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Most climate change models clearly indicate that the process will have more serious effects than average in North Africa, particularly on agricultural production. In parallel, current demographic trends show that population growth in Africa, including the Northern African region is continuous and dynamic, which requires more food, especially basic foodstuff, however, despite the fact that the continent has significant agricultural potential, it is not self-sufficient in food. The stake is high, as dependence on foodimport has to be at least stabilised or reduced if it is possible, in this region where the population is rapidly growing and climate change has several negative impacts. However, geopolitical stability of the region is essential not only for Mediterranean, but also for the whole European continent.Due to the effects of complex crises (such as economic, environmental and ecological), the development of proper international development policy strategies is ever more prevalent, in order to recover the economy of countries mostly affected by the migration threat, to create jobs and to reduce young people’s willingness to migrate. As agriculture has a vital role in this field, focusing on agricultural development programs is essential. Evidently, application of environmental friendly agriculture which can provide the protection and sustainable use of soils and water on growing areas is a key factor in this situation from an agronomic point of view. In socio-economic aspects the most important issues are eliminating conflicts which hamper sustainable soil management and ensuring generation change within farmer society. Development of infrastructure and trade routes is also necessary, furthermore, questions of water and water use, investments are important to underline. Investing in agricultural projects is initially an expensive, but recoverable solution anyway, and it is clear that development of agriculture research in these countries also serves long-term social objectives.

As software engineering techniques and practices continuously evolve, programs created with an older technology stack become harder and more costly to maintain. These software are often referred to as legacy code. Naturally, the need arises to make use of the newer and more effective technologies, making the legacy code easier to maintain and operate. However, companies rarely allocate the necessary resources to manually re-implement these systems as that would be highly time-consuming and extremely costly to spend exclusively for maintenance purposes. Thus, various code modernization approaches have been proposed and tools have been created to reduce the cost of re-implementation by semi-automatically translating legacy systems into a modern, more advantageous environment. However, the source and target languages may be so different in nature that making the generated code feel as natural as possible is often difficult. These linguistic differences frequently impose the emulation of certain features between the two languages, which may prove too difficult to automatically handle using conventional static analysis of the source code. To this end, in this paper we propose the novel method of using machine learning techniques to teach the transformer on how to effectively handle cases that would otherwise be very error-prone in practice. This way, the transformation tool can achieve both a high level of automation and the ability to generate precise, error free code.

Franciaországban az agroerdészet ma egy Csipkerózsika-álomból ébredő területnek számít, noha évszázadokkal korábban az ország több területén is klasszikus formái voltak ismertek ennek a gazdálkodási formának: a dió Grenoble környékén, az alma Normandiában, vagy a ringló Lotaringiában egyaránt egy-egy ilyen rendszer központi eleme volt.

Spice pepper production has a history of almost 300 years in the southern part of Hungary. In this study the results of two biotechnological improvements are summarized. Anther and isolated microspore culture techniques were improved to release haploid and doubled haploid (DH) lines for spice pepper breeding. Both the anther and isolated microspore culture methods were successfully used in spice pepper haploid production. Microspore culture-derived structures were analysed to identify their different parts. Green plantlets were regenerated from embryos derived from both anther and microspore cultures. Their doubled haploid analogues were integrated into Hungarian spice pepper hybrid seed breeding programmes. One hybrid, Sláger, was released as a new genotype for spice pepper production in 2008 and two hybrid candidates (Délibáb and Bolero) are now being tested in official trials.

The influence of the developmental stage of microspores on establishing isolated microspore cultures of three Hungarian (‘Szegedi 80’, ‘Szegedi 178’, and ‘Remeny’) and three Spanish (‘Jeromin’, ‘Jariza’, and ‘Jaranda’) pepper genotypes was investigated. Donor anthers containing 80% uninucleated and 20% binucleated microspores yielded the highest frequency of successful microspore cultures. Co-cultures with wheat, line ‘CY-45’, ovaries exhibited enhanced frequency of embryoid production than those with pepper ovaries. Differences in efficiency of isolated pepper microspore culture establishment were observed among different pepper genotypes. Green plantlets were regenerated from microspore-derived embryoids, but some were exhibited abnormal growth habits, such as leaf rosetting. A total of seven fertile microspore-derived plants were obtained, including three ‘Jariza’, three ‘Jaranda’, and a single ‘Szegedi 80’ plant.

Twelve hybrids obtained by crossing of different Hungarian cultivars and the Spanish ‘Jaranda’, ‘Jariza’ and ‘Jeromin’ have been studied. The aim of this work was to select those peppers with high capsaicinoids content, and good agronomic and industrial characteristics, as ‘Jeromin’, the only local cultivar used for pungent (hot) paprika, has a low and irregular pungency depending on the year. The crop productive characteristics, ASTA colour, carotenoid pigment content and pungency of the paprika has been studied and elaborated following the traditional procedure of La Vera (Extremadura, Spain). The productive characteristics and pigment concentration of the crossings were, in general, similar to that of local cultivars, and all of them could be suitable for hot paprika production, because their capsaicinoid content was higher than that of ‘Jeromin’ (78 mg kg−1 dwt of total capsaicinoids). The most pungent hybrids were Kibedicsipos × Jariza, Jeromin × Szegedi178 and Jaranda × Szegedi179, with a total capsaicinoid content of 1,240, 1,107, and 997 mg kg−1 dwt, respectively. Their paprikas showed a carotenoid pigment content higher than that of ‘Jaranda’, which is considered as a high quality paprika.