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1. Attentional bias in tobacco use disorder using eye tracking: A systematic review

Author

Noreen Rahmani, Alma Rahimi, Kameron Iturralde, and Laurie Zawertailo

Subjects
Attentional bias, Tobacco, Tobacco use disorder, Smoking, Cigarettes, Eye tracking, Medicine
Abstract

Background: Attentional bias, defined as the disproportionate attentional allocation towards drug-related stimuli, is well-demonstrated in substance use disorders. However, studies investigating attentional bias in tobacco use disorder have revealed inconclusive findings. In recent years, eye-tracking technology has emerged as an innovative technique for exploring attentional bias. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of eye-tracking studies examining attentional bias in tobacco use disorder. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines, 18 papers that assessed attentional bias using eye-tracking technology among people who smoke cigarettes were extracted from the following databases: PsychINFO, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. Search terms included “attentional bias”, “tobacco use disorder”, and “eye tracking” and their respective subject headings and synonyms. Selected papers were assessed for methodological quality using a standardized procedure. Selected studies reviewed were categorized into studies making comparisons between 1) people who smoke and people who do not smoke and 2) between smoking-related cues and neutral cues among people who smoke. Results: Overall, most studies showed that people who smoke had significantly greater attentional bias to smoking-related cues, as indexed by greater dwell times and fixation counts. Although findings using measures of early orienting biases were mixed, people who smoke displayed a tendency to initially shift attention to smoking-related cues more frequently than neutral cues. Conclusions: While methodological inconsistencies across studies preclude any definitive conclusions, findings suggest that maintained attention may be a more precise reflection of the specific attentional processes influenced by incentive salience. Suggestions for future research include establishing methodological standards for future eye-tracking studies.

Published
2024
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2. Active versus sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as an adjunct to varenicline treatment for smoking cessation: Study protocol for a double-blind single dummy randomized controlled trial.

Author

Laurie Zawertailo, Helena Zhang, Noreen Rahmani, Tarek K Rajji, and Peter Selby

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BackgroundSmoking is a chronic and relapsing disease, with up to 60% of quitters relapsing within the first year. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), targets cortical circuits and acutely reduces craving and withdrawal symptoms among cigarette smokers. However, the efficacy of tDCS as an adjunct to standard smoking cessation treatments has not been studied. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of tDCS in combination with varenicline for smoking cessation. We hypothesize that active tDCS combined with varenicline will improve cessation outcomes compared to sham tDCS combined with varenicline.MethodsThis is a double-blind, sham-controlled randomized clinical trial where fifty healthy smokers will be recruited in Toronto, Canada. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to either active tDCS (20 minutes at 2 mA) or sham tDCS (30 seconds at 2 mA, 19 minutes at 0 mA) for 10 daily sessions (2 weeks) plus 5 follow up sessions, occurring every two weeks for 10 weeks. All participants will be given standard varenicline treatment concurrently for the 12-week treatment period. The primary outcome is 30 day continuous abstinence at end of treatment, confirmed with urinary cotinine. Measurements made at each study visit include expired carbon monoxide, self-reported craving and withdrawal. Three magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans will be conducted: two at baseline and one at end of treatment, to assess any functional or structural changes following treatment.DiscussionFor every two smokers who quit, one life is saved from a tobacco-related mortality. Therefore, it is important to develop new and more effective treatment approaches that can improve and maintain long-term abstinence, in order to decrease the prevalence of tobacco-related deaths and disease. Furthermore, the addition of longitudinal neuroimaging can shed light on neural circuitry changes that might occur as a result of brain stimulation, furthering our understanding of tDCS in addiction treatment.Trial registrationThis trial has been registered with Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03841292 since February 15th 2019 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03841292)-retrospectively registered.

