Search

Among attribute processes, the number of nonconformities conforming to a Poisson distribution is among the most crucial quality attributes. Furthermore, owing to the variety of quality attributes, the significance of the multivariate Poisson process in industry cannot be overstated. An out-of-control multivariate Poisson process can be detected using an alarm on a multivariate control chart. Nevertheless, pinpointing the specific quality attributes that led to the process shifts is complex. The study focuses on the causes that lead to process shifts in multivariate Poisson processes, unlike the majority of studies examining shifts in multivariate normal processes. This paper initially presents a statistical method for detecting outliers in a multivariate Poisson distribution. Furthermore, a progressive testing algorithm is then developed to identify the variables responsible for a failure within a multivariate Poisson process. According to simulation results, the proposed approach can effectively determine the sources of a process fault within a multivariate Poisson process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns utilization of linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a set of data regarding the quality of electrical equipment. More precisely, this set of data concerns the nonconformant housings of electric motors for different diameters of housings. Both statistical methods, linear regression and ANOVA are employed to analyse this data with regard to their linear dependency and to check whether this data is likely to come from groups with the same mean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the extension of the c-chart control chart to Bayesian methodology, utilizing the gamma distribution to establish control limits. By comparing the performance of the Bayesian approach with that of two existing methods (the traditional frequentist method and the Bayesian with Jeffreys method), we assess its effectiveness in terms of the average run lengths (ARLs) and false alarm rates (FARs). Simulation results indicate that the proposed Bayesian method consistently outperforms the existing techniques, offering larger ARLs and smaller FARs that closely approximate the expected nominal values. While the Bayesian approach excels in most scenarios, challenges may arise with large values of the λ parameter, necessitating adjustments to the hyperparameters of the gamma prior. Specifically, smaller values of the rate parameter are recommended for optimal performance. Overall, our findings suggest that the Bayesian extension of the c-chart provides a promising alternative for enhanced process monitoring and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of LGBTQ picture books—literary works for children containing lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer characters and themes—has increased considerably since 2000. While different segments of this category of books have been examined, there has been a limited examination of the entire genre. Using 234 English-language LGBTQ picture books available in the United States between 1972 and 2018, I conducted a content analysis of the main themes and central characters as well as investigate how the main themes changed over time and the extent to which they reflected the larger historical contexts in which they were created. I find that very few LGBTQ characters are cast as main protagonists and some (i.e., bisexuals) are completely absent. Similarly, I find an increase in diversity of themes over the decades yet with most centering on marriage, parenting, and domesticity. Together, LGBTQ picture books convey a limited view of the LGBTQ lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among attribute processes, the number of nonconformities conforming to a Poisson distribution is among the most crucial quality attributes. Furthermore, owing to the variety of quality attributes, the significance of the multivariate Poisson process in industry cannot be overstated. An out-of-control multivariate Poisson process can be detected using an alarm on a multivariate control chart. Nevertheless, pinpointing the specific quality attributes that led to the process shifts is complex. The study focuses on the causes that lead to process shifts in multivariate Poisson processes, unlike the majority of studies examining shifts in multivariate normal processes. This paper initially presents a statistical method for detecting outliers in a multivariate Poisson distribution. Furthermore, a progressive testing algorithm is then developed to identify the variables responsible for a failure within a multivariate Poisson process. According to simulation results, the proposed approach can effectively determine the sources of a process fault within a multivariate Poisson process.

