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Pyrethroid insecticides are widely detected in aquatic ecosystems due to their extensive use in agriculture and horticulture, which could pose a potential risk to aquatic non-target organisms. While previous ecotoxicological studies have been conducted mainly with standard tests and local species under temperate conditions, scarce information is available on the effects of pyrethroid insecticides on communities and ecosystems under (sub-)tropical conditions. A single application of lambda-cyhalothrin at concentrations of 0, 9, 30, and 100 ng/L was evaluated in outdoor mesocosms under sub-tropical conditions. Lambda-cyhalothrin was found to dissipate rapidly in the water column, with only 11 % and 7 % of the remaining dose measured at 1 and 3 days after application, respectively. Lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations disappeared considerably faster from the water compartment compared to temperate conditions. Consistent decreases in abundance were observed for Lecane lunaris at the medium and higher treatments (NOEC = 9 ng/L) and at the highest treatment (NOEC = 30 ng/L) for Keratella tropica. On the contrary, two taxa belonging to Cladocera (i.e., Ceriodaphnia sp. and Diaphanosoma sp.) showed the most prominent increase in abundance related to the lambda-cyhalothrin treatments. At the community level, a consistent no observed effect concentrations (NOECs) of 9 ng/L could be calculated for the zooplankton community. A marginal significant overall treatment related effect was observed for the macroinvertebrate community. The results of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis based on results of acute toxicity experiments conducted alongside the mesocosm experiment and obtained from the literature indicated that macroinvertebrates from temperate regions may be generally more sensitive than their counterparts in (sub-)tropical regions. Overall, these findings suggest that environmentally relevant concentrations of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin may lead to different ecological outcomes in freshwater ecosystems in the (sub-)tropics relative to temperate regions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The proliferation of nitrile mixtures has significantly exacerbated environmental pollution. This study employed metagenomic analysis to investigate the short-term effects of nitrile mixtures on soil microbial communities and their metabolic functions. It also examined the responses of indigenous microorganisms and their functional metabolic genes across various land use types to different nitrile stressors. The nitrile compound treatments in this study resulted in an increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, while simultaneously reducing overall microbial diversity. The key genes involved in the denitrification process, namely, nirK, nosZ, and hao, were down-regulated, and NO 3 - -N, NO 2 - -N, and NH 4 + -N concentrations decreased by 7.7%-12.3%, 11.1%-21.3%, and 11.3%-30.9%, respectively. Notably, pond sludge samples exhibited a significant increase in the abundance of nitrogen fixation-related genes nifH, vnfK, vnfH, and vnfG following exposure to nitrile compounds. Furthermore, the fumarase gene fumD, which is responsible for catalyzing fumaric acid into malic acid in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, showed a substantial increase of 7.2-10.6-fold upon nitrile addition. Enzyme genes associated with the catechol pathway, including benB-xylY, dmpB, dmpC, dmpH, and mhpD, displayed increased abundance, whereas genes related to the benzoyl-coenzyme A pathway, such as bcrA, dch, had, oah, and gcdA, were notably reduced. In summary, complex nitrile compounds were found to significantly reduce the species diversity of soil microorganisms. Nitrile-tolerant microorganisms demonstrated the ability to degrade and adapt to nitrile pollutants by enhancing functional enzymes involved in the catechol pathway and fenugreek conversion pathway. This study offers insights into the specific responses of microorganisms to compound nitrile contamination, as well as valuable information for screening nitrile-degrading microorganisms and identifying nitrile metabolic enzymes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Emerging nanopesticides are gradually gaining widespread application in agriculture due to their excellent properties, but their potential risks to pollinating insects are not fully understood. In this study, lambda-cyhalothrin nanocapsules (LC-NCs) were constructed by electrostatic self-assembly method with iron mineralization optimization, and their effects on bee gut microbial communities and host immune-related factors were investigated. Microbiome sequencing revealed that LC-NCs increase the diversity of gut microbial communities and reduce the complexity of network features, disrupting the overall structure of the microbial communities. In addition, LC-NCs also had systemic effects on the immune response of bees, including increased activity of SOD and CAT enzymes and expression of their genes, as well as downregulation of Defensin1. Furthermore, we noticed that the immune system of the host was activated simultaneously with a rise in the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Our research emphasizes the importance of both the host and gut microbiota of holobiont in revealing the potential risks of LC-NCs to environmental indicators of honey bees, and provides references for exploring the interactions between host-microbiota systems under exogenous stress. At the same time, we hope that more research can focus on the potential impacts of nanopesticides on the ecological environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides with huge applications for household as well as agricultural purposes and contribute to improved product quality and higher yields. In recent decades, the demand for pyrethroids has increased significantly due to advantages such as broad-spectrum efficacy, high insecticidal potential, and lower pest resistance. However, several studies have suggested that human exposure to pyrethroids leads to reproductive problems. Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is an important hormone transport protein regulating the availability of steroids at their target site. The aim of our study was to investigate the structural interactions of commonly used pyrethroids, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, with ligand binding pocket of SHBG. Cypermethrin and deltamethrin were docked into the steroid binding pocket of SHBG using Schrodinger's induced fit docking (IFD) followed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The resultant SHBG-pyrethroid complexes from IFD experiments were subjected to structural analysis including the molecular interactions followed by binding energy estimation. The analysis revealed that both the ligands were tightly bound in the SHBG pocket with high percentage of commonality among the SHBG residues between the indicated pyrethroid ligands and the SHBG native ligand, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The estimated binding energy values for cypermethrin were less but close to the values calculated for the SHBG native ligand, DHT. However, the estimated binding energy values for deltamethrin were higher compared to the values calculated for SHBG native ligand, DHT. Furthermore, the MD simulation results also revealed the higher stability of SHBG-deltamethrin than SHBG-cypermethrin complex. To sum up, the results suggested that deltamethrin has a greater capability than cypermethrin to prevent sex steroid hormone from binding to SHBG, even though both pyrethroids have this ability. Consequently, this might hamper the circulatory transport of sex steroid hormones and their availability at the target site, subsequently interfering with reproductive function., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Declines in pollinator health are frequently hypothesized to be the combined result of multiple interacting biotic and abiotic stressors; namely, nutritional limitations, pesticide exposure, and infection with pathogens and parasites. Despite this hypothesis, most studies examining stressor interactions have been constrained to two concurrent factors, limiting our understanding of multi-stressor dynamics. Using honey bees as a model, we addressed this gap by studying how variable diet, field-realistic levels of multiple pesticides, and virus infection interact to affect survival, infection intensity, and immune and detoxification gene expression. Although we found evidence that agrochemical exposure (a field-derived mixture of chlorpyrifos and two fungicides) can exacerbate infection and increase virus-induced mortality, this result was nutritionally-dependent, only occurring when bees were provided artificial pollen. Provisioning with naturally-collected polyfloral pollen inverted the effect, reducing virus-induced mortality and suggesting a hormetic response. To test if the response was pesticide specific, we repeated our experiment with a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam), finding variable results. Finally, to understand the underpinnings of these effects, we measured viral load and expression of important immune and detoxification genes. Together, our results show that multi-stressor interactions are complex and highly context-dependent, but have great potential to affect bee health and physiology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Adam G. Dolezal reports financial support was provided by Foundation for the Food and Agriculture Research. Edward M. Hsieh reports financial support was provided by North American Pollinator Protection Campaign. