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Aims/Introduction: This study examined the association among sedentary time (ST), physical activity (PA), glycated hemoglobin and body composition in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. Materials and Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes who visited the outpatient clinic at Kawasaki Medical School Hospital, Okayama, Japan, comprised the study's participants. Self‐administered International Physical Activity Questionnaire short forms were obtained and analyzed for 1,053 patients, including 158 patients for whom waist circumference and visceral fat accumulation were measured. From the questionnaire, three categorical data (low, moderate, high) and continuous data (METs/h/week) regarding PA and ST (min/day), respectively, were obtained. Results: The patients categorized as having low PA had significantly higher body mass index than those categorized as having high levels, after adjustment was made for confounders. Continuous data of PA were negatively associated with waist circumference and visceral fat accumulation. ST was positively associated with body mass index. After dividing the participants into four groups according to medians of ST and PA, the following categories were established: long ST and low PA, long ST but high PA, short ST but low PA and short ST and high PA. In terms of body mass index, short ST and high PA measured significantly lower than long ST and low PA. For waist circumference and visceral fat accumulation, short ST but low PA and short ST and high PA measured significantly lower than long ST and low PA and long ST but high. Conclusions: These results imply that the combination of avoiding sedentary behavior and increasing PA might be important in the prevention bodyweight gain and in the avoidance of central obesity, respectively, in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims/Introduction: The present study examined the association between the onset of micro‐ and macroangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) described in the Evidence‐based Practice Guideline for the Treatment for Diabetes in Japan 2013 or those indicated in the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes. Materials and Methods: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who visited the outpatient clinic at Kawasaki Medical School Hospital between 2000 and 2016 and received follow up for >2 years were eligible for the present study. Two datasets, comprising 2,424 or 3,316 patients without micro‐ or macroangiopathy at the start of follow up, were used, respectively. The Cox model was used in two categories of patients, younger and elderly, with the dividing line set at the age of 65 years. Results: For the prevention of microangiopathy, in all patients, there was found to be no advantage in controlling HbA1c at a level of <6.0% based on the categories in the Evidence‐based Practice Guideline for the Treatment for Diabetes in Japan 2013, and there was found to be a disadvantage in maintaining HbA1c ≥8.5% based on the categories in the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes guideline. For the prevention of macroangiopathy in younger patients, there seemed to be an advantage in maintaining HbA1c within the range of 6.0–6.9% and <7.0% based on the Evidence‐based Practice Guideline for the Treatment for Diabetes in Japan 2013 and the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes, respectively. Conclusions: In all type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, average HbA1c should be maintained <7.0% to prevent microangiopathy. However, in elderly patients, no optimal target for preventing macroangiopathy was found, in contrast to the younger patients in the present study. The results of this retrospective study in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients demonstrated the validity of the two guidelines, 'Evidence‐based Practice Guideline for the Treatment for Diabetes in Japan 2013' and 'the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japan Geriatrics Society Joint Committee on Improving Care for Elderly Patients with Diabetes' for Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We retrospectively evaluated the effects of mild physical exercise (P) in a routine clinical setting on glycemic and bodyweight control in Japanese type 2 diabetes patients with and without individualized nutritional therapy (D). We analyzed 49 patients who participated in P that measured 2.5 metabolic equivalents and was held once every 2 weeks, compared with 83 non‐participant controls, followed over a period of approximately 1.6 years. With a Cox model, the adjusted hazard ratio for improved glycated hemoglobin by numerical count of P was 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.07; P = 0.025). Among four categories – with neither P nor D, only P, only D, and both P and D – the hazard ratios for reduced body mass index were 1.0, 0.87 (95% CI 0.46–1.67), 0.58 (95% CI 0.25–1.30) and 2.17 (95% CI 1.03–4.59), respectively. Even mild physical exercise contributed to glycemic control. The combination of P and D exerted beneficial effects on bodyweight control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aims/Introduction: Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors function to increase urinary glucose excretion and improve glycemic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. SGLT2 inhibitors, as well as diuretics, increase urinary volume, which leads to the reduction of blood pressure. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of SGLT2 inhibitor and thiazide diuretic on blood pressure, metabolic parameters and body mass composition. Materials and Methods: A total of 31 participants were enrolled in the present study. We switched from thiazide diuretics to an SGLT2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin, in participants with type 2 diabetes and hypertension whose blood pressure was controlled with thiazide diuretics. Three months after the switch, we evaluated the effects of such switching on blood pressure, various metabolic parameters and body mass composition. Results: There was no significant difference in blood pressure from baseline to 3 months later. However, glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose and uric acid were significantly decreased after the switch. Body mass index and visceral fat area were also significantly reduced after the switch. Furthermore, urinary albumin excretion was also significantly decreased after the switch. Conclusions: Switching from thiazide diuretic to an SGLT2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin, markedly improved various metabolic parameters and body mass composition without affecting blood pressure in participants with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]