What drives organizational nonconformity to global corporate governance norms? Despite the prevalence of such norms and attendant conformity pressures, many firms do not adhere to them. We build on a political view of corporate governance to explore how different national institutional contexts and organizational conditions combine to produce over- and underconformity to global board independence norms. Using configurational analyses and data from banks in OECD countries, we identify multiple equifinal combinations of conditions associated with over- and underconformity. We also find that over- and underconformity have different drivers. We conjecture that while overconformity is associated with a shareholder–management coalition in liberal market economies, underconformity results from multiple complex combinations of national and organizational conditions that often include dominant blockholders, strong labor rights, and small organizational size. We leverage these findings to abduct theoretical insights on nonconformity to global corporate governance norms. Doing so sheds light on the role of power in conditioning the adoption of global practices and contributes to research on international corporate governance by informing discourse surrounding the globalization of markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, it has become clear that John Donne's seventeenth-century readership is larger and more varied than was once believed. One audience that has not been given much scholarly attention, however, is English puritans on both sides of the Atlantic. This article brings to light several possible avenues for the transmission of Donne's works to these readers and then identifies explicit references and poetic allusions to Donne by writers of these theological and ecclesiastical persuasions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the extension of the c-chart control chart to Bayesian methodology, utilizing the gamma distribution to establish control limits. By comparing the performance of the Bayesian approach with that of two existing methods (the traditional frequentist method and the Bayesian with Jeffreys method), we assess its effectiveness in terms of the average run lengths (ARLs) and false alarm rates (FARs). Simulation results indicate that the proposed Bayesian method consistently outperforms the existing techniques, offering larger ARLs and smaller FARs that closely approximate the expected nominal values. While the Bayesian approach excels in most scenarios, challenges may arise with large values of the λ parameter, necessitating adjustments to the hyperparameters of the gamma prior. Specifically, smaller values of the rate parameter are recommended for optimal performance. Overall, our findings suggest that the Bayesian extension of the c-chart provides a promising alternative for enhanced process monitoring and control.

The present research examined children's generalisations about people based on their decisions to conform to descriptive norms. This issue was examined in South Korea, where conformity tends to be highly valued. Younger (4–6 years) and older (9–11 years) children (total N = 197) were asked to evaluate the personal qualities of conformers and nonconformers. Results showed that children in both age groups rated nonconformers more negatively than conformers in terms of moral character, intelligence, popularity, and likeability. Ratings of conformers showed minimal age‐related change. In contrast, ratings of nonconformers were more positive with age, except for popularity ratings. This work sheds light on how children use information about conformity to make specific inferences about what individuals are generally like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundThere are known associations between mental health symptoms and transgender identity among adults. Whether this relationship extends to early adolescents and to gender domains other than identity is unclear. This study measured dimensions of gender in a large, diverse, sample of youth, and examined associations between diverse gender experiences and mental health.MethodsThe ABCD study is an ongoing, longitudinal, US cohort study. Baseline data (release 2.0) include 11,873 youth age 9/10 (48% female); and the 4,951 1-year follow-up visits (age 10/11; 48% female) completed prior to data release. A novel gender survey at the 1-year visit assessed felt-gender, gender noncontentedness, and gender nonconformity using a 5-point scale. Mental health measures included youth- and parent-reports.ResultsRoughly half a percent of 9/10-year-olds (n = 58) responded 'yes' or 'maybe' when asked, 'Are you transgender' at baseline. Recurrent thoughts of death were more prevalent among these youth compared to the rest of the cohort (19.6% vs. 6.4%, χ2  = 16.0, p

The Nonconformist ministers ejected from London parish churches in 1662 gained a reputation three years later, during the plague, for being heroes, whereas the Church of England clergy were accused of deserting the city. Nonconformists took over the churches to preach to the population but were poorly rewarded for their pains by the Five-Mile Act. This article contends that the Nonconformists' reputation for heroism rested on the activities of a handful of preachers whose sermons were publicised by clerical figures such as Richard Baxter, eclipsing a more nuanced discourse of pastoral responsibility. The aim is to shed light on the identity and activities of those writers and on the way the epidemic affected the future of Nonconformity. More broadly, the article argues that an appraisal of the religious context of the mid-1660s can supplement existing plague studies, which have primarily focused on social history and the history of medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reads Edward Said's Beginnings as a theoretical attempt and a pragmatic ideology that reestablishes revolutionary notions of fundamental