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[Display omitted] • Five kinds of single hydrolyzing bacteria were selected to mineralize long flame coal, and the hydrolysis ways were different. • KEGG metabolic pathway was used to investigate the metabolic process of hydrolytic bacteria. The results showed that acetic acid conversion was the main methanogenesis of bacteria B3, and methylamine conversion was the main methanogenesis of bacteria K2. • According to methane production and microbial activity, B3 was determined to be the best hydrolytic bacterium. The hydrolysis process is the rate-limiting step of coal anaerobic fermentation, and the selection of high-efficiency hydrolysis bacteria determines the hydrolysis of coal efficiency. To optimize the hydrolysis of the coal, five different single hydrolytic bacteria were extracted from long-flame coal for hydrolysis and gas production experiments. The solid–liquid two-phase products after hydrolysis were analyzed by using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer test (FTIR), three-dimensional Excitation Emission Matrix test (3D-EEM), and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer test (GC–MS). The metabolic differences of the two strains with better degradation effects were analyzed. The results showed that the metabolites in the hydrolysis stage of coal to methane were mainly aromatic compounds and organic acids. The gas production cycle of coal samples without microbial hydrolysis treatment was 27 days, while that with microbial hydrolysis treatment was significantly shortened. The cumulative methane production capacities of the Bacillus polymorpha and Bacillus sphaericus strains were 4.28 mL/g and 3.75 mL/g, respectively. After the coal was degraded by Bacillus polymorpha bacteria, the methane production rate of coal samples was 58.6 %, with the degradation rate constant k was 0.488. Strain Bacillus sphaericus had better transport capacity for amino acids, proteins, and the degradation solution contained more soluble organic matter. The methanogenesis process was dominated by methylamine conversion. The Bacillus polymorpha could degrade aromatic carbon, and its degraded products had the highest content of polymer compounds, organic acids, benzene, and its derivatives. The reaction process could secrete more coenzymes. The methanogenic process mainly involved acetic acid decarboxylation conversion, and its hydrolysis effect was the best. Bacillus polymorpha and Bacillus sphaericus strains screened in this experiment can be used as highly efficiency hydrolytic bacteria to promote anaerobic fermentation to produce methane, which could significantly improve the hydrolysis efficiency. In practical applications, a more suitable on-site hydrolytic bacteria expansion method should be considered, and the feasibility of pure strain application should be fully considered to make it better applied to the bioengineering site of Coalbed methane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescence is a remarkable period of brain development. Prenatal stress can increase the risk of various neuropsychiatric disorders. This research investigated neurochemical and behavioural changes in the offspring rats (especially adolescences) who were treated with repeated variable prenatal stress (PNS) during the third week of gestation. The study tested the concentration of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68), synaptotagmin‐1(Syt‐1), 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), dopamine (DA), glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and oestrogen receptors (ERs) in the PFC (prefrontal cortex). We also tested prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) (a measure of sensorimotor gating). The main results were as follows: PNS increased the BDNF and CD68 concentrations in adolescent females, and increased the Syt‐1 concentration in adolescent males. The increases in BDNF/CD68 concentration (in females) and Syt‐1/DA concentration (in males) with age were disturbed by PNS, and PNS changed the sex differences in CD68 concentration in adolescence and disturbed the sex differences in the Syt‐1 concentration (in adolescence) and DA concentration (in adults). In conclusion, we found that PNS lead to Sex‐dependent aberrant PFC development, and might accelerate the development of the adolescent PFC, and so that lessened the age difference (between adolescence and adulthood) and the sex difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adolescence is a period of heightened susceptibility to anxiety disorders. Probiotic supplementation had a positive impact on reducing anxiety. The maternal microbiome plays an important role in child health outcomes and in the establishment of the offspring microbiome. Few studies have investigated the impact of gestational probiotic supplementation on the offspring's anxiety. Methods: The present study examined the impact of prenatal Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 supplementation (LAC) on Sprague Dawley rat offspring's anxiety‐like behavior. The behaviors tested in the present study include the elevated plus maze (EPM), the open field test (OFT), and prepulse inhibition (PPI). Analyses of variance were utilized. Results: (a) The performance of LAC adolescent rats in the EPM was similar to that in the OFT, both of which reflect that LAC caused an antianxiety effect in adolescent offspring rats and the antianxiety effect without sex differences; (b) LAC did not change performance in PPI and did not change the sex and age differences in PPI; and c. LAC