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The simultaneous or sequential application of pesticides such as triazophos (TRI) and fenvalerate (FEN) in agriculture results in their residues co-existing in the environments. However, the impact of co-exposure to TRI and FEN on the gut-liver axis, along with the underlying mechanisms, remains unclear. Our results showed that exposure to FEN (96 h-LC 50 value of 0.096 mg a.i. L -1 ) was more toxic to adult zebrafish compared to TRI (96 h-LC 50 value of 6.75 mg a.i. L -1 ). Furthermore, the study aimed to reveal the toxic potencies of individual and combined exposure to TRI and FEN on the liver-gut axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Our results also indicated that pesticide exposure decreased tight junction molecule expression and increased intestinal inflammatory molecule expression in D. rerio, with co-exposure demonstrating enhanced toxicity. Co-exposure altered gut flora structure and species abundance. RNA-Seq sequencing revealed changes in liver gene expressions, particularly enrichment of P53 signaling. Molecular docking demonstrated FEN's stronger binding to P53 and Caspase3, correlating with its higher toxicity. Liver pathology confirmed exacerbated liver damage by individual and co-exposures, with co-exposure inducing more severe liver injury. qPCR results showed increased pro-apoptotic gene expression and decreased anti-apoptotic gene expression, with co-exposure exhibiting an interactive effect. Overall, this study identifies specific targets and pathways influenced by these pesticides, revealing toxicity mechanisms involving the gut-liver axis, which is crucial for environmental risk assessment of pesticide mixtures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Nervous system diseases are a global health problem, and with the increase in the elderly population around the world, their incidence will also increase. Harmful substances in the environment are closely related to the occurrence of nervous system diseases. China is a large agricultural country, and thus the insecticide cyfluthrin has been widely used. Cyfluthrin is neurotoxic, but the mechanism of this injury is not clear. Inflammation is an important mechanism for the occurrence of nervous system diseases. Mitochondria are the main regulators of the inflammatory response, and various cellular responses, including autophagy, directly affect the regulation of inflammatory processes. Mitochondrial damage is related to mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1). As an anti-inflammatory factor, stimulator of interferon genes (STING) participates in the regulation of inflammation. However, the relationship between STING and mitochondria in the process of cyfluthrin-induced nerve injury is unclear. This study established in vivo and in vitro models of cyfluthrin exposure to explore the role of MQC and to clarify the mechanism of action of STING and PINK1. Our results showed that cyfluthrin can increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, resulting in mitochondrial damage and inflammation. In this process, an imbalance in MQC leads to the aggravation of mitochondrial damage, and high STING expression drives the occurrence of inflammation. We established a differential expression model of STING and PINK1 to further determine the underlying mechanism and found that the interaction between STING and PINK1 regulates MQC to affect the levels of mitochondrial damage and inflammation. When STING and PINK1 expression are downregulated, mitochondrial damage and STING-induced inflammation are significantly alleviated. In summary, a synergistic effect between STING and PINK1 on cyfluthrin-induced neuroinflammation may exist, which leads to an imbalance in MQC by inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis and division/fusion, and PINK1 can reduce STING-driven inflammation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Triazophos (TRI) and fenvalerate (FEN) have been extensively used in the world and frequently coexist in the water environments, might pose health risk to aquatic species. However, investigations of their mixture toxic effects on offspring after parental exposure have been neglected, especially for aquatic vertebrates such fish. To address this knowledge gap, parental zebrafish (F0 generation) were exposed to TRI, FEN and their mixture for 60 days, as well as the embryos (F1 generation) were hatched without or with continued corresponding exposures at the same concentrations until 7 days post fertilization. The results exhibited that exposure to TRI and FEN altered the expression levels of biomarkers associated with several biological processes, such as apoptosis and inflammatory response. Compared to individual exposure in the F1 generation, the co-exposure to TRI and FEN resulted in increased the expression of T4 and cc-chem mRNA and decreased the expression of ROS, trα, il-8, and gpx mRNA when the F0 generation was similarly exposed. These results revealed that the co-exposure to TRI and FEN has detrimental effects on fish progeny following parental exposure, even if the progeny are not directly exposed to the pesticides, and such negative effects may be intensified if the offspring continue to be exposed. This study enhances the understanding of the harmful impacts of parental exposure to the pesticide mixture on descendants and holds implications for the ecological risk assessment of pesticide mixtures in aquatic vertebrates. Further mechanistic studies are necessary to gain a deeper insight into the mixture effects of pesticides and other kinds of pollutants on subsequent offspring following parental exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pyrethroids serve as a significant method for managing and preventing parasitic diseases in fish. Among these, deltamethrin (DEL) is used extensively in aquatic environments. Our previous work has been confirmed that DEL exposure can induce oxidative stress and immunosuppression on the gill mucosal barrier of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). However, it is not clear whether DEL affects the susceptibility of farmed fish to bacterial infection. In this study, fish was pre-exposed to different DEL concentration (0, 0.3 and 0.6 μg L -1 ) and then challenged by immersion with Aeromonas hydrophila (1.0 × 10^8 CFU mL -1 ). After immersion challenge, fish pre-exposed to DEL developed prominent lipopolysaccharides level in gill and serum and had a significantly lower survival rate compared to the control group. In DEL pre-exposure fish after immersion, the gill apoptosis levels were significantly higher and disrupted the tight junction barrier by downregulating the zo1 and claudin12. Furthermore, fish pre-exposed to DEL exhibited increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels in the early stage after immersion but experiencing decreased activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and lysozyme (LZM) in the later stage after immersion. And this process was regulated by the NRF2 pathway. Additionally, fish pre-exposed to DEL after immersion had significantly lower mRNA levels of immune-related genes tlr4, myd88, tnfα, and il-1β. Overall, these findings indicate that DEL damaged the gill barrier, weakened the immune response, raised LPS levels, and heightened vulnerability to A. hydrophila infection in crucian carp, resulting in mortality. Thus, this work will help social groups and aquaculture workers to understand the potential risk of DEL exposure for bacterial secondary infection in cultured fish., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Aedes albopictus, a common mosquito in Zhejiang Province, is a carrier of more than twenty arboviruses. There are dozens or even hundreds of imported cases of dengue fever every year in Zhejiang Province, and there have also been many local outbreaks caused by imported cases of dengue fever. The objectives were to assess the resistance of larvae and adults of several Ae. albopictus strains in Zhejiang Province to commonly used pyrethroid insecticides (beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin), and detect mutations in the sodium channel gene, to further analyse the relationship between phenotypic resistance and the frequency of mutations. The resistance of eight field strains of Ae. albopictus larvae to beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin ranged from 8.17 to 36.06, 12.12-107.3 and 1.55-81.9, respectively, and there was a significant positive correlation of interaction resistance among the three insecticides. The mutation frequencies of I1532T and F1534S in the larvae of Ae. albopictus were 0-6.25 % and 42.19-100.00 %. Moreover, the diagnostic doses of the three pyrethroids for adult Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were 0.2510 g/L, 0.1562 g/L, and 0.9072 g/L. Except for the Zhoushan strain, which was suspected to be resistant to beta-cypermethrin, the other field strains were resistant to the three pyrethroids, and there was a significant positive correlation of cross-resistance among the three insecticides. The mutation frequencies of I1532T and F1534S of adult Ae. albopictus were 0-1.56 % and 62.50-100.00 %. In addition, the LC 50 of the larvae and the mortality rate of adult Ae. albopictus after treatment with the three pyrethroids were significantly and positively correlated with the frequency of the F1534S mutation. F1534S mutation occurred earlier than I1532T mutation in both larvae and adult Ae. albopictus. F1534S mutation in the sodium channel gene may be a particular biomolecular detection marker for resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Ae. albopictus in Zhejiang Province., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Chlorothalonil (CTL) is a pesticide widely used in Brazil, yet its mutagenic potential is not fully determined. Thus, we assessed the mutagenicity of CTL and its bioactivation metabolites using the somatic mutation and recombination test (SMART) in Drosophila melanogaster, by exposing individuals, with basal and high bioactivation capacities (standard and high bioactivation cross offspring, respectively), from third instar larval to early adult fly stages, to CTL-contaminated substrate (0.25, 1, 10 or 20 μM). This substrate served as food and as physical medium. Increased frequency of large single spots in standard cross flies' wings exposed to 0.25 μM indicates that, if CTL is genotoxic, it may affect Drosophila at early life stages. Since the total spot frequency did not change, CTL cannot be considered mutagenic in SMART. The same long-term exposure design was performed to test whether CTL induces oxidative imbalance in flies with basal (wild-type, WT) or high bioactivation (ORR strain) levels. CTL did not alter reactive oxygen species and antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals levels in adult flies. However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were increased in WT male flies exposed to 1 μM CTL. SMART and LPO alterations were observed only in flies with basal bioactivation levels, pointing to direct CTL toxicity to DNA and lipids. Survival, emergence and locomotor behavior were not affected, indicating no bias due to lethality, developmental and behavioral impairment. We suggest that, if related to CTL exposure, DNA and lipid damages may be residual damage of earlier life stages of D. melanogaster., (© 2024 Environmental Mutagenesis and Genomics Society.)