Published
2022
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3. Differences in attentional bias to smoking-related, affective, and sensation-seeking cues between smokers and non-smokers: an eye-tracking study

Author

Noreen Rahmani, Jonathan Chung, Moshe Eizenman, Pingping Jiang, Helena Zhang, Peter Selby, and Laurie Zawertailo

Subjects
Pharmacology, Adult, Attentional Bias, Sensation, Humans, Attention, Middle Aged, Cues, Eye-Tracking Technology
Abstract

One of the behavioural features of tobacco use disorder is the presence of attentional bias (AB) to smoking-related stimuli. However, much of the research investigating these associations have been limited to the use of reaction-based indices.We aimed to investigate differences in AB to smoking, affective, and sensation-seeking cues in smokers and non-smokers using novel, free-viewing, eye-tracking technology. Secondary aims included investigating impulsivity-by-group interaction effects on AB to sensation-seeking cues.Participants were either otherwise-healthy smokers of at least 8 cigarettes per day or otherwise-healthy non-smokers ( 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and no smoking in the past year). AB was measured using a free-viewing, eye-tracking system. Participants were presented a series of slides divided into 3 themes: smoking, affective, and sensation-seeking. Each slide contained 4 images (1 theme-related, 1 neutral, 2 competitive). Primary outcome measure was the difference in the proportion of time spent viewing the theme-related cue to neutral cue. Impulsivity was measured using a monetary delayed discounting task.The sample consisted of 50 smokers (41 ± 12 years old) and 50 age- and sex-matched non-smokers (40 ± 14 years old). Smokers spent over 2 times longer looking at smoking-related images than non-smokers (F = 25.50, p 0.001). As well, greater impulsivity was significantly associated with increased AB to sensation-seeking cues (RThe eye-tracking procedure is a sensitive tool for assessing AB in smokers compared to non-smokers to both smoking and sensation-seeking cues.

Published
2022

5. The Effectiveness of Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Light Versus Heavier Smokers

Author

Laurie Zawertailo, Peter Selby, Scott Veldhuizen, Benjamin Wong, and Noreen Rahmani

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Nicotine, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, Prevalence, Logistic regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, Smokers, business.industry, Smoking, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Odds ratio, Abstinence, Nicotine replacement therapy, Primary care clinic, Confidence interval, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices, behavior and behavior mechanisms, Smoking cessation, Smoking Cessation, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Introduction The prevalence of light smoking has increased in North America; however, research on the effectiveness of current treatments in this subpopulation of smokers is limited. We compared quit outcomes between light (1–10 cigarettes per day [CPD]) versus heavier smokers (>10 CPD) enrolled in a treatment program at their primary care clinic. Aims and Methods This secondary analysis analyzed 45 087 participants (light smokers [n = 9861]; heavier smokers [n = 35 226]) enrolled in a smoking cessation program between April 2016 and March 2020. The program offered cost-free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) plus in-person counseling. Type, dose, and duration of NRT treatment were personalized. Data were collected at baseline, and at 6 months following enrollment to assess 7-day point prevalence abstinence (PPA), the primary outcome variable of interest. Logistic regression models were used for analyses. Results Seven-day PPA at 6 months was significantly higher among light smokers (30.6%) than heavier smokers (26.0%; odds ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval = 1.18–1.33, p < .001). Heavier smokers were prescribed more weeks of NRT than light smokers (B = 0.82, 95% confidence interval = 0.64–1.0, p < .001). The association between smoking cessation and daily NRT dose did not differ between groups (p = .98). However, a stronger positive relationship between the number of clinic visits attended and 7-day PPA was found among heavier smokers in comparison to light smokers (p < .001). All findings remained significant after adjusting for baseline variables. Conclusions There is a paucity of scientific literature on the effectiveness of NRT for light smokers. Our findings suggest that individualized doses of NRT may be helpful in these subpopulations, and highlight the different treatment needs of light smokers. Implications Current clinical guidelines do not provide formal recommendations for light smokers who want to quit smoking. Similar to heavy smokers, light smokers are at substantial risk for many adverse health problems. As such, it is important to understand what treatment options are effective in assisting light smokers to quit smoking. Findings from this study support the use of personalized treatment for all smokers who are interested in quitting smoking, including light smokers.

