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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study explored NGOs' strategies toward asset accumulation and poverty reduction in Zimbabwe using a case study of three NGOs in the Chegutu District. Despite several NGOs operating in the Chegutu District, asset problems are conspicuously reflected by income struggles, school children dropping out of school and the social exclusion of the communities. Thus, the study analyzed the role of NGOs in asset accumulation and the relationship between asset accumulation and poverty reduction. It emerged that NGOs are using ISALS, nutritional gardens, service provision, income-generating activities (IGAs) and vocational training (VT) to engender the accumulation of financial, social, physical and human assets. As households accumulate sufficient levels of financial assets through interventions like ISALS, VT and nutritional gardens, there is improved social wellbeing, shedding light on the nexus between asset accumulation and poverty reduction. The study was qualitative in nature with data collected through the use of in-depth interviews and FGDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been growing awareness in recent years of the wide‐ranging negative impacts that counter‐terrorism measures and sanctions impose on humanitarian action. Drawing on semi‐structured interviews with the staff of international non‐governmental organisations (INGOs), this paper examines these impacts on INGOs based in the United Kingdom. This is a context where a particularly complex array of laws, policies, and regulatory regimes have emerged alongside an increasingly hostile political and media setting for INGOs, creating an environment characterised by uncertainty. The paper shows that counter‐terrorism measures and sanctions are leading INGOs to adopt more conservative approaches to partnership in areas controlled by proscribed groups, undermining broader commitments to the localisation agenda. The analysis reveals that perceptions of risk within INGOs vary considerably, but that despite this, INGOs have developed strategies to reduce the impacts of counter‐terrorism measures, which over time, have led to improved coordination, and in some instances, a willingness to push back against regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In all domains of society, from health to the economy, security, and human rights, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are amplified for women and girls simply due to the issues associated with gender-based violence. This article will, therefore, explore international organisations and non-governmental organisations’ commitment to ending violence against women in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. To analyse this phenomenon, this article will first focus on the current necessity to make more efforts towards implementing a gender perspective in the field of humanitarian action. This would allow for women’s needs to be better targeted and could also enable them to be better included as actors in this process. Then, this article will highlight the involvement of different organisations in the fight against gender-based violence in parallel to the different programmes put forward in the framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 5. Consequently, after assessing the current actions made in the aftermath of the pandemic, this article will conclude by putting forth potential prospects for future progress.

In all domains of society, from health to the economy, security, and human rights, the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are amplified for women and girls simply due to the issues associated with gender-based violence. This article will, therefore, explore international organisations and non-governmental organisations' commitment to ending violence against women in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. To analyse this phenomenon, this article will first focus on the current necessity to make more efforts towards implementing a gender perspective in the field of humanitarian action. This would allow for women's needs to be better targeted and could also enable them to be better included as actors in this process. Then, this article will highlight the involvement of different organisations in the fight against gender-based violence in parallel to the different programmes put forward in the framework of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 5. Consequently, after assessing the current actions made in the aftermath of the pandemic, this article will conclude by putting forth potential prospects for future progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term non-governmental organisations (NGOs) has been well-known for the development of human rights, charity works and organisational developments. On the other hand, some NGOs also have their specialised roles to help the community such as in conflict resolution, cultural preservation, policy analysis and information provision. Apart from that, there are many categories of NGOs: Islamic-oriented non-governmental organisation (IONGOs), faith-based organisation (FBO), humanitarian NGOs (HNGOs) and government organised NGOs (GONGOs). However, in this research, the researchers focus on how IONGOs compare with NGOs in assisting the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community based on four hijrah NGOs: Persatuan Islah Movement, Persatuan Insaf Pahang, Hijrah Republique Network and Usrah Iqrak. These four NGOs were chosen because of their roles in assisting the LGBT community. In this research, the researchers adapt the qualitative research by using a case study method; phenomenological approaches and a document analysis have also been applied as well. The result shows that these four IONGOs are different from the NGOs based on the seven typologies applied: intersection, distinct, substantive, subset, co-existing, atomistic grouping and constitutive. The implications of this article highlight the fact that IONGOs are different from the LGBT NGOs in Malaysia as they focus more on spirituality and an Islamic pathway. Hence, future research should include focus group interviews with all the members in NGOs that assist the LGBT hijrah in the community. Contribution: This study contributes to LGBT hijrah community and its relationship towards the establishment of Islamic-oriented non-governmental organisation (IONGOs).