intellectual devotees of individualism. A theorist himself, Said emphasizes the urge for deconstructions in facing canonized values and methodologies that continue to shape our ways of thinking. Beginnings: Intention and Method (1975) inaugurates a writing style that liberates individuals from the shackles of outdated institutions1, political systems, and cultural norms. The researcher attempts to prove that such intellectuality parallels Ralph Emerson's conception of "self-reliance" despite Said's conscious or unconscious abjuration of this influence, which is clear in Beginnings. For both to meet over their belief in the individual as self-sufficient and a source of truth, the researcher utilizes Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence (1973) as the main theory. Bloom's logic will be applied to expose Emerson's influence on Said as the former's call for nonconformity speaks directly to the soundness of the latter's reasoning in Beginnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Organizations have evolved to be entities that focus primarily on efficient systems and procedures. This approach was followed by devising techniques or methodologies for employees to conform to these systems or processes. The employee orientation has often been to conform to the status quo rather than to challenge it. Most of the managers believe that cohesion at workplace can be achieved through alignment of behaviors at the workplace. Contrary to this belief, Henry Mintzberg explains, that innovative organizations need to be flexible, reject bureaucracy and most importantly; avoid emphasis on control mechanisms. Hence, the perennial relationship between nonconformance and innovative work behavior is at question here. Also, the ninth Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 9) is fostering innovation. This paper attempts to understand and decipher this relationship between constructive nonconformity (CNC) and innovative work behavior (IWB). Methodology/Approach: Primary data was collected using standardized questionnaire(s) that have been tested in varied contexts. The research question was framed as ‘Does constructive nonconformity influence innovative work behavior?’ The study is based on a survey data conducted on over 459 knowledge workers from an ITES firm in Pune. Findings: The findings indicate that characteristics depicted by constructive nonconformists tend to showcase innovative work behavior. If a constructive nonconformist is allowed to thrive in any work environment, then the goal of innovative work behavior can definitely be achieved. Practical Implications: The paper could have profound implications on managerial decision making, especially in the ITES (Information Technology Enabled Services) sector. The sample is from a single sector, i.e., ITES in India. Future research would benefit from examining the above relationships in other sectors. Hence, the scope for future research in this area is enormous, both contextually and conceptually.

In the account of her husband, John's, final days, Lucy Hutchinson depicts him as a Mosaic figure, dedicated to biblical reading and shown the 'patterne of [God's] glorious tabernacle'. This article explores Hutchinson's record of John's scriptural study: her list of over seven hundred proofs taken from his Bible and noted in the back of the Memoirs manuscript. Offering the first full study of these notes and their relationship to the biographical account of John's life, I argue for the importance of understanding them as an intrinsic part of the Memoirs project. Furthermore, this article explores how the curation of these notes has transformed them from an inert list of commonplaces – a straightforward record of John's scriptural reading – into doctrinal 'precepts' designed to preserve the Hutchinson family's theological independence and codify ecclesiastical practices which resist the authority of the Church of England. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of middle adulthood presents people with self-actualization challenges related, among others, to their religious beliefs and sexual satisfaction. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between religiosity, nonconformity and sexual satisfaction, as well as to examine whether nonconformity moderates the relationship between religiosity and sexual satisfaction in middle adulthood. The following questionnaires were used: the Religious Meaning System Questionnaire, the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Creative Behavior Questionnaire CBQIII. A series of regression analyses using Hayes PROCESS macro was run to test the models in a sample of 667 middle adults aged between 35 and 55 (M = 42.62; SD = 5.37). The analyses revealed significant relationships between the variables. The religious meaning system showed negative correlations with both nonconformity and sexual satisfaction, whereas nonconformity was positively correlated with sexual satisfaction. An interaction effect of religiosity and nonconformity on sexual satisfaction, when controlling for gender and age, was also demonstrated. More specifically, religiosity was negatively related to sexual satisfaction in individuals with a high level of nonconformity. By contrast, for low and average levels of nonconformity, the relationship between religiosity and sexual satisfaction was insignificant. The results suggest that religiosity may interact with nonconformity when predicting the intensity of sexual satisfaction of middle adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction nonconformity assessment of buildings is critical to ensure the anticipated quality and living safety for their future occupants. Previous studies have paid less attention to identifying and analyzing building construction nonconformities (BCNs) in the design and construction (D&C) phases. They considered expert judgments in nonconformity assessment, which are critiqued for human