Deltamethrin (DLM), in combination with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO), is extensively used in pest control programs due to its potent pesticidal properties and appreciable safety margin. However, various research studies report their adverse effects on non-target organisms. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of DLM, PBO, and a DLM-PBO (3:1) combination on Labeo rohita (L. rohita) fish fingerlings. Fish behavior and mortality rates were recorded at different time intervals up to 96 h for concentrations of 0.003, 0.007, 0.015, 0.031, and 0.062 µg/mL, respectively. Biochemical, hematological, and histopathological studies were carried out. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify residues in fish samples. The LC50 values after 48 h for DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO exposed fish fingerlings were found to be 0.028, 0.066, and 0.007 µg/mL, respectively. At a concentration of 0.003 µg/mL of DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO, the treated fish fingerlings exhibited similar behavior to the control group. Hematological parameters, such as red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) counts, were reduced in the treated groups compared to the control. Biochemical parameters showed increased levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), while total serum protein levels decreased in DLM, PBO, and DLM-PBO treated fingerlings. Histopathological examination of liver, gill, and heart tissues revealed lesions with hydropic degeneration in the liver and fusions of gill lamellae in the treated tissues. Fish fingerlings exposed to the DLM-PBO combination appeared highly prone to toxicity compared to those treated with DLM and PBO separately., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Isobutyronitrile finds extensive application in organic synthesis for the production of the insecticide diazinon. Apart from occupational exposure, cigarette smoking may also expose the general population to isobutyronitrile. However, to date, the association between isobutyronitrile and female infertility has not been explored in a population-based study. Hence, we analysed data from 1254 women, aged 18-44, with blood isobutyronitrile results and infertility questionnaires, from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 and NHANES 2017-March 2020. To compare differences, weighted chi-square tests were conducted for categorical variables and weighted regression models were performed for continuous variables. Logistic regression and generalized linear models were applied to examine the associations. Each standard deviation increment (SD=0.026) of isobutyronitrile increased the risk of infertility by 24 % after adjusting for potential confounders in logistic regression model (aOR=1.24; 95 % CI: 1.06-1.46). In women who had been pregnant and gave birth, the results exhibited a consistent linear relationship. The participants were classified into two groups, namely positive and negative, using an isobutyronitrile cut-off value that exceeded 0.040 ng/mL. The positive group did not demonstrate a statistically significant correlation (aOR=1.55; 95 % CI: 0.66-3.65). According to smooth curve fitting, isobutyronitrile and infertility was linearly related across the entire range, and no threshold effect was found. Particularly, non-Hispanic Black women had a significantly stronger association with isobutyronitrile exposure and infertility (aOR=4.27; 95 % CI: 1.32-13.83). In conclusion, our study was the first report of an independent association of isobutyronitrile with infertility, especially in non-Hispanic Black women. Additional fundamental research on nonhuman primates, along with comprehensive clinical studies, are necessary to fully elucidate the intricate mechanisms underlying isobutyronitrile activity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pesticide exposure and its interaction with other natural stressors can play a role in amphibian population declines because disruptions in stress hormone regulatory mechanisms may inhibit immune responses during metamorphosis. Here, we determined the interactive effects of predation risk and sublethal concentration of two pesticides on immunological and physiological responses in tadpoles of the tropical frog Lithobates taylori. Using mesocosms, we used chronic exposure to three levels of chlorothalonil and β-endosulfan in the presence or absence of Odonate larvae. Our results show that β-endosulfan in high concentrations reduced the weight of the tadpoles and increased the neutrophil count and corticosterone (CORT) levels. Larval development was accelerated by high concentrations of chlorothalonil. Also, this pesticide in low and high concentrations increases the absolute values of lymphocytes. Tadpoles exposed to chlorothalonil increased the numbers of monocytes (in low concentrations), and lymphocytes (in high and low concentrations). The interactions of the low concentrations of both pesticides with and without the predator's presence also increased the number of lymphocytes. A combination of pesticides increases the number of lymphocytes in the blood due to synergistic cytotoxicity. This study proves that β- endosulfan elevates circulating CORT and thus generates physiological stress in tadpoles. Given that both pesticides are widely used within the distribution of L. taylori in Costa Rica, it is likely that tadpoles' development and immune function are altered by pesticide use. In combination with stressors such as emerging diseases and altered precipitation regimes, widespread agrochemical uses likely caused this species enigmatic decline in recent decades., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We compared the effects of lambda-cyhalothrin as the pure active ingredient and as a formulated product (Zero®), on the larval stage of the autochthonous species Boana pulchella. We evaluated ecotoxicological endpoints, behavioral and developmental alterations, and the biochemical detoxifying, neurotoxic, and oxidative stress responses, covering a wide concentration range from environmental to high application levels. Both pyrethroid preparations displayed similar ecotoxicity (median lethal concentration of ~0.5 mg/L), with the lethal effect of Zero® being more pronounced than that of the active ingredient. Sublethal behavioral alterations in natatory activity were observed at 1000 times lower concentrations, indicating the ecological hazard of tadpole exposure to this pyrethroid at environmentally relevant concentrations. Biochemical endpoints in B. pulchella larvae showed significant responses to lambda-cyhalothrin in the ng/L range; these responses were different for the pure or the formulated product, and they were variable at higher concentrations. Principal components analysis confirmed the prevalence of biochemical responses as early endpoints at the lowest lambda-cyhalothrin concentrations; the Integrated Biomarker Response Index proportionally increased with pyrethroid concentration in a similar way for the pure and the formulated products. We conclude that lambda-cyhalothrin is of concern from an environmental perspective, with particular emphasis on autochthonous anuran development. The battery of biochemical biomarkers included in our study showed a consistent integrated biomarker response, indicating that this is a potent tool for monitoring impacts on amphibians. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2134-2144. © 2024 SETAC., (© 2024 SETAC.)

Background: Mortality caused by various pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids has been studied for stored-product insects in the past, yet limited information exists on the sublethal effects they can induce to Oryzaephilus surinamensis. In the current study, the sublethal effects of deltamethrin, λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, etofenprox, and the mixture of acetamiprid with d-tetramethrin and piperonyl butoxide on the mobility of O. surinamensis in the presence or the absence of a food source was investigated., Results: Lethal concentrations (LCs) were lower for deltamethrin, α-cypermethrin, and λ-cyhalothrin (LC 10  = 0.000233, 0.000211, and 0.000271 mg active ingredient (a.i.) cm -2 , LC 30  = 0.000413, 0.000398, and 0.000447 mg a.i. cm -2 , respectively), followed by etofenprox, and the mixture of acetamiprid with d-tetramethrin and piperonyl butoxide (LC 10  = 0.00228 and 0.003267 mg a.i. cm -2 , LC 30  = 0.00437 and 0.01188 mg a.i. cm -2 , respectively). Deltamethrin and λ-cyhalothrin negatively impacted adult walking behavior, increasing stop durations compared to controls. Adults exposed to LC 10 and LC 30 of λ-cyhalothrin, and LC 30 of deltamethrin exhibited prolonged periods on their backs compared to the remaining treatments and the controls. The α-cypermethrin LC 30 -exposed adults exhibited significantly shorter walking and stopping durations than controls but demonstrated prolonged climbing on the arena walls compared to adults exposed to the remaining a.i. and the control. A similar trend was observed for etofenprox., Conclusions: Under sublethal concentrations, λ-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin increased stop intervals and reduced the duration of climbing attempts of O. surinamensis versus α-cypermethrin. These findings advance comprehension of the underexplored sublethal impacts of the tested a.i. on O. surinamensis adults, holding potential for leveraging insecticide-induced behavioral effects to enhance warehouse pest management. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.)