decreased the body mass of rat offspring. Conclusion: Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 supplementation during gestation might have a moderate antianxiety effect in both males and females (especially adolescents) and be helpful for avoiding excessive body mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Ti/SnO 2 –RuO 2 stable anode was successfully prepared by thermal decomposition method, and low concentration cefotaxime sodium (CFX) was degraded by green and sustainable electrocatalytic oxidation technology. The electrocatalytic activity and stability of the Ti/SnO 2 –RuO 2 coating electrode were studied according to the polarization curve of oxygen and chlorine evolution. The effects of current density, initial concentration, pH, electrolyte concentration, and other technological parameters on the degradation efficiency were discussed. Orthogonal experiment results indicated that when the current density was 25 mA cm−2, concentration of electrolyte was 5 mM and the pH value was 7, the best CFX removal rate of 86.33% could be obtained. The degradation efficiency of electrocatalytic oxidation was discussed through electrochemical analysis. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyze the different inlet and outlet stages before and after the degradation of CFX, and the possible degradation process was discussed. Therefore, the electrocatalytic oxidation of Ti/SnO 2 –RuO 2 electrode was a clean and efficient technology, which could be widely used in the treatment of CFX wastewater. [Display omitted] • SnO 2 and RuO 2 are used as dopant to DSA to the degradation of cefotaxime sodium. • Ti/SnO 2 –RuO 2 anode displays excellent stability and electrochemical activity. • ·OH and ClO− play a decisive role in the removal of cefotaxime sodium. • Cefotaxime sodium removal efficiency of 86.33% is reached. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO anode was used to degrade perfluorooctanoic acid. • The properties of three composite electrodes were comparad. • Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO electrode has good stability and electrochemical oxidation. • The optimal removal rate of perfluorooctanoic acid reached 86.17%. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was a persistent pollutant that exists in many environmental media. In this research, two kinds of metal additive (Zn, Ru) were applied to Titanium substrate to obtain suitable coating materials for PFOA degradation in sewage. Three compound materials were compared to confirm the removal efficiency of PFOA under different electrolytic conditions and the stability of coating, and the Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO was determined to the most suitable anode. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) were employed to analyze the modification properties of Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO anode at the same. The impact of different working conditions included three factors: pH, current density, and initial concentration. When Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO anode was evaluated, in order to achieve optimum effects (86.17%), it should be proved that pH was 6, current density was 16 mA/cm2 and initial concentration was 10 mg/L. The excellent stability of electrode was detected by five parallel experiments. Besides, the experiment determined the degradation kinetics, and it further explored the removal mechanism, as well as the pathways of PFOA degradation by Ti/SnO 2 -ZnO anode through the analysis of decomposition intermediates. The results showed that PFOA degradation was a directly mineralization and underwent complex reactions, observing the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Heavy metals and microplastics were treated through interpenetrating bipolar plate electrocoagulation (IBPE). • Changes of current density and initial pH value were proved to affect the experimental results. • Reaction mechanism of IBPE reactor for removing heavy metals and microplastics was analyzed. • IBPE reactor could effectively remove heavy metals and microplastics in secondary effluent of WWTP. In this study, the mixed pollutants of microplastics and heavy metals from secondary effluent of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were removed by interpenetrating bipolar plate electrocoagulation (IBPE) reactor. Heavy metals and microplastics in the wastewater were simultaneously removed during the experimental process with high removal efficiency. The influences of current density, initial pH and reaction time on the removal rate were analyzed. When the current density was 12 mA / cm2, the initial pH was 6 and the reaction time was 20 min, the optimal removal efficiency of heavy metals and microplastics were obtained with removal rates of 95.16% and 97.5%, respectively. Under the condition of different current densities, the change of removal rate with time was fitted through mathematical model. The complexation forms of heavy metals and surface groups of microplastics were analyzed through pseudo-voltammetry curve. The operation cost of removing microplastics and heavy metals through IBPE reactor was 0.91 $·L−1 under the optimal experimental conditions. The experimental results suggested that this process reduced the potential harm of microplastics and heavy metals to aquatic organisms and human beings. The IBPE could be applied as a clean technology for simultaneous removal of microplastics and heavy metals from secondary effluent of WWTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) in water pose a great threat to the