bias, uncertainty, and imprecision. In a BCN assessment, previous studies also did not consider the specific time frame to detect construction nonconformities. This study aims to prioritize nonconformities in the D&C phases, addressing the limitations of expert judgment by applying the fuzzy group decision-making approach (FGDMA). The FGDMA computes the defuzzified scores of the nonconformities to prioritize and identify critical nonconformities. The defuzzified scores are explained further by associating them with the corresponding fuzzy numbers to address the limitations involved in expert judgments. The study also identifies the detection time of BCNs and analyzes 15 different Bangladeshi project scenarios to understand their context better. The critical nonconformities identified include premature stressing on concrete, inaccurate water-cement ratios, insufficient concrete compaction, lack of full-time site supervision, and the absence of stirrups in beam-column joints. Critical nonconformities are mostly identified during construction, and residential, commercial, and multipurpose buildings, regardless of ownership (i.e., public or private) and size, have experienced poor quality construction. This study will assist major stakeholders (owner, contractor, consultant, and regulatory authorities) to fully understand the critical nonconformities in different building projects from their preconstruction to construction phases for better quality assurance in providing a safe living and working environment for their future occupants. The study identifies critical nonconformities and their frequency, severity, and detection times in different construction projects, including residential, commercial, and multipurpose buildings and mosques. It also studies 15 different project scenarios for analyzing the nonconformities of government and privately funded/owned buildings. The most common nonconformities are premature stressing on concrete (loading to concrete members before gaining their design strength), inaccurate water-cement ratios, insufficient concrete compaction, and the absence of stirrups in beam-column joints. These nonconformities all occur due to lack of full-time site supervision and poor workmanship during construction. The dominating detection time for identifying the critical nonconformities is "during construction." Thus, it is possible to control many by careful supervision and improved workmanship during construction. The project scenario analysis shows that residential, commercial, and multipurpose buildings, regardless of ownership (i.e., public or private), experience poor quality construction. These findings will assist stakeholders with different engagement levels in managing their roles in building projects to deliver a better quality of construction, and hence a sustainable and safe living and working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

William Lawrence (c. 1636–1697) was a lawyer, man of letters, translator, and estate owner. This article considers a manuscript play by Lawrence from 1662 called Newes from Geneva, Or The lewd Levite. A Comedy which is largely unknown to scholars of Restoration drama. I begin by outlining the bibliographical and performance history of the author and the play. I then go on to consider the main and, particularly, the sub-plot in relation to the broader post-Restoration historical and literary context. By examining the depiction of the non-conformist minister Levi, and by recovering a set of contemporary sources for the sub-plot, I argue that Lawrence advances an accommodationist position towards non-conformity in the play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestão e Regionalidade is the property of Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From contemporary speeches, newspaper reportage and the plethora of pamphlets produced, it would be reasonable to conclude that the campaign for disestablishment of the Anglican Church in Wales was essentially a binary struggle between churchmen and their supporters, and Nonconformists. Such a hypothesis would fail to acknowledge the existence of another battle, one for the soul of the Welsh Church. A struggle which was manifested, paradoxically, in the actions and careers of two brothers who both served as senior clergy in the Church: Dean H. T. Edwards and Bishop A. G. Edwards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of middle adulthood presents people with self-actualization challenges related, among others, to their religious beliefs and sexual satisfaction. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between religiosity, nonconformity and sexual satisfaction, as well as to examine whether nonconformity moderates the relationship between religiosity and sexual satisfaction in middle adulthood. The following questionnaires were used: the Religious Meaning System Questionnaire, the Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and the Creative Behavior Questionnaire CBQIII. A series of regression analyses using Hayes PROCESS macro was run to test the models in a sample of 667 middle adults aged between 35 and 55 (M = 42.62; SD = 5.37). The analyses revealed significant relationships between the variables. The religious meaning system showed negative correlations with both nonconformity and sexual satisfaction, whereas nonconformity was positively correlated with sexual satisfaction. An interaction effect of religiosity and nonconformity on sexual satisfaction, when controlling for gender and age, was also demonstrated. More specifically, religiosity was negatively related to sexual satisfaction in individuals with a high level of nonconformity. By contrast, for low and average levels of nonconformity, the relationship between religiosity and sexual satisfaction was insignificant. The results suggest that religiosity may interact with nonconformity when predicting the intensity of sexual satisfaction of middle adults.