Copyright of Military Science Review / Hadtudományi Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Alternative healthcare, community development, social justice, and education are all areas where non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are increasingly being recognised or promoted, but these efforts are hampered by government inefficiency and resource constraints. However, the statement of non-profit organisations is more complicated than simply comparing them to the government, as they may also suffer from a lack of resources and ineffective management, just like the government. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the role and impact of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) towards Sustainable Community Development in and to identify the challenges these organisations face. Method: Throughout this investigation, a wide range of sources from academic journals, reports, and even company websites were consulted to gather data. This article includes data on the number of NGOs in Malaysia, which can help us obtain a better sense of the sector. To find out just how rapidly these non-profits are expanding, the project's goal is to track their progress. A systematic literature review method was used to screen the retrieved articles from three online databases. Findings: Eight articles have been chosen for further analysis in this study. In total, four challenges and four recommendations have been identified. Conclusions: To that end, this article offers some suggestions for improving already-existing non-profit organisations so that they serve the community as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of regulating the Credit Community industry is to standardise moneylenders' business compliance so that consumers may freely choose where to pursue their moneylending transactions. Media reported an increasing trend on breaching of consumers' sovereignty by the moneylenders in Malaysia. Thus, the primary role of regulation effectiveness comes into the limelight. It raises the question of whether regulation enhancement supports or deter consumers' sovereignty. The study was undertaken in Selangor and Kuala Lumpur, where most of the consumers' issues were handled by non-governmental organisations (NGOs). The phenomenology approach was used to extract the three NGO leaders' experiences and four regulator officers' when dealing with the consumers and the licensed moneylenders' issues. Data from semi-structured interviews and moneylending literature were uploaded into Nvivo 12 for thematic analysis. Findings revealed three themes: the non-governmental organisations' role as the "watchdog", the regulator's educational role, and the regulator's role in uplifting consumers' sovereignty. The findings reveal a tendency for consumers with moneylending issues to seek NGOs, which affect the effort of seeking redress. The implication is for the regulator to take the lead in strengthening a three-way working relationship involving the moneylenders' associations and the NGOs to resolve consumers sovereignty issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attacks against humanitarian aid workers have received increasing attention in the media, particularly high‐profile incidents such as those against the hospitals of Médecins Sans Frontières in Afghanistan, Syria, and Yemen. Concurrently, scholarly research has given rise to a number of articles, white papers, and books on humanitarian insecurity. Most of this work centres on external threats, neglecting the internal mechanisms that humanitarian organisations use to mitigate security situations. This paper builds on the existing literature by focusing on the decision‐making processes of humanitarian organisations, drawing on data collected from 16 security managers or advisers. The findings reveal that several factors contribute to contextual uncertainty and complexity, including recipient perceptions, local government actions, the behaviour of other non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the area, logistical issues, risk variance within a single location, and organisational mandate. Furthermore, the results indicate that NGOs utilise a combination of decision‐making processes to determine how to manage security in high‐risk environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Europejski is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many activities that would be classified as financial in developed economies, especially in rural areas, are non-monetized in emerging economies, meaning they are not carried out with money. This is commonly the case when people want services that money can buy but don't have the disposable income to pay for them, forcing them to look for other options. Money is frequently required for lifecycle needs such as weddings, funerals, childbirth, education, home construction, widowhood, and old age, personal emergencies such as sickness, injury, unemployment, theft, harassment, or disasters such as fires, floods, cyclones, and man-made events such as war or dwelling bulldozing, and investment opportunities such as expanding a budding business (which often requires paying a large bribe). The study's main goal is to determine the impact of microfinance on poverty reduction. Microfinance is a key component of an efficient poverty reduction approach, according to this study. Microfinance's impact on poverty alleviation is examined from both a social and economic standpoint. Improvements in life style, lodging standards, income generation, life standard, purchasing power, growth of company facilities, self-employment, and adoption of better technology are among the social and economic aspects evaluated in this study. This study also takes into account economic growth and development. It indicates that the poor can smooth their consumption, better manage their risks, progressively grow their assets, develop their micro firms, increase their income earning ability, and have a higher quality of life by having access to and using micro loans. It claims that the performance of Micro Finance institutions may be enhanced with minimal effort, and that these institutions can play a more effective role in poverty alleviation than is now the case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's international cooperation strategies are gradually changing due to evolving views about the limits of its internationalisation approach, which has traditionally mainly