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Background: To evaluate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of myocardial perfusion in the assessment of flow-limiting epicardial stenosis in a head-to-head comparison with abnormal thallium-201 (201TI) single photon emission tomography (SPECT) studies in patients with predominantly known coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results: Twenty-one patients (mean age 65±10years) with reversible myocardial perfusion defects on 201TI-SPECT images during dipyridamole-stimulated hyperemia were recruited for study purpose. Within 5days of the 201TI-SPECT study, myocardial perfusion was studied again with MRI during dipyridamole stimulation and at rest. Overall, 201TI-SPECT identified 30 reversible regional perfusion defects. The sensitivity to detect hypoperfused segments was 70% (21/30) with the GRE-MRI perfusion analysis with 201TI-SPECT as reference. When patients were subgrouped according to the extent of regional reversible perfusion defects on 201TI-SPECT, mild- (SDS: 2-4), moderate- (SDS: 5-8), and severe- (SDS>8) perfusion defects were also identified by GRE-MRI perfusion analysis in 75% (6/8), in 56% (9/16) and 100% (6/6), respectively. Conclusions: GRE-MRI first-pass stress perfusion imaging may not identify up to 30% of mild-to-moderate perfusion defects in a group of preselected patients with predominantly known CAD and abnormal 201TI-SPECT studies

In patients with large total blood volume contrast material (CM) dilution decreases coronary attenuation in CT coronary angiography (CTCA). As increased blood volume is well paralleled by body surface area (BSA) we assessed a BSA-adapted CM protocol to compensate for dilution effects. Low-dose CTCA with prospective ECG-triggering was performed in 80 patients with a BSA-adapted CM bolus ranging 40-105ml and injection rate ranging 3.5-5.0ml/s for a BSA of <1.70 to ≥2.5m2. Eighty control patients matched for BSA who had previously undergone routine CTCA with a fixed CM protocol of 80ml at 5ml/s served as reference group. The average vessel attenuation from the proximal right (RCA) and the left main coronary artery (LMA) was assessed. Correlation of BSA with vessel attenuation was assessed in both groups. BSA-matching of all patients was successful (BSA-adapted group 1.98±0.15m2, range 1.66-2.39m2 versus reference group 1.98±0.17m2, range 1.59-2.38m2; P=0.74). Mean CM bolus was significantly smaller in the BSA-adapted versus the reference group (70.9±14.1 vs. 80.0±0ml, P<0.001). There was no correlation in the BSA-adapted group (r=−0.07, P=0.53, SEE=0.15), while coronary attenuation was inversely related to BSA in the reference group (r=−0.59, P<0.001, SEE=0.14). We have successfully validated a BSA-adapted contrast material protocol which results in a comparable coronary contrast enhancement independent of individual BSA. This was achieved despite a significant reduction in the overall contrast material amount

Purpose: Shortening scan time and/or reducing radiation dose at maintained image quality are the main issues of the current research in radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). We aimed to validate a new iterative reconstruction (IR) algorithm for SPECT MPI allowing shortened acquisition time (HALF time) while maintaining image quality vs. standard full time acquisition (FULL time). Methods: In this study, 50 patients, referred for evaluation of known or suspected coronary artery disease by SPECT MPI using 99mTc-Tetrofosmin, underwent 1-day adenosine stress 300MBq/rest 900MBq protocol with standard (stress 15min/rest 15min FULL time) immediately followed by short emission scan (stress 9min/rest 7min HALF time) on a Ventri SPECT camera (GE Healthcare). FULL time scans were processed with IR, short scans were additionally processed with a recently developed software algorithm for HALF time emission scans. All reconstructions were subsequently analyzed using commercially available software (QPS/QGS, Cedars Medical Sinai) with/without X-ray based attenuation correction (AC). Uptake values (percent of maximum) were compared by regression and Bland-Altman (BA) analysis in a 20-segment model. Results: HALF scans yielded a 96% readout and 100% clinical diagnosis concordance compared to FULL. Correlation for uptake in each segment (n = 1,000) was r = 0.87at stress (p < 0.001) and r = 0.89 at rest (p < 0.001) with respective BA limits of agreement of −11% to 10% and −12% to 11%. After AC similar correlation (r = 0.82, rest; r = 0.80, stress, both p < 0.001) and BA limits were found (−12% to 10%; −13% to 12%). Conclusion: With the new IR algorithm, SPECT MPI can be acquired at half of the scan time without compromising image quality, resulting in an excellent agreement with FULL time scans regarding to uptake and clinical conclusion

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of real-time breath-hold-triggered myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using a novel cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) gamma camera to discriminate artefacts from true perfusion defects. Methods: A group of 40 patients underwent a 1-day 99mTc-tetrofosmin pharmacological stress/rest imaging protocol on a conventional dual detector SPECT gamma camera with and without attenuation correction (AC), immediately followed by scanning on an ultrafast CZT camera with and without real-time breath-hold triggering (instead of AC) by intermittent scanning confined to breath-hold at deep inspiration (using list mode acquisition). We studied the use of breath-hold triggering on the CZT camera and its ability to discriminate artefacts from true perfusion defects using AC SPECT MPI as the reference standard. Myocardial tracer uptake (percent of maximum) from CZT was compared to AC SPECT MPI by intraclass correlation and by calculating Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Results: AC of SPECT MPI identified 19 apparent perfusion defects as artefacts. Of these, 13 were correctly identified and 4 were partially unmasked (decrease in extent and/or severity) by breath-hold triggering of the CZT scan. All perfusion defects verified by SPECT MPI with AC were appropriately documented by CZT with and without breath-hold triggering. This was supported by the quantitative analysis, as the correlation (r) of myocardial tracer uptake between CZT and AC SPECT improved significantly from 0.81 to 0.90 (p<0.001) when applying breath-hold triggering. Similarly, Bland-Altman limits of agreement were narrower for CZT scans with breath-hold triggering. Conclusion: This novel CZT camera allows real-time breath-hold triggering as a potential alternative to AC to assist in the discrimination of artefacts from true perfusion defects

Background: The aim of this study was to determine whether epicardial structural disease may affect the manifestation of a longitudinal decrease in myocardial blood flow (MBF) or MBF difference during hyperemia in cardiovascular risk individuals, and its dependency on the flow increase. Methods and Results: In 54 cardiovascular risk individuals (at risk) and in 26 healthy controls, MBF was measured with 13N-ammonia and PET/CT in mL/g/min at rest and during dipyridamole stimulation. Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTA) was performed using a 64-slice CT of a PET/CT system. Absolute MBFs during dipyridamole stimulation were mildly lower in the mid-distal than in the mid-LV myocardium in controls (2.20±.51 vs 2.29±.51, P<.0001), while it was more pronounced in at risk with normal and abnormal CTA (1.56±.42 vs 1.91±.46 and 1.18±.34 vs 1.51±.40mL/g/min, respectively, P<.0001), resulting in a longitudinal MBF difference that was highest in at risk with normal CTA, intermediate in at risk abnormal CTA, and lowest in controls (.35±.16 and .22±.09 vs .09±.04mL/g/min, respectively, P<.0001). On multivariate analysis, log-CCS and mid-LV hyperemic MBF increase, indicative of microvascular function, were independent predictors of the observed longitudinal MBF difference (P≤.004 by ANOVA). Conclusions: Epicardial structural disease and microvascular function are important determinants of an abnormal longitudinal MBF difference as determined with PET/CT