Cultures, customs, religions, traditions and ideological systems usually encumber individuals form egalitarian ways of life in a society. Likewise these extraneous social and moral factors limit personal liberty in hetero-normative society of Pakistan. But these conformist restraints (behaving and thinking within the defined and established limits of society) also face the weight of nonconformity (egalitarian ways of life or individual's 'free will') in some quarters of this religiously, culturally, ethically and socio-economically diverse society. With Benjamin R. Tucker's theoretical frame work of individualist anarchism (non-conformity), the study analyzes the said society through a Pakistani Anglophone novel, How it Happened (2012) by Shazaf Fatima Haider, and Pakistani Urdu drama serials: Sammi(2017),and Meri Zaat Zarr-e-Benishan (2010) by Noor ul Huda Shah and Umera Ahmad. Gauging the volume of individual liberty, in particular related to marital autonomy, the study systematically enlists the forces at work behind such usurpations. The findings of the study emphatically attest the weight of cultures, customs, religions, ethnicities, traditions and ideological systems on the nurture of individual freedom, and speak out for the immediate mitigation of such constraints through powerful national and international call. Besides the critical-thematic analysis of the select novel and drama serials, the study relies on the available literary criticism and literature, and personal understanding of the authors who are natives with literary backgrounds. Being qualitative and interpretive in nature, the study chooses nominal scale measurement to analyze the select text and drama serial through close reading and literary exegesis. This study helps to understand the nuanced individual perspectives primarily related to marital choice in a traditional South Asian society like Pakistan, and fosters broader understanding of democratic ways of life which is one of the fundamental rights of an individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is one of the most influential institutions when it comes to the production and reproduction of gender. Yet despite the prevalence of families in which children are not biologically related to parents in the U.S. today, little research has explored the role of the biological connection in parents' beliefs about children's gender nonconformity. Using original data collected through an online survey experiment (N = 712), I examine the extent to which parents' beliefs toward a biological child or stepchild's, and son or daughter's, gender nonconformity differ. After reading a short vignette about a child acting in a gender non‐normative way, respondents were asked a series of questions, ranging from whether they would be upset, supportive, and most importantly, feel accountable to others, that gauged beliefs about the child's gender nonconformity. Results showed greater upset and heightened accountability for biological children (vs. stepchildren). Results revealed that parents overwhelmingly indicated greater upset, less support, and heightened accountability for sons (vs. daughters). These findings illustrate the mutability of accountability structures in the face of the biological connection and gender between parents and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research shows that reference group selection underpins critical organizational processes, but less is known about publicly disclosed choices of reference groups, such as those for the evaluation of firm performance. Because audiences, such as investors and analysts, prefer reference groups created by independent entities they can trust, they disapprove of choices of custom peer groups created by reporting firms. Nevertheless, firms frequently choose reference groups that do not conform to audiences' expectations. We seek to explain why firms deviate from these externally held standards even when incurring penalties by developing theory and formulating hypotheses about the influence of chief executive officer (CEO) power. Using data from 10-K filings, we find that firms led by high-power CEOs are more likely to use nonconforming, custom peer groups despite incurring penalties. However, the relationship between CEO power and the use of custom peer groups is weaker when CEOs face greater scrutiny from shareholders and analysts. We also find that low firm performance increases the use of custom peer groups among high-power CEOs. Contrary to our expectations, high CEO compensation attenuates the effect of CEO power on the choice of custom peer groups, arguably because high levels of CEO pay increase scrutiny. Although firms incur costs for using nonconforming reference groups, supplemental analyses reveal that CEOs benefit by receiving higher compensation, especially when performance is low. We conclude by discussing implications for research on publicly disclosed reference groups, the consequences of power, and information disclosure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family is one of the most influential institutions when it comes to the production and reproduction of gender. Yet despite the prevalence of families in which children are not biologically related to parents in the U.S. today, little research has explored the role of the biological connection in parents' beliefs about children's gender nonconformity. Using original data collected through an online survey experiment (N = 712), I examine the extent to which parents' beliefs toward a biological child or stepchild's, and son or daughter's, gender nonconformity differ. After reading a short vignette about a child acting in a gender non‐normative way, respondents were asked a series of questions, ranging from whether they would be upset, supportive, and most importantly, feel accountable to others, that gauged beliefs about the child's gender nonconformity. Results showed greater upset and heightened accountability for biological children (vs. stepchildren). Results revealed that parents overwhelmingly indicated greater upset, less support, and heightened accountability for sons (vs. daughters). These findings illustrate the mutability of accountability structures in the face of the biological connection and gender between parents and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through an examination of the Nonconformist reception of Richard Baxter, this essay provides a window into theological transition within early modern Protestantism. I argue that, although Baxter excelled in knowledge of scholastic theology, integrated scholastic theology into his practical writings, and produced a great scholastic system of theology—the Methodus Theologiae Christianae (1681)—over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scholastic and philosophical aspects within Baxter's corpus were ignored, downplayed, and even excised by Nonconformists who otherwise strongly sympathized with his writings. The modern focus on Baxter's practical works and neglect of Baxter's scholastic theology is due in large part to this later reception. The story of Baxter's reception is, moreover, illustrative of a general shift in philosophical and theological orientation in late seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Nonconformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Working with large databases and selecting indicators for economic analysis purposes raises several challenges and concerns. This paper provides insights on how the choice of indicators in an analysis of reported financial statements may significantly influence the interpretation of the results. The study investigates a sample that includes indicators reported by a large number of companies in the coastal region of Romania. The rigor and compliance of financial reporting ensure the quality and accuracy of information and are key features for assessing sustainable development. The quantitative analysis and case study observation allowed us to capture divergencies in the evolution of financial indicators caused by nonconformities in the financial statements. This study provides an empirical perspective that can raise awareness of potential biases in financial reporting evaluation. The accuracy of financial data directly influences the soundness of managerial decisions and has a major impact on the economic efficiency strategy of companies.

Comprehensive measures are being implemented aimed at ensuring the comprehensive integration of production enterprises into world markets, increasing the quality and competitiveness of manufactured products, improving the quality management system and product production processes. This article discusses the main essence of the analysis of production processes at engineering enterprises based on statistical methods and the possibility of improving the effectiveness and efficiency of processes based on the fulfillment of the requirements for them. Statistical control of processes by monitoring the description of processes and products, focusing the possibility of processes on the creation of a quality product with a uniform demand, identifies the working procedure for managing the processes of constant production technology and allows to increase the efficiency of the process possibility. Statistical process control is not about checking whether parts are in good condition or not, but about anticipating and trying to prevent the production of poor quality parts. This is done by using control charts as a predictive tool to identify potential inconsistencies.

