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7. Essays on Trade and Production Sharing

Author

Noguera, Guillermo Marcelo

Subjects
Economics, domestic content, gravity model, input-output, production sharing, value added trade, vertical specialization
Abstract

This dissertation consists of three essays on trade and production sharing.Chapter 1 analyzes the value added content of bilateral trade. In this chapter, Robert Johnson and I combine input-output and bilateral trade data to compute the ratio of value added to gross exports (VAX ratio), which is a measure of the intensity of production sharing. We find that across countries, export composition drives VAX ratios, with exporters of Manufactures having lower ratios. Across sectors, the VAX ratio for Manufactures is low relative to Services, primarily because Services are used as an intermediate to produce manufacturing exports. Across bilateral partners, VAX ratios vary widely and contain information on both bilateral and triangular production chains. We find that bilateral production linkages, not variation in the composition of exports, drives variation in bilateral VAX ratios. Finally, bilateral imbalances measured in value added differ from gross trade imbalances. Most prominently, the U.S.-China imbalance in 2004 is 30-40% smaller when measured in value added.Chapter 2 studies how international trade flows respond to changes in trade costs. An extensive literature uses gravity equations to estimate the trade cost elasticity of trade flows. This chapter shows that the standard estimation of the gravity equation is biased because it ignores that a large share of international trade is in intermediate rather than final goods. Final and intermediate goods trade flows respond differently to changes in trade costs and not distinguishing between them leads to an underestimation of the overall trade cost elasticity in absolute value of 39% on average. The magnitude of the bias is strongly correlated with the degree of production sharing: countries whose imports contain relatively low value added from the direct exporter have relatively large negative biases; that is, their true trade cost elasticity is significantly larger in absolute value than when not accounting for production sharing.Chapter 3 explores the evolution and determinants of production sharing patterns and trade costs over 1995-2005. Following the methodology from Chapter 1, I construct a panel dataset of annual bilateral value added flows for 39 countries and a rest of the world region and eight sectors. I show that the VAX ratio declined by 8% on average between 1995 and 2005, and that this is mostly due to an increase in production sharing in the manufacturing sector. I derive micro-founded, comprehensive measures of bilateral trade costs for final and intermediate goods and show that both types of trade costs decreased steadily over the period, with intermediate goods trade costs being significantly lower than final goods trade costs. I also find evidence that intermediate goods trade costs are less responsive to free trade agreements and tariffs, suggesting that hard-to-measure trade costs such as communication and coordination costs are an important determinant.