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic performance of a novel ultrafast cardiac gamma camera with cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) solid-state semiconductor detectors for nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI). Methods: The study group comprised 75 consecutive patients (55 men, BMI range 19-45kg/m2) who underwent a 1-day 99mTc-tetrofosmin adenosine-stress/rest imaging protocol. Scanning was performed first on a conventional dual-detector SPECT gamma camera (Ventri, GE Healthcare) with a 15-min acquisition time each for stress and rest. All scans were immediately repeated on an ultrafast CZT camera (Discovery 530 NMc, GE Healthcare) with a 3-min scan time for stress and a 2-min scan time for rest. Clinical agreement (normal, ischaemia, scar) between CZT and SPECT was assessed for each patient and for each coronary territory using SPECT MPI as the reference standard. Segmental myocardial tracer uptake values (percent of maximum) using a 20-segment model and left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) values obtained using CZT were compared with those obtained using conventional SPECT by intraclass correlation and by calculating Bland-Altman limits of agreement. Results: There was excellent clinical agreement between CZT and conventional SPECT on a per-patient basis (96.0%) and on a per-vessel territory basis (96.4%) as shown by a highly significant correlation between segmental tracer uptake values (r=0.901, p<0.001). Similarly, EF values for both scanners were highly correlated (r=0.976, p<0.001) with narrow Bland-Altman limits of agreement (−5.5-10.6%). Conclusion: The novel CZT camera allows a more than fivefold reduction in scan time and provides clinical information equivalent to conventional standard SPECT MPI

Aims To assess the prognostic value of anti-apolipoprotein A-1 (anti-apoA-1) IgG after myocardial infarction (MI) and its association with major cardiovascular events (MACEs) at 12 months and to determine their association with resting heart rate (RHR), a well-established prognostic feature after MI. Anti-apoA-1 IgG have been reported in MI without autoimmune disease, but their clinical significance remains undetermined. Methods and results A total of 221 consecutive patients with MI were prospectively included, and all completed a 12-month follow-up. Major cardiovascular events consisted in death, MI, stroke, or hospitalization either for an acute coronary syndrome or heart failure. Resting heart rate was obtained on Holter the day before discharge under the same medical treatment. Neonate rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVC) were used in vitro to assess the direct anti-apoA-1 IgG effect on RHR. During follow-up, 13% of patients presented a MACE. Anti-apoA-1 IgG positivity was 9% and was associated with a higher RHR (P = 0.0005) and higher MACE rate (adjusted OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.46-12.6; P = 0.007). Survival models confirmed the significant nature of this association. Patients with MACE had higher median anti-apoA-1 IgG values at admission than patients without (P = 0.007). On NRVC, plasma from MI patients and monoclonal anti-apoA-1 IgG induced an aldosterone and dose-dependent positive chronotropic effect, abrogated by apoA-1 and therapeutic immunoglobulin (IVIG) pre-incubation. Conclusions In MI patients, anti-apoA-1 IgG is independently associated with MACE at 1-year, interfering with a currently unknown aldosterone-dependent RHR determinant. Knowing whether anti-apoA-1 IgG assessment could be of interest to identify an MI patient subset susceptible to benefit from apoA-1/IVIG therapy remains to be demonstrated

Aims Although cardiac hybrid imaging, fusing single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), provides important complementary diagnostic information for coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment, no prognostic data exist on the predictive value of cardiac hybrid imaging. Hence, the aim of this study was to assess the prognostic value of hybrid SPECT/CCTA images. Methods and results Of 335 consecutive patients undergoing a 1-day stress/rest 99mTc-tetrofosmin SPECT and a CCTA, acquired on stand-alone scanners and fused to obtain cardiac hybrid images, follow-up was obtained in 324 patients (97%). Survival free of all-cause death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) and free of major adverse cardiac events (MACE: death, MI, unstable angina requiring hospitalization, coronary revascularizations) was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method for the following groups: (i) stenosis by CCTA and matching reversible SPECT defect; (ii) unmatched CCTA and SPECT finding; and (iii) normal finding by CCTA and SPECT. Cox's proportional hazard regression was used to identify independent predictors for cardiac events. At a median follow-up of 2.8 years (25th-75th percentile: 1.9-3.6), 69 MACE occurred in 47 patients, including 20 death/MI. A corresponding matched hybrid image finding was associated with a significantly higher death/MI incidence (P < 0.005) and proved to be an independent predictor for MACE. The annual death/MI rate was 6.0, 2.8, and 1.3% for patients with matched, unmatched, and normal findings. Conclusion Cardiac hybrid imaging allows risk stratification in patients with known or suspected CAD. A matched defect on hybrid image is a strong predictor of MACE