New mixtures of pesticides are being placed on the market to increase the spectrum of phytosanitary action. Thus, the eco(geno)toxic effects of the new commercial mixture named Platinum Neo, as well as its constituents the neonicotinoid Thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid Lambda-Cyhalothrin, were investigated using the species Daphnia magna, Raphidocelis subcapitata, Danio rerio, and Allium cepa L. The lowest- and no-observed effect concentration (LOEC and NOEC) were measured in ecotoxicological tests. While Thiamethoxam was ecotoxic at ppm level, Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Platinum Neo formulation were ecotoxic at ppb level. The mitotic index (MI), chromosomal aberrations and micronucleus [MN] frequency were measured as indicators of phytogenotoxicity in A. cepa plants exposed for 12 h to the different insecticides and their mixture under different dilutions. There were significant alterations in the MI and MN frequency in comparison with the A. cepa negative control group, with Thiamethoxam, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, and Platinum Neo treatments all significantly reducing MI and increasing MN frequency. Thus, MI reduction was found at 13.7 mg L -1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L -1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 2.7:2 μg L -1 for Platinum Neo, while MN induction was not observed at 14 mg L -1 for Thiamethoxam, 0.8 μg L -1 for Lambda-Cyahalothrin, and 1.4:1 μg L -1 for Platinum Neo. The insecticide eco(geno)toxicity hierarchy was Platinun Neo > Lambda-Cyhalothrin > Thiamethoxam, and the organism sensitivity hierarchy was daphnids > fish > algae > A. cepa. Eco(geno)toxicity studies of new pesticide mixtures can be useful for management, risk assessment, and avoiding impacts of these products on living beings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Claudemir Marcos Radetski reports financial support was provided by FAPESC. Claudemir M. Radetski reports a relationship with FAPESC that includes: funding grants. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The detrimental effects of widespread pesticide application on the health of living organisms highlight the urgent need for technological advancements in monitoring pesticide residues at trace levels. This study involves the synthesis of a distinctive sensing material, KL@Ni@g-C 3 N 4 , which comprises nanocomposites of graphitic carbon nitride with Kraft lignin and nickel. The prepared samples were characterized using FT-IR, PXRD, TEM, SEM, and EDX techniques. The KL@Ni@g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposite was drop-cast on a graphite electrode. Subsequently, this fabricated electrode was used to detect cypermethrin (CYP) residues in drinking water. The redox properties of the fabricated sensors were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The limit of detection (LOD) of the fabricated sensor was determined to be 0.026 μg mL -1 , which is below the maximum residual limits of CYP in the environment (0.5 μg mL -1 ) and within the acceptable range for food products (∼0.05 to 0.2 μg mL -1 ). Therefore, this study proposes a promising alternative to conventional methods for detecting pesticides in drinking water.

This is the first report on high pesticide tolerance displayed by the microbiota isolated from the sediments of two high-altitude lakes, located in the Singalila National Park, Singalila Ridge of the Himalayas. Given the remote location of these lakes, direct exposure to chemical pesticides is highly unlikely. However, the high tolerance to commonly used pesticides exhibited, i.e. up to 250 mg/ml, suggests repeated exposure and contamination of the lakes. Microbial growth in the presence of varying concentrations of the pesticides, namely, emamectin benzoate, thiamethoxam, quinalphos, deltamethrin, spiromesifen, flubendiamide, monocrotophos, fipronil, fenazaquin and phorate, was tested. Results showed resistance to all pesticides except fenazaquin and fipronil, up to 250 mg/ml. For the latter two, tolerance was displayed up to a concentration of 40 mg/ml. Tolerance may potentially result from the transport and deposition of pesticides from nearby locations, particularly the tea plantations of Darjeeling and Eastern Nepal. This may create great ecological risks as these lakes are an important water source for endemic wildlife of this protected area. They also hold great significance to the religious sentiment of the local tribes who worship these lakes as sacred. The study highlights the need for monitoring pesticide contamination in such pristine high-altitude environments and the mechanisms of long-range pollutant transport., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Little information is available on the adverse effects of expired pesticides on the environment, so it is essential to characterize the risk of these chemicals to non-target organisms. Therefore, this work aims to estimate and compare the acute toxicity (LD50) of unexpired and expired formulations of malathion, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin in rats and to determine their residues in the liver and kidneys of treated rats. This is the first study to investigate the toxic effects of expired pesticides on rats. The acute toxicity of expired lambda-cyhalothrin was higher than that of non-expired rats, while the opposite was observed in rats treated with malathion and chlorpyrifos. All formulations tested caused clinical signs of toxicity in the treated rats. The data showed that some expired formulations significantly affected body weight and estimated vital signs compared to non-expired pesticides. The data showed that the highest residues were found in the liver and kidneys of rats treated with both malathion formulations, followed by chlorpyrifos; however, the lowest residues were found in rats treated with lambda-cyhalothrin, which can be referred to as LD50 values of the insecticides tested. The residues detected after the 10th dose gradually decreased at the end of the recovery period, and their losses ranged from 80.0 to 95.4% in the liver and from 92.3 to 99.99% (undetectable). The results show that the toxic effects of expired and non-expired formulations are different. This underlines the need to dispose of expired compounds carefully to prevent their discharge into the ecosystem.

Deltamethrin is a classical pyrethroid insecticide that is frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Furthermore, deltamethrin has been detected in samples related to human health and is a potential risk to public health. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by deltamethrin. Zebrafish were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 μg/L deltamethrin for 28 days. The results showed a significant reduction in male reproduction compared to female reproduction. Additionally, the heart rate decreased by 15.75 % in F1 after parental exposure to 0.5 μg/L deltamethrin. To evaluate cardiotoxicity, deltamethrin was administered to the zebrafish embryos. By using miRNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis, it was discovered that miR-29b functions as a toxic regulator by targeting dnmts. The overexpression of miR-29b and inhibition of dnmts resulted in cardiac abnormalities, such as pericardial edema, bradycardia, and abnormal expression of genes related to the heart. Similar changes in the levels of miR-29b and dnmts were also detected in the gonads of F0 males and F1 embryos, confirming their effects. Overall, the results suggest that deltamethrin may have adverse effects on heart development in early-stage zebrafish and on reproduction in adult zebrafish. Furthermore, epigenetic modifications may threaten the cardiac function of offspring., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chlorothalonil (CHT) is a widely used antifungal agent and is reported to be a sensitizer that can cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). ACD initiation is associated with various innate immune cell contributions and is usually accompanied by persistent inflammation, which is a potential contributing factor to skin damage. However, detailed information on the mechanisms by which CHT induces skin sensitization and damage is still insufficient. This study focused on investigating the possible sensitization process and mechanism of CHT and the adverse effects of repeated CHT exposure. CHT activates dendritic cells and promotes the proliferation of lymph cells in the skin sensitization phase, causing severe inflammation. Keratinocytes activate the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway to cause inflammation during CHT treatment, and macrophages also secrete inflammatory cytokines. In addition, CHT-induced inflammation triggered skin wrinkles, decreased epidermal thickness and decreased collagen. Cell experiments also showed that repeated exposure to CHT led to cell proliferation inhibition and senescence, and CHT-induced autophagy dysfunction was not only the reason for inflammation but also for senescence. This study defined the possible process through which CHT is involved in the skin sensitization phase and elucidated the mechanism of CHT-induced inflammation in innate immune responses. We also determined that repeated CHT exposure caused persistent inflammation, ultimately leading to skin aging., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known conflict financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Recently, seven dihalohydroxybenzonitriles (diHHBNs) have been determined as concerning nitrogenous aromatic disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in drinking water. Herein, eight new monohalohydroxybenzonitriles (monoHHBNs), including 3-chloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-bromo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 5-iodo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, and 3-iodo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, were detected and identified in drinking water for the first time. Thereafter, the relative concentration-cytotoxicity contribution of each HHBN was calculated based on the acquired occurrence level and cytotoxicity data in this study, the genome-scale cytotoxicity mechanism was explored, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed. Results indicated that new monoHHBNs were present in drinking water at concentrations of 0.04-1.83 ng/L and exhibited higher cytotoxicity than some other monohalogenated aromatic DBPs. Notably, monoHHBNs showed concentration - cytotoxicity contribution comparable to diHHBNs, which have been previously identified as potential toxicity drivers in drinking water. Transcriptomic analysis revealed immunotoxicity and genotoxicity as dominant cytotoxicity mechanisms for HHBNs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, with potential carcinogenic effects. The QSAR model suggested oxidative stress and cellular uptake efficiency as important factors for their cytotoxicity, highlighting the importance of potential iodinated HHBNs in drinking water, such as 3,5-diiodo-2-hydroxybenzonitrile, for future studies. These findings are meaningful for better understanding the health risk and toxicological significance of HHBNs in drinking water.