focused on building governmental and business relationships. Intensified interactions with low-income countries in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative are perceived to benefit from an increased role for its domestic non-governmental organisations (NGOs). This article explores China's initial steps in enabling the domestic NGO landscape to internationalise by looking at this development from an organisational capacity perspective. By assessing five key organisational characteristics of 36 Chinese foundations engaging in international cooperation, we find that the average organisational capacity for international cooperation is still limited but shows gradual improvement. While they all comply with government regulations in governance and several foundations have large budgets and capacity for domestic operations, our findings suggest that only a few currently mobilise substantial human and financial resources for their international activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial management policies are used by organizations as tools for ensuring that their finances are managed in proper manner in all areas of their operations. Lack of implementation of proper management policy exposes NGOs to threats like loss of assets, production of financial reports which are incorrect and unreliable for decision making purposes. This may also lead to application of accounting policies by an organization which are not consistent with the applicable governing laws and regulations. However NGOs that have implemented proper financial management policies are generally known to record improved financial performance. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to establish the effect of financial planning on financial performance of Non – Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A sample of 45 NGOs was selected from a population of 1,775 NGOs in Nairobi County both local and international. Data was obtained through the use of questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multiple regression analysis results showed that financial planning affects an organization financial performance. The study found out that financial planning has a great effect on financial performance of NGOs hence an important variable that the management of NGOs should not ignore in order to improve on their financial performance. A feedback system should be put in place ensuring corrective measures are taken to enable organizations respond urgently to emerging risks.

This paper investigates the confluence of humanitarian aid, centralisation, and politics. The 7.0 magnitude earthquake in Haiti on 12 January 2010 led to more than USD 16 billion in pledges. By contrast, Hurricane Matthew, which made landfall in Haiti on 4 October 2016, stayed in the shadows, attracting about one per cent of the amount. While the earthquake exhibited one face of centralisation, the Category 4 storm laid bare rural vulnerabilities shaped by postcolonial state neglect, and reinforced by the influx of non‐governmental organisations in the 'Republic of Port‐au‐Prince'. The study draws on data from four case studies in two departments to illuminate the legacies of hyper‐centralisation in Haiti. Compounding matters, Matthew struck in the middle of an extended election that the international community attempted to control again. The paper argues that disaster assistance and politics are uncomfortably close, while reflecting on the momentary decentralisation of aid after the hurricane and its effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes that occurred in Poland between 2015 and 2019 have not spared the civil society, here understood broadly as NGOs, activist groups, independent academic organisations and minority communities. This paper is an attempt at reconstructing key ideological arguments that took place within it during that time, as well as their significance and effects on particular organisations both internally and in relation with other participants in the civil society. Also investigated are divisions that arose and their potential consequences in the future. The analysis is based on research by Magdalena Arczewska and Magdalena Dudkiewicz and published as Strategie czy przystosowanie? Sytuacja organizacji pozarządowych w Polsce po 2015 [Strategies or Adaptation? The Situation of Non-governmental Organizations in Poland after 2015] (Kraków: Wydawnictwo Impuls, 2019). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious faith and its role in development policy and practice has received much attention in recent years. However, there is relatively limited knowledge of how Christian faith is manifested in the day-to-day administration of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and how that shapes their relationships with intended beneficiaries in a Muslim-dominated community. This article addresses the knowledge gap by examining how the Christian identity of World Vision Ghana (WVG) and the 'religious lifeworlds' of employees and the extent to which these shape their development interventions in Northern Ghana. Using a qualitative research approach, we found that religious faith and beliefs play a key role in WVG employees' daily administrative activities and field operations, with the employees often perceiving development as a religious act. We argue that in an attempt to promote 'holistic development', WVG employees draw on lifestyle evangelism and community structures to promote their Christian values in a multi-faith environment with Muslim dominance. In doing so, we show how the religious configuration of Muslim-dominated communities creates challenges for Christian NGOs in their attempt to promote holistic development. The implications of the research findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the literature is increasingly concerned with cooperation among humanitarian non‐governmental organisations (NGOs), we still lack studies that explain cooperation under conditions of competition. Drawing on 22 semi‐structured interviews, this article argues that trust is the driving force behind security‐related cooperation within networks of humanitarian NGOs. Which type of trust comes into play and how trust is built depends on the structure of a network. In small, stable networks, trust is typically based on experience, whereas shared identity is at the heart of trust in large, unstable networks. In the latter case, cooperation among humanitarian NGOs is