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The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for several diseases that affect the nervous system, based on evidence largely arising from preclinical cellular studies and in rodents, which suggest that CBD can be neuroprotective, cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory. However, few controlled clinical trials investigating CBD have been conducted to date to elucidate its therapeutic potential. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of cannabidiol in the treatment of neurological diseases in order to bring, to the light of knowledge, new discoveries about the pharmacological properties of this substance and discuss its possible use in association with conventional treatments. To this end, a bibliographical search was carried out in the EMBASE, MEDLINE and LILACS databases with the selection of original articles and case reports published between the years 2017 and 2023, resulting in the inclusion of 14 studies in this review. The results of the articles analyzed indicated that the response to CBD therapy was heterogeneous in different conditions and that some variables have not yet been studied, such as the long-term effect. It was also observed that the medicinal effect of CBD on seizures associated with some neurological conditions was, for the most part, positive, minimizing the frequency and severity of this symptom. Therefore, for adjuvant treatment with CBD in diseases that affect the nervous system to be viable, it is necessary to carry out new studies on the herbal substance in order to obtain clinical improvement in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]