Aphis gossypii Glover is one of the most agriculturally important phloem-feeding economic pests, causing tremendous loss in crop yield annually. The hormesis is an important cause of A. gossypii resistance formation, population resurgence, and re-outbreak. However, whether the hormesises induced by different insecticides interact mutually remain largely unclear. In the study, four-generation A. gossypii experiment found that the 24-h sublethal-dose (LC 20 ) sulfoxaflor treatment on G0 significantly increased the net reproductive rate (R0) and fecundity of G1 and G2 generation A. gossypii, but it did not significantly affect the fecundity of G3 and G4 individuals. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that the insecticide-induced significant up-regulation of pathways ribosome, energy metabolism, and the DNA replication and reparation might be responsible for the enhancement of fecundity in G1 and G2 A. gossypii. Notably, G0 exposure to LC 20 sulfoxaflor followed by G1 exposure to LC 30 deltamethrin resulted in a stronger reproductive stimulation than sulfoxaflor or deltamethrin exposure alone. Our findings provide valuable reference for optimizing sulfoxaflor application in integrated pest management strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The interaction between environmental factors affecting honey bees is of growing concern due to their potential synergistic effects on bee health. Our study investigated the interactive impact of Varroa destructor and chlorothalonil on workers' survival, fat body morphology, and the expression of gene associated with detoxification, immunity, and nutrition metabolism during their adult stage. We found that both chlorothalonil and V. destructor significantly decreased workers' survival rates, with a synergistic effect observed when bees were exposed to both stressors simultaneously. Morphological analysis of fat body revealed significant alterations in trophocytes, particularly a reduction in vacuoles and granules after Day 12, coinciding with the transition of the bees from nursing to other in-hive work tasks. Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in detoxification, immunity, and nutrition metabolism over time. Detoxification genes, such as CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3, and GST-D1, were downregulated in response to stressor exposure, indicating a potential impairment in detoxification processes. Immune-related genes, including defensin-1, Dorsal-1, and Kayak, exhibited an initially upregulation followed by varied expression patterns, suggesting a complex immune response to stressors. Nutrition metabolism genes, such as hex 70a, AmIlp2, VGMC, AmFABP, and AmPTL, displayed dynamic expression changes, reflecting alterations in nutrient utilization and energy metabolism in response to stressors. Overall, these findings highlight the interactive and dynamic effects of environmental stressor on honey bees, providing insights into the mechanisms underlying honey bee decline. These results emphasize the need to consider the interactions between multiple stressors in honey bee research and to develop management strategies to mitigate their adverse effects on bee populations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In this study, we focused on confirming the steroid hormone receptor-mediated endocrine-disrupting potential of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate and unraveling the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, we assessed estrogen receptor-α (ERα)- and androgen receptor (AR)-mediated responses in vitro using a hormone response element-dependent transcription activation assay with a luciferase reporter following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) test guidelines. We observed that fenvalerate acted as estrogen by inducing the translocation of cytosolic ERα to the nucleus via ERα dimerization, whereas it exhibited no AR-mediated androgen response element-dependent luciferase activity. Furthermore, we confirmed that fenvalerate-induced activation of ERα caused lipid accumulation, promoted in a fenvalerate-dependent manner in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, fenvalerate-induced lipid accumulation was inhibited in the presence of an ERα-selective antagonist, whereas it remained unaffected in the presence of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-specific inhibitor. In addition, fenvalerate was found to stimulate the expression of transcription factors that promote lipid accumulation in 3 T1-L1 adipocytes, and co-treatment with an ERα-selective antagonist suppressed adipogenic/ lipogenic transcription factors at both mRNA and protein levels. These findings suggest that fenvalerate exposure may lead to lipid accumulation by interfering with ERα activation-dependent processes, thus causing an ERα-mediated endocrine-disrupting effect., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that may have influenced the work reported in this study., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Temperature can interact with chemical pesticides and modulate their toxicity. Sublethal exposure to pesticides is known to trigger hormetic responses in pests. However, the simultaneous effects of temperature and sublethal exposure to single or mixture-based insecticides on the insects' stimulatory responses are not frequently considered in toxicological studies. Here we investigated the combined effects of temperature on the lethal and sublethal responses of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae after exposure to commercial formulations of a neonicotinoid (thiamethoxam) and a pyrethroid (lambda-cyhalothrin) and their mixture. Firstly, the concentration-response curves of the insecticides were determined under four temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 28 °C) by the leaf dipping method. Subsequently, the sublethal concentrations C 0 , CL 1 , CL 5 , CL 10 , CL 15 , CL 20 , and CL 30 were selected to assess sublethal effects on aphids' longevity and reproduction under the same temperatures. The results showed that the mixture of thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin caused greater toxicity to aphids compared to the formulations with each active ingredient alone and that the toxicity was higher at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the exposure to low concentrations of the mixture (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin) and the separated insecticides induced stimulatory responses in the longevity and fecundity of exposed aphid females, but the occurrence of such hormetic responses depended on the insecticide type, its sublethal concentration, and the temperature as well as their interactions., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

λ-cyhalothrin, a synthetic type II pyrethroid, has become increasingly popular for control of aphids, butterfly larvae, and beetles, replacing other agricultural chemicals. As a result of which, residues of this synthetic pesticide are being reported across the globe in natural water, which poses a serious threat to aquatic life. Therefore, the present study was designed to understand the toxicity effects of λ-cyhalothrin on behaviour, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in a vertebrate aquatic model, zebrafish (Danio rerio). The fish were exposed to 0.129, 0.194 and 0.388 µg/L corresponding to 5%, 10% and 20% of 96hLC 50 (1.94 µg/L) for 28 days. Upon exposure to the highest concentration (0.388 µg/L), the test animal exhibited significant alterations in behavioural patterns like number of entries to the top zone (n), decrease in average speed (m/s) and decrease in time spent in top zone (s). Moreover, the shoaling test demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the relative time spent by the tested fish (%) near the stimulus fish. The change in behavioural alterations might be linked to a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the brain acetylcholine esterase activity. Furthermore, the present study also illustrates oxidative stress exerted by λ-cyhalothrin through an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species, which is again clearly depicted by a significant increase (p < 0.05) in Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase activities. Overall, the present study systematically demonstrates the chronic effects of λ-cyhalothrin on adult fish behaviour and physiology, which will contribute to assessing the risks of λ-cyhalothrin to organismal health., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The clinical usage of doxorubicin (DOX) is hampered due to cardiomyopathy. Studies reveal that estrogen (E2) modulates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Yet, the exact mechanism is unclear. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the influence of E2 and more specifically its metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol (2ME) on cardiac remodeling and the reprogramming of cardiac metabolism in rats subjected to DOX cardiotoxicity. Seventy-two female rats were divided into groups. Cardiotoxicity was induced by administering DOX (2.5 mg/kg three times weekly for 2 weeks). In some groups, the effect of endogenous E2 was abolished by ovariectomy (OVX) or by using the estrogen receptor (ER) blocker Fulvestrant (FULV). The effect of administering exogenous E2 or 2ME in the OVX group was studied. Furthermore, the influence of entacapone (COMT inhibitor) on induced cardiotoxicity was investigated. The evaluated cardiac parameters included ECG, histopathology, cardiac-related enzymes (creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB (CK-MB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)), and lipid profile markers (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)). The expression levels of key metabolic enzymes (glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1B (CPT-1B)) were assessed. Our results displayed that co-treatment of E2 and/or 2ME with DOX significantly reduced DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and enhanced the metabolism of the heart through the maintenance of GLUT4 and CPT-1B enzymes. On the other hand, co-treatment of DOX with OVX, entacapone, or FULV increased the toxic effect of DOX by further reducing these important metabolic enzymes. E2 and 2ME abrogate DOX-induced cardiomyopathy partly through modulation of GLUT 4 and CPT-1B enzymes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a newer kind of insecticide that is used on pets, livestock, and crops, as well as to combat malaria vectors and household pests. It belongs to the synthetic pyrethroid group and is being promoted as an alternative to organophosphate chemicals due to its persistent and destructive effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM on autoimmune activity in rats. Three groups of male albino rats (15 rats/group) including the control group, the ethanol-treated group (1 ml/rat), and the DLM-treated group (5 mg/kg b.w). Samples of blood were taken from all groups at 4-, 8- and 12-week intervals for the determination of hematological, cytokines, and immunological parameters. T lymphocyte subsets and Treg lymphocytes were determined in serum using flow cytometric acquisition. The results revealed that DLM significantly increased TNF-α, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17, IgG, IgM, WBCs, differential count, and platelets while decreasing Hb concentration and RBCs. Additionally, DLM decreased the number of T-cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD8) and Treg lymphocytes. All of these impacts became more severe over time. It is possible to conclude that the sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM disturbed autoimmune activity through the disturbances in immunological indices, CDs subset Treg lymphocytes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) poses a significant threat to Brassicaceae crops, leading to substantial losses annually. Repeated insecticide applications are widely used to protect crops and increase the resistance of P. rapae. Exploring the biochemical and molecular basis of insecticide tolerance in P. rapae is crucial for achieving effective insect suppuration and implementing resistance control strategies. In our research, emamectin benzoate (EBZ) resistance was developed in P. rapae strain through selective pressure over 15 generations. Moreover, the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to EBZ and its potential cross-resistance to other insecticides were studied. Additionally, the expression levels of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) genes in P. rapae were quantitatively assessed upon exposure to EBZ using real-time PCR. Our data exhibited that the LC 50 value of susceptible strain (Sus) and EBZ resistance strain (EBZ-R) were 0.009 and 8.09 mg/L, with a resistance ratio (RR) reaching 898.8-fold. The EBZ-R stain displayed notably low cross-resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin, spinetoram, and cypermethrin. However, it demonstrated a moderate level of cross-resistance to deltamethrin. Conversely, no cross-resistance was noted to chlorantraniliprole and indoxacarb. Notably, enzyme inhibitors of detoxification enzymes revealed that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) enhanced the EBZ toxicity to the resistant strain, indicating the potential involvement of CYP450 and GST in avermectin resistance. A remarkable enhancement in CYP450 and GST activity was observed in the EBZ-R stain. CYP450 and GST genes are upregulated in the EBZ-R stain compared to the Sus strain, which serves as a basis for comprehending the mechanism behind P. rapae resistance to EBZ. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that EBZ has a high binding affinity with CYP6AE120 and PrGSTS1 with docking energy values of -20.19 and -22.57 kcal/mol, respectively. Our findings offer valuable insights into crafting efficient strategies to monitor and manage resistance in P. rapae populations in Egypt., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pyrethroids are among the most widely used insecticides. Fenvalerate (FEN), a synthetic pyrethroid, is frequently used in domestic and agricultural settings to control insects which ultimately find its way into the aquatic ecosystems. The larval stages of amphibians, which are experiencing a rapid population decline, are spent in aquatic habitats, thus making them vulnerable to FEN exposure. The potential toxic effects of pyrethoids in general and FEN in particular are not well understood. The present study was carried out to assess the toxicity of FEN in tadpoles of Fejervarya limnocharis. FEN at different concentrations (0, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 mg/L) induced substantial lethal effects. The estimated LC 50 values were 8.54, 6.73, 5.44, and 4.44 mg/L at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h respectively. Exposure to environmentally relevant sub-lethal concentrations delayed metamorphosis and reduced survivality. FEN was found to be genotoxic in erythrocyte micronucleus and comet assay. Further, sub-lethal concentrations of FEN adversely affected the antioxidant defense mechanism of the exposed individuals with parallel increase oxidative damage to membrane lipids. The swimming behavior in the form of startle response, swirl response, and total movements was decreased with a concomitant decrease in AChE activity. In addition, FEN exhibited significant cardiotoxicity by decreasing the cardiac rate of the exposed individuals. The present findings clearly indicate that FEN can cause significant toxicity to the tadpoles of F. limnocharis affecting their survival and fitness in the natural environment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a widely recognized global agricultural pest that has significantly reduced crop yields all over the world. S. frugiperda has developed resistance to various insecticides. Insect cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs or P450s) play an important role in detoxifying insecticides, leading to increased resistance in insect populations. However, the function of the specific P450 gene for lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in S. frugiperda was unclear. Herein, the expression patterns of 40 P450 genes in the susceptible and lambda-cyhalothrin-resistant populations were analyzed. Among them, CYP321A7 was found to be overexpressed in the resistant population, specifically LRS (resistance ratio = 25.38-fold) derived from a lambda-cyhalothrin-susceptible (SS) population and FLRS (a population caught from a field, resistance ratio = 63.80-fold). Elevated enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) was observed for LRS (2.76-fold) and the FLRS (4.88-fold) as compared to SS, while no significant differences were observed in the activities of glutathione S-transferases and esterases. Furthermore, the knockdown of CYP321A7 gene by RNA interference significantly increased the susceptibility to lambda-cyhalothrin. Remarkably, the knockdown of CYP321A7 reduced the enzymatic activity of P450 by 43.7%, 31.9%, and 22.5% in SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively. Interestingly, fourth-instar larvae treated with lambda-cyhalothrin at the LC 30 dosage had a greater mortality rate due to RNA interference-induced suppression of CYP321A7 (with increases of 61.1%, 50.0%, and 45.6% for SS, LRS, and FLRS populations, respectively). These findings suggest a link between lambda-cyhalothrin resistance and continual overexpression of CYP321A7 in S. frugiperda larvae, emphasizing the possible importance of CYP321A7 in lambda-cyhalothrin detoxification in S. frugiperda., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Wetlands play a crucial role in providing valuable ecosystem services, including the removal of various pollutants. In agricultural basins, wetlands are exposed to agrochemical loads. This study aims to assess the attenuation effect of the ubiquitous macrophyte Azolla spp. on the toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin to sensitive aquatic organisms. An indoor mesocosm experiment was conducted to compare the concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin at different time points after pesticide application in vegetated and unvegetated treatments, including a control without pesticide addition. Toxicity tests were performed throughout the experiment on three organisms: a fish (Cnesterodon decemmaculatus), a macroinvertebrate (Hyalella curvispina), and an amphibian (Boana pulchella). The results demonstrated that lambda-cyhalothrin concentration and toxicity in water were significantly lower in the Azolla spp. treatment. Furthermore, the half-life of lambda-cyhalothrin decreased from 1.2 days in the unvegetated treatment to 0.4 days in the vegetated treatment. The vegetated treatment also resulted in a significantly lower mortality rate for both H. curvispina and C. decemmaculatus. However, no mortality was observed in B. pulchella for any of the treatments. Sublethal effects were observed in this organism, such as lateral bending of the tail and impairment of the ability to swim, which were attenuated in the vegetated treatment. We conclude that Azolla spp. can effectively reduce the concentration and toxicity of lambda-cyhalothrin, suggesting its potential use in farm-scale best management practices to mitigate the effects of pesticide loads from adjacent crops., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Pyrethroid insecticides, such as beta-cyfluthrin, are used extensively globally, including in households and agriculture, and have been detected in the milk and urine of humans and cattle. Beta-cyfluthrin exhibits toxic effects, including neurotoxicity and male reproductive toxicity; however, few studies have investigated female reproductive toxicity despite its wide environmental distribution. The present study investigates effects of beta-cyfluthrin on implantation in porcine cells (pTr from the trophectoderm and pLE from the endometrial luminal epithelium). To identify the various physiological changes induced by beta-cyfluthrin, such as apoptosis and lipid peroxidation, flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence were performed with various reagents. In addition, the expression of genes and proteins associated with intracellular changes