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Code-switching (CS) is a communicative strategy used by ESL bilingual teachers to teach English as a second language to non-native English speakers. Based on quantitative analysis of transcribed data from thirty ESL teachers at Pakistani universities, the present study examined the influence of code switching (CS) on ESL learners in Pakistan, exploring in particular the impact of CS on and teacher attitude towards CS in ESL instruction. The findings of the study indicate significant use of code-mixing and frequency of mixing words, phrase and the smallest unit of one language into another language. Furthermore, the findings suggest that CS is frequently used by the ESL teachers. The study also highlights that common nouns are followed by proper nouns, adjectives, verbs and abbreviations, with the most significant words used during instantiation of CS in the data comprising lexical items, phrases, compound words, and encouraging words. Thus, this study suggests that CS is used to facilitate the comprehension and participation of the bilingual learners.

The research looks at the influence of coping behavior in mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on students' physical/psychological health and general well-being.Methods: The study's participants were chosen from a pool of 2200 people using convenience sampling. Using an anonymous online poll, the main data were gathered. The collected data were analyzed by using Smart-PLS.Results: From eight direct correlations, seven were found to be true, except the route pandemic -> overall wellbeing, which was not true. Furthermore, it was shown that the mediating effect of coping behavior was statistically significant in the routes of mediation.Conclusion: Coping strategies have a significant role in how a person responds to trying circumstances. Our study's results suggest that coping strategies had a statistically significant mediation role in reducing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is concluded that appropriate coping strategies are an effective adaptation of a protective barrier against the damaging effects of COVID-19 on health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined the psychometric validation of the English version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). Findings demonstrated robust psychometric properties for the FCV-19S. CFA results showed that the FCV-19S was a good model fit to the data in a sample of 608 university students. The FCV-19S also showed good concurrent validity, as it was significantly and positively related to the Preventive Behaviors related to COVID-19 Scale and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale as well as significantly and negatively related to the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. The scale also showed good internal consistency reliability. Further, the association of age with FCV-19S indicated that younger students experienced greater fear of COVID-19. The analyses of mean differences revealed that women as compared to men, bachelor's and master's students as compared to post-master's students, and unemployed students as compared to employed students experienced greater fear of the outbreak. Also, those suffering from severe anxiety experienced greater fear of COVID-19 followed by those suffering from moderate, mild, and minimal anxiety. Moreover, knowing someone suffering from the coronavirus, being afraid that someone close might contract the virus, and believing that the current COVID-19 situation adversely affects academic performance were linked to higher levels of fear of the pandemic. Practice implications, limitations, and avenues for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically investigates the antecedents of the consumers' attitude towards social media advertising and the subsequent mediating role of intention to engage in electronic-word of mouth (eWOM) between consumers' attitude towards social media advertising and purchase behavior. A total sample of 320 respondents were selected to investigate the relationship through a structured questionnaire. The antecedents of the consumers' attitude towards social media advertising involved in the study were corporate reputation, perceived entertainment, incentive offering and perceived intrusiveness. The former three reflected a significant and positive impact on the consumers' attitudes while perceived intrusiveness has established a negative effect. The mediator e-WOM behavior was also found to be significantly and positively mediating the relationship between consumers' attitude and purchase behavior. It can be deduced that organizations that rely on social media advertising may make use of the critical antecedents that shape the individual consumer's attitude and result in enhancing the purchase behavior of the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was based on a theory-driven training course, Staying Relevant. It aimed at developing university students' proactive personality and career adaptability resources (concern, control, curiosity, and confidence) with the assumption that 6 months later, they would demonstrate appropriate adapting responses (career planning, career decision-making self-efficacy, career exploration, and occupational self-efficacy). A randomized control trial, the study used the pretest–posttest–posttest one control group (n = 49) and one experimental group (n = 49) design. Compared to the control group, results indicated that the training group had higher proactivity and career adaptability resources immediately after the training and 6 months later as well as showed higher adapting responses 6 months later. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of these results are also discussed. The study concluded that the Staying Relevant course embodying an eclectic mix of intervention best practices could be successful in facilitating a smooth university-to-work transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The phenomenon of communication apprehension exists among all individuals. The students experience it in the classroom and also in their academic careers. The anxiety and nervousness students' experience and the fear to ask questions from the teachers during the lectures in the classrooms affect their overall performance and personality. This phenomenon is very common in collectivist societies. This study aims to explore the phenomena of communication apprehension among business students of Peshawar University students. The main objective of the study is to find out the communication apprehension from students' perspective and to examine the influences of communication apprehension on students and to suggest the techniques mitigating it. In this phenomenological study, the participants were conveniently selected and interviewed to find out the communication apprehension experienced by them and their effects on students' personalities and academic achievements. The results indicate that communication apprehension is experienced by the students as fear and anxiety, which affects their halts their communication and that further affects students: academically, psychologically and personally. Classroom learning is affected by communication apprehension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to investigate the mediating role of online advertising engagement between perceived personalization and behavioural intention. The moderating effect of online users' mode was also tested on the relationship of perceived personalization and online advertising engagement. Survey design was adopted to validate the research model. Data from 409 complete responses were included in the analysis. Analysis was done by using SPSS 21 and Amos 23. Results revealed online advertising engagement as an important intervening factor between perceived personalization and intentions. Findings of the study also confirmed that playful mode of online users strengthen the relationship between perceived personalization and online advertising engagement. The result of moderation and mediation has practical implications for the advertisers. Furthermore, theory of presence is also used on rare basis in the context of online advertising, hence this study adds to the generalization of the theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]