Published
2020

6. Lower pro- to anti-inflammatory ratios associated with reduced neurocognitive flexibility in symptomatic adolescents with bipolar disorder

Author

Daniel P. Dickstein, Jessica Hatch, Christopher R. Bowie, Mikaela Dimick, Ana Cristina Andreazza, Noreen Rahmani, Melanie R. Naiberg, Lisa Fiksenbaum, and Benjamin I. Goldstein

Subjects
Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Bipolar Disorder, Adolescent, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Neuropsychological Tests, Asymptomatic, 03 medical and health sciences, Executive Function, 0302 clinical medicine, Bayesian multivariate linear regression, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Bipolar disorder, Prospective cohort study, business.industry, Flexibility (personality), Interleukin, medicine.disease, 030227 psychiatry, Psychiatry and Mental health, Clinical Psychology, Mood, C-Reactive Protein, medicine.symptom, business, Neurocognitive, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Introduction Peripheral inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), are elevated among adolescents and adults with bipolar disorder (BD), particularly during symptomatic episodes. Neurocognition, predominantly in the domain of executive function, is also impaired among adults and youth with BD. In adults with BD, CRP is negatively associated with neurocognitive functioning. We aim to investigate this relationship in BD adolescents. Methods Serum levels of CRP and five other inflammatory markers (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-4 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF)) were examined in 60 adolescents with BD (34 symptomatic, 26 asymptomatic) age- and sex-matched to 51 healthy controls (HC). Diagnoses were confirmed using semi-structured interviews. Pro- to anti-inflammatory marker ratios were also examined. Neurocognitive flexibility was assessed via the intra/extradimensional shift (IED) task from the CANTAB battery. Multivariate linear regression controlled for age, sex and race. Results Within symptomatic BD adolescents, but not asymptomatic BD or HC adolescents, lower IL-6/IL-10 and lower CRP/IL-10 ratios were significantly associated with worse performance on the neurocognitive flexibility task (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively). Both models accounted for 13.3% of variance in neurocognitive flexibility. No significant CRP by diagnosis interaction effects were observed on neurocognitive flexibility. Limitations Limited sample-size restricted ability to separate the symptomatic BD adolescents into varying mood states. Conclusion More balanced pro- to anti-inflammatory ratios were associated with better neurocognitive flexibility in symptomatic BD adolescents. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the direction of these findings.