exclusive and comparable to a form of club governance, because NGOs are kept out based on their identity—that is, if they adopt a different operational interpretation of the humanitarian principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are prominent in South Africa considering the social needs of the population. Donors who contribute to these establishments expect NGOs to be transparent and accountable regarding the disbursement of funds and whether these are expended in line with the its designated purpose. Stakeholders (including donors) rely on external audit teams to provide reasonable assurance of this financial information. The objective of this study was to identify external audit challenges experienced when performing NGO financial audits in South Africa. A qualitative methodology in the form of conventional content analysis was adopted for this study. Detailed interviews with a sample of South Africa's external audit managers and partners (with experience in the NGO sector) enabled the researchers to identify the challenges NGOs experience during external audits. The findings of this study highlight seven external audit challenges which include the pervasive effect of the lack of skills of the NGO finance staff on the audit and the lack of reliable audit evidence of its going concern status. These pose serious challenges to the external auditors appointed to NGO audits. The auditors believe that the challenges can be alleviated by providing an additional supplementary practice aid to the existing audit standards to assist them when completing the NGOs audit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article foregrounds the importance of non-elite actors in international affairs by exploring the rise of altruistic internationalism in Australia from the early 1950s and into the 1960s. From the mid-twentieth century, humanitarianism and international development became popular causes through which Australians engaged with the region and the world. The Volunteer Graduate Scheme (VGS), established in 1951, and the Freedom from Hunger Campaign (FFHC), run by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization throughout the 1960s encouraged "ordinary" citizens, defined here as neither experts nor politicians, to become engaged in development issues. They rendered humanitarian concern into a mainstream interest, and even wove it into popular culture. This article argues that these two programs began to stitch altruistic internationalism, that is everyday internationalism expressed through development concern, into the fabric of Australian life; and that this had distinct, though largely unintended, political effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International non-governmental organisations (NGOs) combine practical and advocacy efforts to address global challenges like poverty and climate change. However, NGOs are embedded within the same global system they seek to challenge. This article explore the tensions this raises from the vantage point of one particular organisation (Concern Universal). Drawing on a paradox perspective, we find that despite the structural constraints, NGO actors and the poor people they work alongside are active and well-informed participants in the development process. However, a focus on the communicative labour of NGOs uncovers the power relations at play in that work. Nonetheless, our paper challenges ideas about development as 'us versus them'. Rather, by focusing our analysis on the relationships between NGO actors and multiple others, we show how the organisation is effectively constituted by these and other relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Development Studies is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The primary feature of NGO development intervention is the role that organisations play in extending access to services and opportunities to marginalised populations. Participation, however, as an ideal and central organising principle in these efforts, comes with a host of complexities that requires careful navigation of the cross-cutting contexts within which organisations exist and function. This paper discusses the intricacies of NGO participation within the context of youth-centred initiatives carried out in Makhanda in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province. In particular, the paper outlines the dynamics and trends of NGO participation among school-going and out-of-school youth living in a context of acute inequity and socio-economic exclusion. Data collected from young people, parents, teachers and community members in the Makhanda-east township of Joza, indicate that access to NGO services and consistent participation therein are differentiated and unequal in ways that sustain existing inequities in prospects and opportunity. A network of pre-existing features at an institutional, community, family and individual level sustains unequal access to non-state support that replicates dominant trends of inequity among the youth in this context. Consequently, this bears heavily on the choice and likelihood of who--among the youth in Joza--participates in NGOs; and more significantly, why, and why not? In an age where "popular participation" is heralded as the hope for a more egalitarian society, this paper proposes more careful consideration of the fact that NGO intervention exists within a dense and multi-layered network of inequities that, if not met with equally unbridled mediation, will persist and find refuge within a sector that seeks to confront the existing orders of inequity and exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‘Divided disasters’ are conflicts and natural hazard‐induced disasters that occur simultaneously, but in different locations within the same national boundaries. They will place pressure on the same national governance structures, will draw on the same international and national humanitarian resources, and therefore can mutually reinforce the challenges and risks faced by affected populations. Yet, as this paper argues, the impacts do not originate in the direct interaction of these two variables. Rather, they derive, in part, from the management of humanitarian responses to them—namely, through the reprioritisation of attention and the redeployment of resources as driven by the imperatives of ‘the good project'. Using a case study of the Philippines, and the parallel emergencies of Typhoon Haiyan (one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record) and