The regulation of public space is generative of new approaches to gender nonconformity. In 1968 in Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, a group of people who identified as wadam—a new term made by combining parts of Indonesian words denoting "femininity" and "masculinity"—made a claim to the city's governor that they had the right to appear in public space. This article illustrates the paradoxical achievement of obtaining recognition on terms constituted through public nuisance regulations governing access to and movement through space. The origins and diffuse effects of recognition achieved by those who identified as wadam and, a decade later, waria facilitated the partial recognition of a status that was legal but nonconforming. This possibility emerged out of city-level innovations and historical conceptualizations of the body in Indonesia. Attending to the way that gender nonconformity was folded into existing methods of codifying space at the scale of the city reflects a broader anxiety over who can enter public space and on what basis. Considering a concern for struggles to contend with nonconformity on spatial grounds at the level of the city encourages an alternative perspective on the emergence of gender and sexual morality as a definitive feature of national belonging in Indonesia and elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers in ecology try to develop projects based on novel ideas, but, as good human beings we are, we have a limited capacity for creativity. Therefore, it is usual for us, during our academic life, to generate only few really original ideas. Knowing how original ideas arise becomes vital. If we are at the beginning of our academic life, it will facilitate the development of our first independent projects; and if we are at the end of our career, it may lengthen the creative stage of our professional life. In this essay, I will first describe some suggestions to stimulate the generation of original projects in ecology, detailing the context where they were conceived. Finally, I will propose an integrative conceptual framework whose use may favor the occurrence of original ideas. Based on detailed personal experiences in the text, I identify three key aspects that may stimulate the generation of creativity: nonconformity with dominant ideas, the existence of setbacks and attention to the atypical. Extreme levels of these aspects are counterproductive. Minimal dosages of nonconformity, setbacks, or attention to the outliers undermine creativity because they stimulate conformity, comfort, and focus only on the rule. But too high levels also limit the generation of original ideas because it limit an integrative vision, causes exasperation and prevents us from seeing the phenomenon context. Consequently, I consider that the generation of original ideas is maximized with intermediate levels of nonconformity, setbacks and attention to the atypical. To stimulate ecology projects based on original ideas, I suggest having some level of nonconformity about the dominant ideas, considering small setbacks as opportunities and paying attention to the atypical without neglecting the context where they come from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What the forceful social mobilizations, which took place in Colombia in 2021, reveal is, on the other hand, the social weariness in the face of a deep economic, political, ethical, and ecological crises, that is, the closure of a model. On the other hand, it is evidence that we are facing the emergence of other forms of organization and action; other ways of connecting, meeting, projecting, and programming. It is a reticular logic of nonconformist sectors, which account for the urgent need for changes in the way of inhabiting the planet, moving toward other economic, political, and social models, which are not yet clear. Challenges that even the so-called Higher Education Institutions have not yet assumed in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the responses of the Church of England, Roman – Catholic Church and “free churches” on the development of the Labour Party. The author underlines that Labour party was assisted by those Christian churches. It is mentioned also that Labour Church and Ethic Church as Labour supporters too. The article touches upon such problems as social inequality in British society, secularization of the working class in urban cotton towns and ports. Anglican Church’s help to the low-income working class is investigated also. The author underlines that British Labour party was deeply influenced by Christian Socialism so it made its relations with Church of England closer. Chaplains supported the Labour party in their sermons, letters and church press. Such favour was especially crucial in rural areas where Labour party had lower election results in comparison with Liberal and Conservative parties. The author analyses contribution of the “free churches” to the development of the Labour party. It is widely recognized that “free churches” are identified as traditional ally of the Liberal party. The author confirmed that “free churches” did not give wide electoral support to the Labour party but gave considerable amount of candidates who were active in trade unions, local Labour parties and in the British Parliament. The author also considers that the Roman – Catholic communities mainly represented by Irish immigrants and their descendants as an important part of the wide social base of the Labour Party. The author comes to conclusion that strong ties between Christian churches and the British Labour party help us to explain its program and election successes in the first third of the XX century.