ecological environment, but the impact of MPs on constructed wetland microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) has not been studied, so in order to fill the research gap and enrich the research in the field of microplastics, a 360-day experiment was designed to determine the operating status of CW-MFCs at different concentrations (0, 10, 100 and 1000 μg/L) polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) at different times, focusing on the changes of the CW-MFCs' ability to handle pollutants, power production performance and microbial composition. The results showed that with the accumulation of PE-MPs, the removal effect of COD and TP did not change significantly, and that the removal rate was maintained at around 90% and 77.9% respectively, within 120 d of operation. What's more, the denitrification efficiency increased (from 4.1% to 19.6%), but with the passage of time, it decreased significantly (from 7.16% to 31.9%) at the end of the experiment, while oxygen mass transfer rate was significantly increased. Further analysis showed that the accumulation of PE-MPs did not affect the current power density significantly with the changes of time and concentration, but the accumulation of PE-MPs would inhibit the exogenous electrical biofilm and increase the internal resistance, thereby affecting the electrochemical performance of the system. In addition, the results of microbial PCA showed that the composition and the activity of the microorganisms were changed under the action of PE-MPs, that the microbial community in CW-MFC showed a dose effect on the input of PE-MPs, and that the relative abundance of nitrifying bacteria with time was significantly affected by PE-MPs concentration. The relative abundance of denitrifying bacteria decreased over time, but PE-MPs promoted the reproduction of denitrifying bacteria, which was consistent with the changes in nitrification and denitrification rates. The removal modes of EP-MPs by CW-MFC include the adsorption and the electrochemical degradation, with two isothermal adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich being constructed in the experiment, and the electrochemical degradation process of EP-MPs being simulated. In summary, the results show that the accumulation of PE-MPs can induce a series of changes in substrate, microbial species and activity of CW-MFCs, which in turn affects the pollutant removal efficiency and power generation performance during its operation. [Display omitted] • The effect of EP-MPs on CW-MFCs was studied for the first time. • CW-MFCs realized the effective removal of EP-MPs. • EP-MPs' high level inhibited denitrification efficiency, promoting OUR. • EP-MPs concentration change hardly affects CW-MFCs power generation efficiency. • EP-MPs change the composition of microorganisms in CW-MFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reclaimed water is widely concerned as an effective recharge of groundwater and surface water, but trace organic pollutants produced by traditional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) would cause environmental pollution (water and soil) during infiltration. Therefore, the effects of reclaimed water containing ofloxacin (OFL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in antibiotics polluted natural soil (APNS) were investigated by simulating soil aquifer treatment systems (SATs). The experiment results showed that OFL and CIP in water were adsorbed and microbially degraded mainly at 30 cm, and the concentration of OFL and CIP in soil increased with depth, which were mainly due to the desorption from APNS. Concurrently, the change in replenishment water concentration also significantly affected OFL and CIP in pore water and soil. Although OFL and CIP inhibited the diversity of soil microbial community, they also promoted the growth of some microorganisms. As the dominant bacteria, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteriota can effectively participate in the degradation of OFL and CIP. The degradation effects of soil microorganisms on OFL and CIP were 45.48% and 42.39%, respectively, indicating that soil microorganisms selectively degraded pollutants. This experiment was carried out on APNS, which provided a reference for future studies on the migration of trace organic pollutants under natural conditions. • OFL and CIP adsorption degradation mainly occurred in the surface of ANPS. • The microorganism degradation of OFL and CIP were 45.28% and 42.39% in APNS. • OFL and CIP infiltration significantly affected the microbial community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of poly(L-lactide)-poly(ϵ-caprolactone) diblock copolymers (AB) and poly(L-lactide)-poly(ϵ-caprolactone)-poly(L-lactide) triblock copolymers (ABA) with predictable molecular weights and relatively narrow distributions were synthesized by ring-opening polymerization of successively added ϵ-caprolactone (ϵ-CL) andL-lactide (LLA) using 4-methyl benzo-12-crown-4 imidazol-2-ylidene as catalyst. The effects of polymerization conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, monomer/catalyst molar ratio and monomer concentration on the copolymerization have been discussed in detail. The resulting copolymers were characterized by1H-NMR,13C-NMR, IR, GPC and DSC methods which confirmed the successful synthesis of block copolymers of LLA and ϵ-CL. Hydrolytic degradation of the polymers showed that the PLLA-PCL-PLLA copolymer exhibited faster degradation as compared with the PCL homopolymer in alkaline medium at 37°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]