Published
2019

7. 19th biennial IPEG Meeting

Author

Sonja Simpraga, Rosanna Tortelli, Jill C. Richardson, Bernhard Mueller, Berrie J.L. Gerrits, Marieke Jepma, Silvia Armenise, Martin F.J. Perescis, Inga Griskova-Bulanova, C. Wintmolders, Haitham S. Mohammed, J. Leon Kenemans, Matteo Demuru, Paolo Ranzi, Jakub Korcak, J. A. Kemp, Georg Gruber, T. A. Iseger, N. Marzano, Giuseppe Bertini, Caitlyn Kruiper, Anke Sambeth, Ronald J. Swatzyna, Iris Schutte, Robert A. Comley, Frans C. T. van der Helm, Juergen Dukart, Robin L. Carhart-Harris, Flavio Nobili, Martin Brunovsky, Maria Vasileva, José Carlos Millán-Calenti, Kelly Holt, Jan A. Freund, S. Deepeshwar, Alexandra Kirsten, Yasser A. Khadrawy, Daniel Brandeis, Martin Bareš, Roshan Cools, Eduardo Ekman Schenberg, Sigita Melynyte, Antonio Ivano Triggiani, Ashley Baddeley, Karlijn I. van Aerde, Gerhard Trube, Leonardo Jose Trejo, Stephane Nave, D. A. Jackson, Tomáš Páleníček, Raffaella Franciotti, A. E. Maqueda, Laura Bonanni, E. Saifutdinova, Rahul Chaudhary, Natasja de Bruin, Christoph Mulert, Gilles van Luijtelaar, Hans-Christian Pape, Jeannette Hofmeijer, Martin Brunovský, Marijtje L.A. Jongsma, L. Raeymaekers, Boris Ferger, Donna Palmer, Robert Aidelbaum, Nash N. Boutros, Hanneke E. M. den Ouden, Genevieve N. Izzo, Jessica I. Määttä, Lucilla Parnetti, Gerald P. Kozlowski, Arjan Hillebrand, C. Bouyssières, Philip L.C. van den Broek, David J. Nutt, Jay D. Tarnow, Vlastimil Koudelka, Paolo Maria Rossini, Anna-Lena Dohrmann, Peter Veselcic, Asbjørn Mohr Drewes, Antonio Giannini, Ole Jensen, Christiane M. Thiel, Grazia Buenza, Tomas Novak, Chris G. Kruse, Alexander Sumich, Gaetano Scianatico, Jan-Mathijs Schoffelen, V. Duveau, K. Tahon, Lana Donse, Vladimir Krajca, Pierre Payoux, Vaclava Sedlamyerova, Else A. Tolner, M. Arns, Jennifer Mollon, Michael Derks, Nazimah Hamid, Andrea Szabo, Loreto Gesualdo, Shelly M. Menolascino, M. A. Mañanas, Thorsten Mikoteit, D. Balschun, Mitchell Belgin, Giacomo Tattoli, Cestmir Vejmola, Bob Oranje, Barbora Kohutova, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Iris E. C. Sommer, Dylan Smith, Rosa van Mourik, Michel D. Ferrari, Christian Zöllner, Maria-Clemancia Hernandez, Nick Seneca, James Miller, Martijn Arns, Timothy K. Murphy, Giancarlo Logroscino, Annika Lüttjohann, Noreen Rahmani, Christopher Timmermann, Martien J H Kas, Grace Y. Wang, Klaus Linkenkaer-Hansen, F. Nobili, Tieme W. P. Janssen, R. Biermans, Fernando H. Lopes da Silva, Bernd Saletu, Brian A. Coffman, Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz, Sian Lennon-Chrimes, Madelon A. Vollebregt, D. Moechars, Brittany Duncan, Joerg F. Hipp, Y. Roche, Valentina Cardinali, Neveen A. Noor, Christoph Wandel, S. Romero, Anna Bravermanová, J. Koprivova, Gerda M. Saletu-Zyhlarz, Nicola Walter Falasca, Marco Onofrj, Jaap Oosterlaan, J. L. Kenemans, J. Prasko, Jürgen Gallinat, C. Roucard, Vaclava Piorecka, Karsten Wicke, Jennifer C. Swart, Peterjan Ris, Heba S. Aboul Ezz, M Valle, Jesper F. Bastlund, Ivo Heitland, Paul B. Fitzgerald, Katleen Geladé, W. H. Drinkenburg, Lillian E. Fisher, Lars Eichler, J. Riba, Hélène Brisebois, Régis Bordet, Robert Leech, Roberta Lizio, Cornelis J. Stam, M. Avinash, N. K. Manjunath, Parissa Azadi, Raffaele Ferri, Cyril Höschl, Susanna Cordone, Sander Nieuwenhuis, Gregor Leicht, Alexandra J. Roark, Esben Bolvig Mark, Jakub Polak, Alexander T. Sack, Iris Eichler, Heidi Haavik, Athanasios Maras, Dirk J. Heslenfeld, Hans-Peter Landolt, A. Bottelbergs, Galina Surova, Ross Apparies, Lin Tiffany, Angelisa Frasca, Ida A. Nissen, Dario Arnaldi, Alessandro Bertolino, Wilhelmus Drinkenburg, Philip Scheltens, Cristina Bagnoli, Matthijs J.L. Perenboom, Dane M. Chetkovich, Thomas Budde, Annette Beatrix Brühl, Wilfried Dimpfel, Yuan Yang, Jonathan Kelley, Hervé Caci, Christoph Herrmann, Olivier Blin, Robert P. Turner, Georg Dorffner, Michaela Viktorinova, Igor Timofeev, Stephanie Thiebes, Dina Lelic, K. Van Kolen, P. F. Fabene, Frédéric Knoflach, S. Jacob, John Wallerius, Claudio Del Percio, Marina Bentivoglio, Mendel Kaelen, Peter Anderer, Imran Khan Niazi, Iman M. Mourad, S. Barker, Muhammad Samran Navid, Giuseppe Noce, Dean F. Salisbury, Huibert D. Mansvelder, Premysl Vlcek, Marek Adamczyk, Emmanouil Spanakis, Vitoantonio Bevilacqua, Orietta Barulli, Roy P. C. Kessels, Axel Steiger, Darren Bentley, Antonio Brunetti, Clementina M. van Rijn, Nikita van der Vinne, Evian Gordon, Nash Boutros, Lukáš Kadeřábek, Brendan Parsons, A. Ahnaou, Tilman Hensch, Christian Sander, Torsten Meyer, Barbora Cimrová, Marleen C. Tjepkema-Cloostermans, Molly Hyde, Robert Oostenveld, Liesbeth Heijink, Eléonore Czarik, Paolo F. Fabene, Jean-Paul Laurent, Stig Hollup, Leon Kenemans, Ana Buján, Vadim Ilivitsky, Danielle Impey, Alfred C. Schouten, Claudio Babiloni, M. Pawlowski, Ricardo Alvarez-Jimenez, Joop M. A. van Gerven, Filip Tylš, Jan van Egmond, Saskia Steinmann, Caroline Dupont, B. Mandé-Nidergang, Sebastian Olbrich, Geert Jan Groeneveld, H. Huysmans, Kastytis Dapsys, P. Sos, M. Raszka, C. Walsh, Justin Piché, Giovanni Frisoni, Silvia Parapatics, Annika Lütjohann, Simon-Shlomo Poil, Erin K. MacInerney, T. Nekovarova, Jana Nöldeke, Michel J.A.M. van Putten, Ilse E. C. W. van Straaten, Suresh D. Muthukumaraswamy, Mehrnoush Zobeiri, Magda Tsolaki, Ulrich Hegerl, Jaap C. Reijneveld, Patrizia Voehringer, N. V. Manyakov, Sandra K. Loo, Patrick Meuth, Bettina Clausen, Roman Rosipal, David Bartrés Faz, Nenad Polomac, Renata Androvicova, Pantaleo Spagnolo, Pilar Garcés, Andrea Soricelli, Amanda Feilding, R. Maury, Aleksandras Voicikas, Stjepan Curic, Verner Knott, Tabitha A. Iseger, Jiri Horacek, Susanna Lopez, Joelle Choueiry, Gianluigi Forloni, Andrew WThomas, Lyudmila V. Vinogradova, Alida A. Gouw, Sarah M. Haigh, and B. Pouyatos

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, 05 social sciences, Clinical Neurology, Neuropsychology, 050105 experimental psychology, 03 medical and health sciences, Psychiatry and Mental health, 0302 clinical medicine, Physiology (medical), Family medicine, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Published
2016

10. T113. Association Between Inflammatory Markers and Neurocognitive Flexibility Among Adolescents With and Without Bipolar Disorder

Author

Lisa Fiksenbaum, Ana Cristina Andreazza, Daniel P. Dickstein, Melanie R. Naiberg, Jessica Hatch, Christopher R. Bowie, Noreen Rahmani, and Benjamin I. Goldstein

Subjects
business.industry, Flexibility (personality), Cognition, medicine.disease, 030227 psychiatry, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Bipolar disorder, Association (psychology), business, Neurocognitive, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biological Psychiatry, Clinical psychology
Published
2018

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