was confirmed using qRT-PCR and western blotting. Beta-cyfluthrin induced cell-cycle arrest and altered intracellular calcium flux. It also disrupted the mitochondrial function and promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipid peroxidation. Moreover, ROS induced by beta-cyfluthrin altered mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and decreased cell migration capability. The expression levels of genes that are significant during early pregnancy were altered by beta-cyfluthrin in both cell lines. The changes resulted in apoptosis and diminished cell proliferation of pTr and pLE. Collectively, the results imply that beta-cyfluthrin disrupts the implantation process by affecting the physiology of the trophectoderm and endometrial luminal epithelial cells. The present study is the first to reveal the cellular mechanisms of beta-cyfluthrin on the female reproductive system and highlights the need for further in-depth research into its hazards., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in nonylphenol (NP) - induced depression - like behavior in rats and its impact on the regulation of the TPH2/5-HT pathway. In the in vitro experiment, rat basophilic leukaemia cells (RBL-2H3) cells were divided into the four groups: blank group, NP group (20 μM), ERβ agonist group (0.01 μM), and NP＋ERβ agonist group (20 μM＋0.01 μM). For the in vivo experiment, 72 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into following six groups: the Control, NP (40 mg/kg) group, ERβ agonist (2 mg/kg, Diarylpropionitrile (DPN)) group, ERβ inhibitor (0.1 mg/kg, 4-(2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl) phenol (PHTPP)) group, NP+ERβ agonist (40 mg/kg NP ＋ 2 mg/kg DPN) group, and NP+ERβ inhibitor (40 mg/kg NP + 0.1 mg/kg PHTPP) group, with 12 rats in each group. Each rat in drug group were given NP by gavage and/or received a single intraperitoneal injection of DPN 2 mg/kg or PHTPP 0.1 mg/kg. Both in vivo and in vitro, NP group showed a decrease in the expression levels of ERβ, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH1), and tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) genes and proteins, and reduced levels of DA, NE, and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) neurotransmitters. RBL-2H3 cells showed signs of cell shrinkage, with rounded cells, increased suspension and more loosely arranged cells. The effectiveness of the ERβ agonist stimulation exhibited an increase exceeding 60% in RBL-2H3 cells. The application of ERβ agonist resulted in an alleviation the aforementioned alterations. ERβ agonist activated the TPH2/5-HT signaling pathways. Compared to the control group, the NP content in the brain tissue of the NP group was significantly increased. The latency to eat for the rats was longer and the amount of food consumed was lower, and the rats had prolonged immobility time in the behavioral experiment of rats. The expression levels of ERβ, TPH1, TPH2, 5-HT and 5-HITT proteins were decreased in the NP group, suggesting NP-induced depression-like behaviours as well as disturbances in the secretion of serum hormones and monoamine neurotransmitters. In the NP group, the midline raphe nucleus showed an elongated nucleus with a dark purplish-blue colour, nuclear atrophy, displacement and pale cytoplasm. ERβ might ameliorate NP-induced depression-like behaviors, and secretion disorders of serum hormones and monoamine neurotransmitters via activating TPH2/5-HT signaling pathways., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Bell peppers, a globally significant crop, face infestations from various pests. In a study, bell peppers were treated with deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin at recommended and double the doses, repeated twice with a 10-day interval. The QuEChERS method underwent validation for linearity, matrix match, accuracy, and precision in bell pepper matrices for residue analysis. The limit of detection for the tested pesticides on bell peppers was 0.01 mg/L, with a quantification limit of 0.05 mg/L. Recovery studies showed a range of 94.80% to 102.80%. Initial deposits of deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin on bell peppers at recommended doses were 0.371, 1.237, 0.617, and 0.640 mg/L, respectively, and at double doses were 0.712, 1.945, 1.221, and 1.189 mg/L, respectively. Safe waiting periods of 10, 11, 10, and 8 days were suggested for deltamethrin, ethion, fenazaquin, and fenpropathrin, respectively. The corresponding half-lives for the pesticides were 1.96, 1.79, 2.06, and 1.69 days, all following first-order dissipation kinetics. Dietary risk assessment indicated Hazard Quotients (HQ) below 1 and Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (TMDI) below Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) and Maximum Permissible Intake (MPI) levels. Therefore, at their recommended doses, the pesticides were deemed safe for bell pepper cultivation., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Metal-free, low-cost, organic photocatalytic graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) has become a promising and impressive material in numerous scientific fields due to its unique physical and chemical properties. As a semiconductor with a suitable band gap of ~2.7 eV, g-C 3 N 4 is an active photocatalytic material even after irradiation with visible light. However, information regarding the toxicity of g-C 3 N 4 is not extensively documented and there is not a comprehensive understanding of its potential adverse effects on human health or the environment. In this context, the term "toxicity" can be perceived in both a positive and a negative light, depending on whether it serves as a benefit or poses a potential risk. This review shows the applications of g-C 3 N 4 in sensorics, electrochemistry, photocatalysis, and biomedical approaches while pointing out the potential risks of its toxicity, especially in human and environmental health. Finally, the future perspective of g-C 3 N 4 research is addressed, highlighting the need for a comprehensive understanding of the toxicity of this material to provide safe and effective applications in various fields.

Studying the toxic effects of pesticides on bees has consistently been a prominent area of interest for researchers. Nonetheless, existing research has predominantly concentrated on individual toxicity assessments, leaving a gap in our understanding of mixed toxicity. This study delves into the individual and combined toxic effects of abamectin (ABA) and lambda-cyhalothrin (LCY) on honey bees (Apis mellifera) in laboratory settings. We discovered that ABA (96 h-LC 50 value of 0.079 mg/L) exhibited greater acute toxicity to honey bees compared to LCY (96 h-LC 50 value of 9.177 mg/L). Moreover, the mixture of ABA and LCY presented an acute antagonistic effect on honey bees. Additionally, our results indicated that exposure to LCY, at medium concentration, led to a reduction in the abundance of gut core bacterium Snodgrassella. However, an increase in the abundance of Bifidobacterium was noted when exposed to a medium concentration of LCY and its mixture with ABA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant regulation of certain genes in the medium concentration of all three treatments compared to the control group, primarily enriching in metabolism and immune-related pathways. Following chronic exposure to field-relevant concentrations of ABA, LCY, and their mixture, there were significant alterations in the activities of immunity-related enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and detoxification enzymes glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE). Additionally, the expression of four genes (abaecin, cyp9e2, cyp302a1, and GstD1) associated with immune and detoxification metabolism was significantly altered. These findings suggest a potential health risk posed by the insecticides ABA and LCY to honey bees. Despite exhibiting acute antagonistic effect, mixed exposure still induced damage to bees at all levels. This study advances our knowledge of the potential adverse effects of individual or combined exposure to these two pesticides on non-target pollinators and offers crucial guidance for the use of insecticides in agricultural production., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Pyrethroids are synthetic organic insecticides. Deltamethrin, as one of the pyrethroids, has high insecticidal activity against pests and parasites and is less toxic to mammals, and is widely used in cities and urban areas worldwide. After entering the natural environment, deltamethrin circulates between solid, liquid and gas phases and enters organisms through the food chain, posing significant health risks. Increasing evidence has shown that deltamethrin has varying degrees of toxicity to a variety of organisms. This review summarized worldwide studies of deltamethrin residues in different media and found that deltamethrin is widely detected in a range of environments (including soil, water, sediment, and air) and organisms. In addition, the metabolism of deltamethrin, including metabolites and enzymes, was discussed. This review shed the mechanism of toxicity of deltamethrin and its metabolites, including neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption toxicity, reproductive toxicity, hepatorenal toxicity. This review is aim to provide reference for the ecological security and human health risk assessment of deltamethrin., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