the spike in violence in Mindanao in 2013, this paper explores the organisational motivators of humanitarian responses to divided disasters, and assesses their implications for affected populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial management policies are used by organizations as tools for ensuring that their finances are managed in proper manner in all areas of their operations. Lack of implementation of proper management policy exposes NGOs to threats like loss of assets, production of financial reports which are incorrect and unreliable for decision making purposes. This may also lead to application of accounting policies by an organization which are not consistent with the applicable governing laws and regulations. However NGOs that have implemented proper financial management policies are generally known to record improved financial performance. Therefore, the overall objective of this study was to establish the effect of financial planning on financial performance of Non - Governmental Organizations in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A sample of 45 NGOs was selected from a population of 1,775 NGOs in Nairobi County both local and international. Data was obtained through the use of questionnaires and analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Multiple regression analysis results showed that financial planning affects an organization financial performance. The study found out that financial planning has a great effect on financial performance of NGOs hence an important variable that the management of NGOs should not ignore in order to improve on their financial performance. A feedback system should be put in place ensuring corrective measures are taken to enable organizations respond urgently to emerging risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African non-governmental organisations undergo various shifts in order to cope with diverse challenges. This article takes a longitudinal case study approach to analyse the identities and resilience of a small sample of NGOs in South Africa and Zimbabwe between 2009 and 2013. This article will rely on time period and the nature of the state in each site as independent variables. The nuances brought on by the different time periods and each organisation’s profile, and the two countries where the NGOs are set, are significant for contributing to the literature on the fluid and adaptive nature of African NGOs in their bid for survival. Through exploring these four diverse NGOs in the two states and time period where new challenges and opportunities are presented, the article will also highlight the variety of challenges and strategies each NGO engaged with when confronting crises specific to their settings and the identities each NGO adopted when developing and shifting their agendas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As political authority shifts to the global level, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) increasingly attempt to influence policy-making within international organisations (IOs). This article examines the nature and sources of non-governmental organisations' advocacy strategies in global governance. We advance a twofold theoretical argument. First, non-governmental organisation advocacy can be described in terms of inside and outside strategies, similar to interest group lobbying in American and European politics. Second, non-governmental organisations' chosen combination of inside and outside strategies can be explained by their organisational goals and membership base. Empirically, this argument is corroborated through a large-n analysis of original data from structured interviews with 303 non-governmental organisation representatives active in relation to the United Nations (UN), complemented by 19 semi-structured interviews with UN and state officials. The article's findings have implications for the theory and practice of non-governmental organisation involvement in global governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amidst burgeoning literature on citizen journalism, we still know relatively little about how and why genuinely marginalised groups seek to use this form of reporting to challenge their exclusion. In this article, we aim to address this gap by analysing two UK citizen journalism initiatives emanating from The Big Issue Foundation, a national homeless organisation, and Access Dorset, a regional charity for disabled and elderly people. These case studies are united by the authors’ involvement in both instances, primarily through designing and delivering bespoke citizen journalism education and mentoring. Based on over 40 hours of interviews with participants of the workshops and 36 hours of participant observation, we analyse the challenges participants faced in their journey to become citizen journalists. This included: low self-esteem, physical health and mental wellbeing, the need for accessible and adaptable technology, and overcoming fear associated with assuming a public voice. We also analyse marginalised groups’ attitudes to professional journalism and education, and its role in shaping journalistic identity and self-empowerment. Whilst demonstrably empowering and esteem building, our participants were acutely aware of societal power relations that were seemingly still beyond their ability to influence. Those who are marginalised are, nevertheless, in the best position to use citizen journalism as a conduit for social change, we argue—though challenges remain even at the grassroots level to foster and sustain participatory practices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, I attempt to integrate the theories of collective action and social movements in an analysis of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in China. Using panel data of AIDS NGOs from 1994 to 2008, I analyse the factors that influence the rise and development of AIDS NGOs, including changes in political opportunity, funding and organisational ecology. The results show that political opportunity, increased funding and organisational ecology have positive effects on the growth of AIDS NGOs. However, the growth trajectories of grassroots NGOs, government-organised NGOs (GONGOs) and international NGOs are found to be affected by different factors. The implications of the findings are also discussed in relation to the future growth of NGOs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)