Published
2011

9. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Abad, Juan C., primary, Abbott, Richard L., additional, Ahmad, Omar, additional, Aigner, Tracy L., additional, Akpek, Esen Karamürsel, additional, Albert, Daniel M., additional, Azar, Dimitri T., additional, Balali, Siamak, additional, Barney, Neal P., additional, Behrens, Ashley, additional, Bernal, Marial D., additional, Brass, Robert E., additional, Braun, Erich H.P., additional, Brent, Geoffrey, additional, Brightbill, Frederick S., additional, Burk, Linda L., additional, Burkat, Cat N., additional, Cavanaugh, Timothy B., additional, Chang, Daniel H., additional, Chen, Edwin S., additional, Chen, Min, additional, Chew, Jesse, additional, Chow, Christopher Y., additional, Chuck, Roy S., additional, Cionni, Robert J., additional, Clamen, Liane, additional, Cockerham, Glenn C., additional, Cooke, Carole A., additional, Coster, Douglas J., additional, Cox, Constance, additional, Criden, Marc R., additional, Dahlgren, Matthew Alan, additional, Dawson, Daniel, additional, Daya, Sheraz M., additional, Djalilian, Ali R., additional, Doane, John F., additional, Dogru, Murat, additional, Doherty, Terence J., additional, Dohlman, Claes H., additional, Donnenfeld, Eric D., additional, Donshik, Peter C., additional, Dunn, Steven P., additional, Dupps, William J., additional, Edelhauser, Henry, additional, Ehlers, William, additional, Espinosa-Lagana, Marcela, additional, Evangelista, Jason, additional, Faktorovich, Ella G., additional, Farah, Samir G., additional, Farid, Marjan, additional, Farjo, Ayad A., additional, Farjo, Qais Anastas, additional, Fini, M. Elizabeth, additional, Ford, Jerry G., additional, Foster, C. Stephen, additional, Fouraker, Bradley, additional, Fournié, Pierre, additional, Garg, Prashant, additional, Geroski, Dayle H., additional, Giegengack, Matthew, additional, Ginsberg, Steven Paul, additional, Glasser, David B., additional, Gordon, Michael, additional, Gordon, Gabriel M., additional, Gorovoy, Mark S., additional, Gottsch, John D., additional, Green, Colin R., additional, Haight, David H., additional, Haller, Julia A., additional, Hamada, Samer, additional, Hardten, David R., additional, Hauswirth, Scott G., additional, Heidemann, David G., additional, Herrygers, Lisa, additional, Herz, Natasha L., additional, Hodge, Christopher, additional, Hoffer, Kenneth J., additional, Holland, Edward J., additional, Jackson, Randolph T., additional, Jakobs, Frank M., additional, John, Thomas, additional, Jun, Albert S., additional, Kahana, Alon, additional, Kara-Jose, Andrea Cotait, additional, Katz, Steven E., additional, Klyce, Stephen D., additional, Koch, Douglas D., additional, Kornmehl, Ernest W., additional, Krachmer, Jay H., additional, Kulkarni, Amol D., additional, Laibson, Peter R., additional, Laing, Ronald A., additional, Lanier, Jeffrey Day, additional, Lass, Jonathan H., additional, Lawless, Michael A., additional, Ledee, Dolena R., additional, Lee, James, additional, Lee, Janet, additional, Lee, Yunhee, additional, Lekhanont, Kaevalin, additional, Lembach, Richard G., additional, Levenson, Jeremy E., additional, Leyngold, Ilya M., additional, Liesegang, Thomas J., additional, Lindquist, Thomas D., additional, Lindstrom, Richard L., additional, Lucarelli, Mark J., additional, Lucas-Glass, Tina C., additional, Macsai, Marian S., additional, Mahran, Waleed, additional, Manns, Fabrice, additional, Martins, Suy Anne R., additional, Mathers, William D., additional, McDonnell, Peter J., additional, McGhee, Charles N.J., additional, Meisler, David M., additional, Mian, Shahzad, additional, Milne, H. L. Rick, additional, Mondino, Bartly J., additional, Muenzler, W. Stanley, additional, Nassiri, Nariman, additional, Nehls, Sarah, additional, Newton, Catherine, additional, Noguera, Guillermo E., additional, Nordlund, Michael L., additional, Oleynikov, Yuri S., additional, Olson, Randall J., additional, Onclinx, Tania M., additional, Ongucci, Tatsuya, additional, Oshika, Tetsuro, additional, Panday, Vasudha A., additional, Patel, Sanjay V., additional, Pepose, Jay S., additional, Pfister, Daryl R., additional, Pfister, Roswell R., additional, Delong Potter, Heather Anne, additional, Prakash, Gaurav, additional, Price, Marianne O., additional, Price, Francis W., additional, Probst, Louis E., additional, Qazi, Mujtaba A., additional, Rao, Gullapalli N., additional, Rapuano, Christopher J., additional, Reddy, Satya V., additional, Reed, John William, additional, Reinhart, William J., additional, Roberts, Cynthia J., additional, Rose, Linda, additional, Rosenfeld, Steven, additional, Rothman, Jason S., additional, Rowsey, James, additional, Rubinfeld, Roy Scott, additional, Schanzlin, David J., additional, Serdarevic, Olivia N., additional, Shamie, Neda, additional, Sharma, Namrata, additional, Shaw, Edward, additional, Sherwin, Trevor, additional, Shimmura, Shigeto, additional, Sindt, Christine, additional, Slade, Stephen, additional, Solomon, Renée, additional, Soong, Kaz, additional, Stark, Walter J., additional, Steinert, Roger F., additional, Sugar, Joel, additional, Sugar, Alan, additional, Suh, Leejee H., additional, Sutphin, John E., additional, Terry, Mark A., additional, Thompson, Matthew Joseph, additional, Tsubota, Kazuo, additional, Tu, Elmer Y., additional, Vajpayee, Rasik B., additional, Vakharia, Mitul R., additional, Van Buren, Jeremy, additional, Van Meter, Woodford S., additional, Vastine, David W., additional, Verity, Steven M., additional, Vito, Elizabeth C.L., additional, Wadia, Hormuz P., additional, Wagoner, Michael D., additional, Waller, Stephen G., additional, Wang, Li, additional, Waring, George O., additional, Werner, Liliana, additional, Weston, Bonnie C., additional, Wheeldon, Catherine E., additional, Williams, Keryn A., additional, Williams, John, additional, Yoon, Eric Y., additional, Zaidman, Gerald W., additional, and Zoumalan, Christopher I., additional