In modern agricultural practices, agrochemicals and pesticides play an important role in protecting the crops from pests and elevating agricultural productivity. This strategic utilization is essential to meet global food demand due to the relentless growth of the world's population. However, the indiscriminate application of these substances may result in environmental hazards and directly affect the soil microorganisms and crop production. Considering this, an in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the pesticides' effects i.e. lambda cyhalothrin (insecticide) and fosetyl aluminum (fungicide) at lower, recommended, and higher doses on growth behavior, enzymatic profile, total soluble protein production, and lipid peroxidation of bacterial specimens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis). The experimental findings demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in growth of both tested bacteria, when exposed to fosetyl aluminium concentrations exceeding the recommended dose. This decline was statistically significant (p < 0.000). However, lambda cyhalothrin at three times of recommended dose induces 10% increase in growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and 76.8% decrease in growth of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) respectively as compared to control. These results showed the stimulatory effect of lambda cyhalothrin on P. aeruginosa and inhibitory effect on B. subtilis. Pesticides induced notable alterations in biomarker enzymatic assays and other parameters related to oxidative stress among bacterial strains, resulting in increased oxidative stress and membrane permeability. Generally, the maximum toxicity of both (P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis) was shown by fosetyl aluminium, at three times of recommended dose. Fosetyl aluminium induced morphological changes like cellular cracking, reduced viability, aberrant margins and more damage in both bacterial strains as compared to lambda cyhalothrin when observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Conclusively the, present study provide an insights into a mechanistic approach of pyrethroid insecticide and phosphonite fungicide induced cellular toxicity towards bacteria., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

Environmental and genetic risk factors, and their interactions, contribute significantly to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Recent epidemiology studies have implicated pyrethroid pesticides as an environmental risk factor for autism and developmental delay. Our previous research showed that low-dose developmental exposure to the pyrethroid pesticide deltamethrin in mice caused male-biased changes in the brain and in NDD-relevant behaviors in adulthood. Here, we used a metabolomics approach to determine the broadest possible set of metabolic changes in the adult male mouse brain caused by low-dose pyrethroid exposure during development. Using a litter-based design, we exposed mouse dams during pregnancy and lactation to deltamethrin (3 mg/kg or vehicle every 3 days) at a concentration well below the EPA-determined benchmark dose used for regulatory guidance. We raised male offspring to adulthood and collected whole brain samples for untargeted high-resolution metabolomics analysis. Developmentally exposed mice had disruptions in 116 metabolites which clustered into pathways for folate biosynthesis, retinol metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. As a cross-validation, we integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics data from the same samples, which confirmed previous findings of altered dopamine signaling. These results suggest that pyrethroid exposure during development leads to disruptions in metabolism in the adult brain, which may inform both prevention and therapeutic strategies., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: James P. Burkett reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Gary W. Miller reports financial support was provided by National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

Cyfluthrin, a widely used synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, poses potential risks to both human health and the environment due to its extensive application in residential, agricultural, and outdoor settings. Conversely, benfotiamine, a fat-soluble derivative of vitamin B1, offers versatile therapeutic potential. This experimental study aimed to investigate the impact of cyfluthrin exposure during the prepubertal period on sperm characteristics and testicular tissue integrity in male rats, as well as to assess the protective effects of benfotiamine. A total of 32 4-week-old Wistar albino male rats were divided into four groups. Group I received daily oral gavage of 1 ml/kg/day of olive oil (control). Group II was administered cyfluthrin (54 mg/kg/day) dissolved in 1 ml of olive oil. Group III received both cyfluthrin (54 mg/kg/day) and benfotiamine (100 mg/kg/day) in olive oil. Group IV was given benfotiamine (100 mg/kg/day) in olive oil. After 5 weeks of treatment, the rats underwent evaluations for sperm motility, epididymal sperm density, and abnormal sperm rates. Additionally, their testicular tissues were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. This study underscores the potential hazards of cyfluthrin exposure on male reproductive health and highlights the protective role of benfotiamine in mitigating these effects. It emphasizes the importance of careful pesticide usage and dosage considerations to prevent potential public health issues, including infertility, associated with long-term exposure to pesticides like cyfluthrin., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The present study used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess the toxicity of sub-lethal concentrations of deltamethrin (0.035, 0.007 and 0.0007 mg L -1 ) and permethrin (0.93, 0.093 and 0.0093 mg L -1 ) on the ultrastructure of the scales of Anabas testudineus (Bloch, 1792) during a 21 day exposure. The oxygen uptake of the fish during deltamethrin (0.007 and 0.0007 mg L -1 ) and permethrin (0.093 and 0.0093 mg L -1 ) exposure was also investigated. The SEM studies revealed abnormal morphological alterations and modifications of fish scales, which were concentration-dependent. Deltamethrin-exposed fish showed severe deformation and fusion of two circuli in different rows, thereby disrupting the normal radii pattern. This fusion was probably caused by the cyanide moiety of the pesticide. On the other hand, permethrin characteristically produced a thick mucus layer over the scale surface. The different concentrations of both the pesticides affected circuli pattern with severe breakage of circuli and loss of lepidonts present over their ridges. Erythrocyte extrusions were also seen at several places over the scale surface. There was significant reduction of oxygen uptake in fish exposed to permethrin at both the concentrations, but in deltamethrin treatments significant reduction occurred only at the higher concentration of 0.007 mg L -1 , though this was less than the lower permethrin concentration of 0.0093 mg L -1 , and moreover effects of both the pyrethroids on oxygen consumption increased at higher concentrations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in this research work., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In photo-Fenton technology, the narrower pH range limits its practical application for antibiotic wastewater remediation. Therefore, in this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction photo-Fenton catalyst was constructed by Fe-doped graphite-phase carbon nitride in combination with bismuth molybdate for the degradation of typical antibiotics. Fe doping can shorten the band gap and increase visible-light absorption. Simultaneously, the constructed Z-scheme heterojunction provides a better charge transfer pathway for the photo-Fenton reaction. Within 30 min, Fe 3 CN/BMO-3 removed 95.54% of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), and its remarkable performance was the higher Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ conversion efficiency through the decomposition of H 2 O 2 . The Fe 3 CN/BMO-3 catalyst showed remarkable photo-Fenton degradation performance in a wide pH range (3.0-11.0), and it also had good stability in the treatment of TC wastewater. Furthermore, the order of action of the active species was h + > ·O 2 - > 1 O 2  > ·OH, and the toxicity assessment suggested that Fe 3 CN/BMO-3 was effective in reducing the biotoxicity of TC. The catalyst proved to be an economically feasible and applicable material for antibiotic photo-Fenton degradation, and this study provides another perspective on the application of elemental doping and constructed heterojunction photo-Fenton technology for antibiotic water environmental remediation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. We wish to confirm that there are no known conflicts of interest associated with this publication and there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome. RIFM staff are employees of the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. (RIFM). The Expert Panel receives a small honorarium for time spent reviewing the subject work.

The developmental toxicity of fenvalerate, a representative pyrethroid insecticide, is well documented. The present study aimed to explore whether prenatal exposure to fenvalerate causes depression-like behavior in adulthood. Pregnant mice were orally administrated with either corn oil or fenvalerate (2 or 20 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Depressive-like behaviors were assessed by tail suspension test (TST), forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT). Immobility times in TST and FST were increased in offspring whose mothers were exposed to fenvalerate throughout pregnancy. By contrast, sugar preference index, as determined by SPT, was decreased in fenvalerate-exposed offspring. Prefrontal PSD95, a postsynaptic membrane marker, was downregulated in fenvalerate-exposed adulthood offspring. Fenvalerate-induced reduction of prefrontal PSD95 began at GD18 fetal period. Accordingly, prefrontal 5-HT, a neurotransmitter for synaptogenesis, was also reduced in fenvalerate-exposed GD18 fetuses. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), a key enzyme for 5-HT synthesis, was downregulated in the midbrain of fenvalerate-exposed GD18 fetuses. Additional experiment showed that GRP78 and p-eIF2α, two endoplasmic reticulum stress-related proteins, were increased in the midbrain of fenvalerate-exposed fetal mice. The present results suggest that prenatal exposure to fenvalerate causes depressive-like behavior in adulthood, partially by inhibiting brain-derived 5-HT synthesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)