in humans and could be useful for dogs with chronic intestinal diseases. Objectives: To examine duodenal perfusion in dogs with chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) and intestinal lymphoma. Animals: Client‐owned dogs with CIE (n = 26) or intestinal lymphoma (n = 7) and dogs with gastrointestinal signs but histopathologically normal duodenum (controls, n = 14). Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, dogs with CIE were classified into remission (n = 16) and symptomatic (n = 10) groups based on clinical scores determined at the time of CEUS. The duodenum was scanned after IV injection of Sonazoid® (0.01 mL/kg). CEUS‐derived perfusion parameters, including time‐to‐peak, peak intensity (PI), area under the curve (AUC), and wash‐in and wash‐out rates were evaluated. Results: The PI was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (median (range); 105.4 (89.3‐128.8) MPV) than in the control group (89.9 (68.5‐112.2) MPV). The AUC was significantly higher in the symptomatic CIE group (4847.9 (3824.3‐8462.8) MPV.sec) than in the control (3448.9 (1559.5‐4736.9) MPV.sec) and remission CIE (3862.3 (2094.5‐6899.0) MPV.sec) groups. The PI and clinical score were positively correlated in the CIE group. No significant differences in perfusion parameters were detected between the lymphoma and CIE groups or the lymphoma and control groups. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The PI and AUC can detect duodenal inflammation and hence are potentially useful for excluding a diagnosis of CIE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine system and metabolic disorder caused by defects in insulin secretion and action. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) are often used in anti-diabetic medicine due to their high polyphenol contents. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the role of phytochemical compounds in S cumini as traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants. The review covers related articles on antidiabetic AND S cumini AND phytochemicals OR bioactive compounds. The examined articles were published from 2001 to January 2023. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar were utilized as the bibliographic databases in this systematic search. The inclusion criteria include articles written in English that describe experimental research, clinical trials, and randomized studies and articles containing phytochemical content profiling. The exclusion criteria were other types of reports such as literature reviews, conference articles, theses, dissertations, and cases that were irrelevant to the topic. The reporting item guidelines used for references in this review were the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Center for Systematic Reviews for Laboratory Animal Experiments (SYRCLE) risk of bias (RoB) tool. By the systematic compensation used, 15 articles that meet the requirements were obtained and were further reviewed thoroughly. Seeds, leaves, and bark of plant parts were reported to be non-toxic in acute experiments on mice or rats. S. cumini contains flavonol glycosides, especially myricetin, myricitrin, quercetin, and kaempferol; phenolics, such as ellagic acid, tannins, and gallic acid; alkaloids; and saponins. These compounds contributions to the overall anti-diabetic activity were discussed by covering an increase of insulin sensitivity, secretion, and usage of glucose in tissues; thereby reducing insulin resistance, oxidative stress, gluconeogenesis, and absorption of carbohydrates and sucrose. In conclusion, the review confirmed that the compounds of S. cumini have a potential for treating diabetes mellitus. Specifically, the seeds and leaves of S. cumini have a high potential as antidiabetic herbal product, and thus making it crucial to find the research gap to support the development of this herbal compound by establishing preclinical and clinical trials and reliable analytical methods for phytochemical profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical investigation of the leaves of Baeckea frutescens (Myrtacea) led to the isolation and characterization of five new phloroglucinol derivatives, baeckenones G−K ( 1–5 ), together with two known compounds, ursolic acid ( 6 ) and humulene ( 7 ). The chemical structures were determined by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR, and MS spectroscopic analyses. Baeckenones J ( 4 ) and K ( 5 ) exhibited antiproliferative activities against human lung A549 and pancreatic PSN-1 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values ranging from 11.8 to 19.2 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new cyclopentenones, frutescencenones A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ), and a new furanone derivative, frutescencenone C ( 3 ), together with two known cyclopentenones ( 4 and 5 ), were isolated from the leaves of Baeckea frutescens . Their structures were deduced by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR, and HREIMS data. Frutescencenone A ( 1 ) showed moderate growth inhibitory activity against human lung A549, pancreatic PSN-1, and breast MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 36.3 μM, 38.2 μM, and 29.3 μM, respectively. In contrast, frutescencenone C ( 3 ) showed selective cytotoxic activity against PSN-1, with an IC 50 value of 20.1 μM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new phloroglucinols, baeckenones D–F ( 1 – 3 ), were obtained from the leaves of Indonesian Baeckea frutescens , along with the known unusual endo peroxide, phloroglucinol ( 4 ). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR and HREIMS spectra. Furthermore, the stereochemistry of baeckenone D ( 1 ) was established by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Among the isolated compounds 1 – 4 , baeckenone F ( 3 ) showed moderate cytotoxic activities against human pancreatic (PSN-1), lung (A549), and breast (MDA-MB-231) cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values of 33.3 μM, 34 μM, and 39.3 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Channa striata is known to have high albumin content which has beneficial effects for human health. This study aimed to optimize the encapsulation of albumin extracted from C. striata and study the effect of independent factors on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) using response surface methodology (RSM). Ionic gelation encapsulation was performed employing chitosan--sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP). RSM of Box-Behnken design (BBD) involving three factors, i.e. extract concentration (0.25-1.0 mg/mL), NaTPP concentration (5-15 mg/5 mL), and chitosan concentrations (0.5-1.0 mg/mL) were applied to obtain high EE. The obtained model was quadratic with R2 of 0.9922 and the difference between adjusted R² and predicted R2 was less than 0.2. The model was significant (P<0.0001) with a non-significant lack of fit (P>0.05), indicating good fitness of the model. All factors had significant interaction except chitosan- NaTPP. The optimum condition was obtained at 0.25 mg/mL extract, 12.7 mg/5 mL NaTPP, and 0.5 mg/mL chitosan with a maximum EE of 85.50%. Analysis using FTIR exhibited several different functional groups between albumin extract, encapsulated albumin, and blank sample. In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis demonstrated a solid, rougher, and more compact surface of encapsulated albumin compared to a blank sample, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging demonstrated a nano-encapsulated albumin extract. Therefore, the RSM Box-Behnken design could be used to optimize the encapsulation of C. striata albumin extract that can be used in food and pharmaceutical product applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new diterpenoids, spiroscutelones A–C ( 1 – 3 ), along with known diterpene 4 , were isolated from the leaves of Plectranthus scutellarioides . Their structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, including MS and NMR spectroscopy. Spiroscutelone A ( 1 ) represents the first example of an abietane-type terpenoid skeleton with a cyclobutane moiety linking the B and C rings. Of compounds 1 – 4 , spiroscutelone B ( 2 ) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicities against the three tested human cancer lines [breast (MCF-7), pancreatic (PSN-1), and cervical (HeLa)] with IC 50 values ranging from 17.9 μM to 29.8 μM and low cytotoxicity against a lung fibroblast (WI-38) normal cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

FtsZ is an essential protein for bacterial cell division, and an attractive and underexploited novel antibacterial target protein. Screening of Indonesian plants revealed the inhibitory activity of the methanol extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra on the Bacillus subtilis FtsZ ( Bs FtsZ) GTPase, and further bioassay-guided fractionation of the active methanol extract led to the isolation of seven known polyketides ( 1–7 ). Among them, gancaonin I ( 1 ), glycyrin ( 3 ), and isolicoflavanol ( 5 ) exhibited anti- Bs FtsZ GTPase activities, at levels comparable to that of the synthetic FtsZ inhibitor, Zantrin Z3. Enzymatic assays using a Bs FtsZ Val307R mutant protein and in silico simulations suggested that 1 , 3 , and 5 bind to the cleft on Bs FtsZ, as in the case of the previously reported uncompetitive FtsZ inhibitor, PC190723, and thereby display their significant anti- Bs FtsZ inhibitory activities. Furthermore, 1 also showed significant inhibitory activity against B. subtilis , with a MIC value of 5 μM. The present study provides new insights into the naturally occurring B. subtilis growth inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BSFL can convert organic matter into animal feed, biodiesel, and chitin. • The BSF system produces lower carbon footprint compared to the other methods. • BSFL fed with high nutrient content and a low P:C ratio increased its production. • The BSF rearing system can be applied at all levels of society and technology. • The gut biome of the BSFL can be accounted for higher AMPs or survival rate. There are two major problems that we are facing currently. Firstly, a growing human population continues to contribute to the increased food demand. Secondly, the volume of organic waste produced will threaten human health and the quality of the environment. Recently, there is an increasing number of efforts placed into farming insect biomass to produce alternative feed ingredients. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens have proven to convert organic waste into high-quality nutrients for pet foods, fish and poultry feeds, as well as residue fertilizer for soil amendment. However, better BSFL feed formulation and feeding approaches are necessary for yielding a higher nutrient content of the insect body, and if performed efficiently, whilst converting waste into higher value biomass. Lastly, this paper reveals that BSFL, in fact, thrives in various ranges of organic matter composition and with simple rearing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In dogs with protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE), data on the clinical characteristics of food‐responsive PLE (FR‐PLE) remain scarce. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of FR‐PLE in dogs responsive to ultralow‐fat diet (ULFD) management. Animals Thirty‐three dogs diagnosed with PLE based on standard diagnostic criteria. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records. Clinical findings were compared between dogs with FR‐PLE (FR‐PLE group) and those with immunosuppressant‐responsive PLE (IR‐PLE) or nonresponsive PLE (NR‐PLE) (IR/NR‐PLE group). The area under the curve (AUC) of a receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the ability of factors to differentiate the FR‐PLE and IR/NR‐PLE groups. Survival time was compared between the FR‐PLE and IR/NR‐PLE groups. Results: Twenty‐three dogs responded to ULFD management and were diagnosed with FR‐PLE. The canine chronic enteropathy clinical activity index (CCECAI) was significantly lower in the FR‐PLE group than in the IR/NR‐PLE group (P <.001). The AUC of CCECAI for differentiating the FR‐PLE group was 0.935 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.845‐1.000) with an optimal cutoff value of 8 (sensitivity, 0.826; specificity, 0.889). Survival times were significantly longer in the FR‐PLE group (median, not reached) than in the IR/NR‐PLE group (median, 432 days; P <.001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Dogs that respond to ULFD management and are diagnosed with FR‐PLE are expected to have a favorable prognosis. Clinical scores, specifically the CCECAI, could be useful for differentiating FR‐PLE from IR‐PLE or NR‐PLE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Metabolomic analysis using blood samples has been suggested to be useful for the early detection of cancer. Among metabolites, plasma‐free amino acid (PFAA) profiles are potential diagnostic biomarkers for several diseases including cancer. However, the relationship between PFAA concentrations and liver tumors in dogs remains unknown. Objective: To determine the characteristics of PFAA profiles of dogs with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and correlated clinical features. Animals: Thirty‐four client‐owned dogs diagnosed with HCC (n = 26) and benign liver diseases (n = 8) and 11 age‐matched healthy dogs. Methods: Prospective study using heparinized blood samples from fasted dogs. Plasma was deproteinized, and the concentrations of 21 amino acids were measured using an automated high‐performance liquid chromatography amino acid analyzer. Results: Plasma glutamic acid concentrations were significantly different among groups (P < .0024 after Bonferroni correction). Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with HCC and benign liver diseases had significantly higher concentrations of glutamic acid by post hoc analysis. However, no significant difference in the PFAA profiles of HCC and benign liver diseases were detected. In addition, preoperative and postoperative PFAA profiles of dogs with HCC were not significantly different. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Increased glutamic acid concentrations might play a role in the development or be a consequence of liver tumor formation. However, PFAA profiles of HCC could not be differentiated from those of benign lesions. In addition, glutamic acid concentrations did not change after surgical resection. These results indicate that PFAA profiles may not be useful biomarkers for detecting HCC in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory colorectal polyps (ICRPs) in miniature dachshunds (MDs) are a possible novel form of breed-specific canine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In this pilot study, we investigated the effects of different Toll like receptor (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5 and TLR9) ligands on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) gene expression in ex vivo -cultured colorectal samples from four MDs with ICRPs and four healthy MDs. At baseline, no significant difference in the mRNA expression levels of TLRs and pro-inflammatory cytokines was observed between cases and control MDs. After 4-h incubation, the relative ratios of TNF-α mRNA expression in the TLR2- or TLR4-stimulated colorectal samples, and IL-1β mRNA expression in the TLR9-stimulated colorectal samples form cases showed higher tendency compared with healthy MDs ( P < 0.05), although statistically not significant. The results of this pilot study using small number of cases indicated that reactivity against TLR2, TLR4 or TLR9 ligand in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines might be enhanced in the colorectal mucosa of ICRPs. Further research is needed to perform the functional analysis of TLRs in the sole cell population using intestinal epithelial primary culture and the mononuclear cells isolated from colonic mucosa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish oils are good sources of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 and ω-6 PUFA) having beneficial effects to human health; therefore, fish oils could be considered as functional oils, to be used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Thus, fish oils are subjected to be mislabeling declared or adulteration with low price oils like animal fats and plant oils. The objective of this review was to provide a scientific view on some analytical methods based on molecular spectroscopy and chromatography combined with chemometrics which are widely used for authentication of fish oils. This review highlighted various analytical methods including molecular spectroscopy and chromatography techniques which were deeply investigated in terms of quality information provided for fish oils authentication. Combined with multivariate analysis or chemometrics, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and other molecular spectroscopies offered suitable methods for rapid screening the adulteration methods. Furthermore, chromatographic methods hyphenated with mass detector (GC x GC-MS and LC-MS/MS) are reliable methods for confirming the adulteration practice by identifying the specific components present in authentic or in adulterated fish oils. This review assisted the regulators and producers to choose which methods suitable to be used in their responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]