Published
2009
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10. International buyers' sourcing and suppliers markups in Bangladeshi garments

Author

Cajal-Grossi, Julia, Macchiavello, Rocco, and Noguera, Guillermo

Subjects
HD Industries. Land use. Labor, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDSOCIETY, HC Economic History and Conditions, HF Commerce
Abstract

Large international buyers play a key role in global value chains. We exploit detailed transaction-level data on the usage of material inputs to study how Bangladeshi garment suppliers' markups vary across international buyers. We find substantial dispersion in markups across export orders of a given seller for the same product. Buyer effects explain a significant share of this variation, while destination effects do not. Buyers adopting relational sourcing strategies pay higher markups than non-relational buyers. This pattern holds within seller-product-year combinations, is robust to controlling for the buyer's size, traded volumes, and quality, and, together with larger volumes, implies higher profits for suppliers dealing with relational buyers.

Published
2019

23. Buyers' sourcing strategies and suppliers' markups in Bangladeshi garments

Author

Cajal-Grossi, Julia, Macchiavello, Rocco, Noguera, Guillermo, Cajal-Grossi, Julia, Macchiavello, Rocco, and Noguera, Guillermo

Abstract

We study differences in markups earned by Bangladeshi garment exporters across buyers with different sourcing strategies and make three contributions. First, we distinguish buyers with a relational versus a spot sourcing strategy and show that a buyer's sourcing strategy is correlated across products and origins. Buyer fixed effects explain most of the variation in sourcing strategies, suggesting that these depend on organizational capabilities. Second, we use novel data that match quantities and prices of the two main variable inputs in the production of garments (fabric and labor on sewing lines) to specific export orders. We derive conditions under which these data allow measurement of within exporter-product-time differences in markups across orders produced for different buyers. Third, we show that exporters earn higher markups on otherwise identical orders produced for relational, as opposed to spot, buyers. A sourcing model with imperfect contract enforcement, idiosyncratic shocks to exporters, and buyers that adopt different sourcing strategies trading off higher prices and reliable supply rationalizes this and other observed facts in the industry. We discuss alternative explanations and policy implications.

24. International buyers' sourcing and suppliers' markups in Bangladeshi garments

Author

Cajal-Grossi, Julia, Macchiavello, Rocco, Noguera, Guillermo, Cajal-Grossi, Julia, Macchiavello, Rocco, and Noguera, Guillermo

Abstract

Large international buyers play a key role in global value chains. We exploit detailed transaction-level data on the usage of material inputs to study how Bangladeshi garment suppliers' markups vary across international buyers. We find substantial dispersion in markups across export orders of a given seller for the same product. Buyer effects explain a significant share of this variation, while destination effects do not. Buyers adopting relational sourcing strategies pay higher markups than non-relational buyers. This pattern holds within seller-product-year combinations, is robust to controlling for the buyer's size, traded volumes, and quality, and, together with larger volumes, implies higher profits for suppliers dealing with relational buyers.

26. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Author

Abad, Juan C., Abbott, Richard L., Ahmad, Omar, Aigner, Tracy L., Akpek, Esen Karamürsel, Albert, Daniel M., Azar, Dimitri T., Balali, Siamak, Barney, Neal P., Behrens, Ashley, Bernal, Marial D., Brass, Robert E., Braun, Erich H.P., Brent, Geoffrey, Brightbill, Frederick S., Burk, Linda L., Burkat, Cat N., Cavanaugh, Timothy B., Chang, Daniel H., Chen, Edwin S., Chen, Min, Chew, Jesse, Chow, Christopher Y., Chuck, Roy S., Cionni, Robert J., Clamen, Liane, Cockerham, Glenn C., Cooke, Carole A., Coster, Douglas J., Cox, Constance, Criden, Marc R., Dahlgren, Matthew Alan, Dawson, Daniel, Daya, Sheraz M., Djalilian, Ali R., Doane, John F., Dogru, Murat, Doherty, Terence J., Dohlman, Claes H., Donnenfeld, Eric D., Donshik, Peter C., Dunn, Steven P., Dupps, William J., Jr., Edelhauser, Henry, Ehlers, William, Espinosa-Lagana, Marcela, Evangelista, Jason, Faktorovich, Ella G., Farah, Samir G., Farid, Marjan, Farjo, Ayad A., Farjo, Qais Anastas, Fini, M. Elizabeth, Ford, Jerry G., Foster, C. Stephen, Fouraker, Bradley, Fournié, Pierre, Garg, Prashant, Geroski, Dayle H., Giegengack, Matthew, Ginsberg, Steven Paul, Glasser, David B., Gordon, Michael, Gordon, Gabriel M., Gorovoy, Mark S., Gottsch, John D., Green, Colin R., Haight, David H., Haller, Julia A., Hamada, Samer, Hardten, David R., Hauswirth, Scott G., Heidemann, David G., Herrygers, Lisa, Herz, Natasha L., Hodge, Christopher, Hoffer, Kenneth J., Holland, Edward J., Jackson, Randolph T., Jakobs, Frank M., John, Thomas, Jun, Albert S., Kahana, Alon, Kara-Jose, Andrea Cotait, Katz, Steven E., Klyce, Stephen D., Koch, Douglas D., Kornmehl, Ernest W., Krachmer, Jay H., Kulkarni, Amol D., Laibson, Peter R., Laing, Ronald A., Lanier, Jeffrey Day, Lass, Jonathan H., Lawless, Michael A., Ledee, Dolena R., Lee, James, Lee, Janet, Lee, Yunhee, Lekhanont, Kaevalin, Lembach, Richard G., Levenson, Jeremy E., Leyngold, Ilya M., Liesegang, Thomas J., Lindquist, Thomas D., Lindstrom, Richard L., Lucarelli, Mark J., Lucas-Glass, Tina C., Macsai, Marian S., Mahran, Waleed, Manns, Fabrice, Martins, Suy Anne R., Mathers, William D., McDonnell, Peter J., McGhee, Charles N.J., Meisler, David M., Mian, Shahzad, Milne, H. L. Rick, Mondino, Bartly J., Muenzler, W. Stanley, Nassiri, Nariman, Nehls, Sarah, Newton, Catherine, Noguera, Guillermo E., Nordlund, Michael L., Oleynikov, Yuri S., Olson, Randall J., Onclinx, Tania M., Ongucci, Tatsuya, Oshika, Tetsuro, Panday, Vasudha A., Patel, Sanjay V., Pepose, Jay S., Pfister, Daryl R., Pfister, Roswell R., Delong Potter, Heather Anne, Prakash, Gaurav, Price, Marianne O., Price, Francis W., Jr., Probst, Louis E., Qazi, Mujtaba A., Rao, Gullapalli N., Rapuano, Christopher J., Reddy, Satya V., Reed, John William, Reinhart, William J., Roberts, Cynthia J., Rose, Linda, Rosenfeld, Steven, Rothman, Jason S., Rowsey, James, Rubinfeld, Roy Scott, Schanzlin, David J., Serdarevic, Olivia N., Shamie, Neda, Sharma, Namrata, Shaw, Edward, Sherwin, Trevor, Shimmura, Shigeto, Sindt, Christine, Slade, Stephen, Solomon, Renée, Soong, Kaz, Stark, Walter J., Steinert, Roger F., Sugar, Joel, Sugar, Alan, Suh, Leejee H., Sutphin, John E., Terry, Mark A., Thompson, Matthew Joseph, Tsubota, Kazuo, Tu, Elmer Y., Vajpayee, Rasik B., Vakharia, Mitul R., Van Buren, Jeremy, Van Meter, Woodford S., Vastine, David W., Verity, Steven M., Vito, Elizabeth C.L., Wadia, Hormuz P., Wagoner, Michael D., Waller, Stephen G., Wang, Li, Waring, George O., Werner, Liliana, Weston, Bonnie C., Wheeldon, Catherine E., Williams, Keryn A., Williams, John, Yoon, Eric Y., Zaidman, Gerald W., and Zoumalan, Christopher I.

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