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Mechanisms responsible for controlling masticatory muscle activity during suckling and mastication initiate in the brain. Premotor neurons situated in the brainstem transmit masticatory motor commands to the jaw-closing and jaw-opening motoneurons, which in turn activate the masticatory muscles. The premotor neurons receive inputs from multiple sources such as the orofacial sensory organs, the cerebral cortex, and the central pattern generator in the brainstem. These neural circuits might be important for controlling jaw movement, although their properties in this regard are likely to be altered in postnatal development as the oral motor behavior of mammals shifts significantly from suckling to chewing during the early postnatal period. This timing of jaw movement development mimics that of the orofacial musculoskeletal apparatus. The current article reviews findings on local neural circuits of trigeminal motoneurons and premotor neurons, during early development in rats. We describe findings from electrophysiological recordings, optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dyes, calcium imaging, and laser photolysis of caged glutamate. We also review research into the subtypes of premotor neurons in the supratrigeminal region （SupV） that differ in their electrophysiological properties and possess different morphological characteristics. We further describe how trigeminal motoneurons receive glutamatergic, glycinergic, and GABAergic inputs from the SupV and the reticular formation dorsal to the facial nucleus. Finally, we discuss how these synaptic and intrinsic membrane properties change in postnatal development. Taken together, the findings reviewed herein suggest that these neural circuits are important in diverse oral motor behaviors, and that their postnatal changes are involved in the transition from suckling to mastication functions.

目的：高齢者に足浴を実施し、以下の仮説を検証した。１）夕方の足浴により、午後から夕方にかけて貯留した浮腫傾向の水分が足浴の排尿促進効果により、入眠前に排尿され、夜間排尿量と夜間排尿回数を減少させる。２）足浴により睡眠効率が良好化するとともに、１）の成果も加わり夜間の中途覚醒が減少する。対象および方法：65 歳以上の女性7名に湯温40℃に踝骨の上10cm の湯量で10 分間の足浴を17 時に実施群と非実施群にランダムに割り付けcrossover design で実施した。結果および考察：夕方の足浴の実施により、眠前の排尿促進はしなかったが、夜間排尿量は有意に減少し、夜間排尿回数は0.5 回減少した。また、足浴実施群の夜間睡眠効率は上昇傾向がみられ、中途覚醒回数は有意に減少したことから、睡眠が良好化したといえる。以上のことから、本研究の仮説はほぼ検証できたと思われる。しかし、被験者が少ないことは本研究の限界である。, Purpose: Older adults were performed foot bathing to examine following hypotheses. 1) Foot bathing, which acts as a diuretic, in the evening purges edema–inclinable fluid that has been accumulatedfrom afternoon to evening through micturition before sleep onset, and reduces amount and number of micturitions during sleep. 2) Foot bathing improves sleep efficiency as well as reducing awareness during sleep together with effects of 1). Subjects and Methods: Crossover test was designed to randomly select operating subjects who soaked legs into 40 degrees C hot water up to 10cm above the ankle in ten minutes at 5 p.m., and their control group. Results and Discussion: Foot bathing in the evening made no change on diuretic effect before sleep onset, but significantly diminished amount of micturition during sleep and reduced count of micturition by 0.5 times. Sleep quality was supposed to be improved because foot bathing group showed good trends on sleep efficiency and decreased number of awareness during sleep. Said hypotheses were almost verified based on the results. Gathering more subjects was one of challenges in this study.

Supplemental material, Supplemental_Files_DM-Frail_TAEM for Sex-related differences in frailty factors in older persons with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study by Akiko Nishimura, Shin-ichi Harashima, Kiminori Hosoda, Hidenori Arai and Nobuya Inagaki in Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism