Search

The mangrove ecosystems are one type of coastal ecosystem found along coastlines and river estuaries that are influenced by tides and inundation. Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap as one type of coastal ecosystem has a protection function, coastal area buffer, and cultivation area function that must be supported from the aspects of policy and institutions, communication, and coordination. This study aims to identify the role of stakeholders and the relationship between stakeholders in mangrove ecosystem management in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap. The research method used was a survey and interview method analyzed with MACTOR software. The results showed that there were 18 stakeholders who involved in mangrove ecosystem management in Segara Anakan Lagoon, Cilacap. The stakeholders are classified into main stakeholders, key stakeholders, and supporting stakeholders using the objective of mangrove management as key activities such as silvofishery, mangrove conservation, fishing activity, industry activity, etc. The level of convergence between stakeholders was 96.1% and the level of divergence was 3.9%. These results indicate a relatively low potential for conflict between stakeholders. The research can be used as a model relation between stakeholders to support the management activity of Segara Anakan Lagoon.

Abstract Background The General Practitioner (GP) is often the first professional contact for patients with depression. Depression care constitutes a substantial part of GPs’ workload. Objective To assess how GPs experience their patients’ expectations and their own provision of depression care; further, how their depression care was associated with doctor- and practice-characteristics. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire study about depression care in general practice among the GPs in the Norwegian Physician Survey of 2021. Results Of the 221 responding GPs, 50% were female and 70% agreed to have constant time pressure due to workload. The GPs believed that patients with depression were interested in their professional assessment (87.2%) and saw them as providers of talking therapy (76,9%). Still, 77,8% of the GPs thought the patients expected a referral. Talking therapy was commonly provided (79.6%) along with consultations of more than 30 min (80.4%). The youngest age group and GPs with shorter patient lists spent more time. Most GPs (92.3%) considered their help to be of great benefit for depressed patients. However, one-fourth of the GPs did not feel competent in providing talking therapy, less frequently reported by the GPs aged 40–54 years. Conclusions Talking therapy is commonly provided by GPs. However, there is a need to investigate what GP talking therapy implies, and to strengthen GP skills in this regard. Overall, the GPs experience their depression care to be useful for their patients, and do not de-prioritize this although they experience workload pressure.

Abstract Occult hemorrhages after trauma can be present insidiously, and if not detected early enough can result in patient death. This study evaluated a hemorrhage model on 18 human subjects, comparing the performance of traditional vital signs to multiple off-the-shelf non-invasive biomarkers. A validated lower body negative pressure (LBNP) model was used to induce progression towards hypovolemic cardiovascular instability. Traditional vital signs included mean arterial pressure (MAP), electrocardiography (ECG), plethysmography (Pleth), and the test systems utilized electrical impedance via commercial electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and multifrequency electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) devices. Absolute and relative metrics were used to evaluate the performance in addition to machine learning-based modeling. Relative EIT-based metrics measured on the thorax outperformed vital sign metrics (MAP, ECG, and Pleth) achieving an area-under-the-curve (AUC) of 0.99 (CI 0.95–1.00, 100% sensitivity, 87.5% specificity) at the smallest LBNP change (0–15 mmHg). The best vital sign metric (MAP) at this LBNP change yielded an AUC of 0.6 (CI 0.38–0.79, 100% sensitivity, 25% specificity). Out-of-sample predictive performance from machine learning models were strong, especially when combining signals from multiple technologies simultaneously. EIT, alone or in machine learning-based combination, appears promising as a technology for early detection of progression toward hemodynamic instability.

Background:. The approach to revision rhinoplasty is a challenge that plastic surgeons often face. The objective of this communication is to describe a surgical algorithm for patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty based on the stability of the nasal dorsum. Methods:. The study included 18 patients, six men and 12 women, aged 19–54 years, who had previously undergone rhinoplasty and who visited our clinic to request a new procedure due to unsatisfactory results in those procedures. A surgical algorithm developed by the main author (N.A.) was followed for revision rhinoplasty, and then a validated rhinoplasty outcome evaluation questionnaire was applied 1 year after surgery to assess aesthetic outcomes. Results:. The questionnaire was applied to all participants, showing a significant increase in patient satisfaction. Before surgery, a minimum value of six and a maximum of 21 (mean of 12) were found. After revision rhinoplasty following the proposed surgical algorithm, a minimum value of 21 and a maximum of 30 (mean of 29) were found, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions:. The surgical algorithm used for nasal dorsum reconstruction in patients undergoing revision rhinoplasty improved patient satisfaction and could be a feasible procedure to approach patients who have previously undergone rhinoplasty.

Introduction: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are at risk for lethal ventricular arrhythmia, but the electrophysiological substrate behind this is not well-understood. We used non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging to characterize patients with HCM, including cardiac arrest survivors.Methods: HCM patients surviving ventricular fibrillation or hemodynamically unstable ventricular tachycardia (n = 17) were compared to HCM patients without a personal history of potentially lethal arrhythmia (n = 20) and a pooled control group with structurally normal hearts. Subjects underwent exercise testing by non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging to estimate epicardial electrophysiology.Results: Visual inspection of reconstructed epicardial HCM maps revealed isolated patches of late activation time (AT), prolonged activation-recovery intervals (ARIs), as well as reversal of apico-basal trends in T-wave inversion and ARI compared to controls (p < 0.005 for all). AT and ARI were compared between groups. The pooled HCM group had longer mean AT (60.1 ms vs. 52.2 ms, p < 0.001), activation dispersion (55.2 ms vs. 48.6 ms, p = 0.026), and mean ARI (227 ms vs. 217 ms, p = 0.016) than structurally normal heart controls. HCM ventricular arrhythmia survivors could be differentiated from HCM patients without a personal history of life-threatening arrhythmia by longer mean AT (63.2 ms vs. 57.4 ms, p = 0.007), steeper activation gradients (0.45 ms/mm vs. 0.36 ms/mm, p = 0.011), and longer mean ARI (234.0 ms vs. 221.4 ms, p = 0.026). A logistic regression model including whole heart mean activation time and activation recovery interval could identify ventricular arrhythmia survivors from the HCM cohort, producing a C statistic of 0.76 (95% confidence interval 0.72–0.81), with an optimal sensitivity of 78.6% and a specificity of 79.8%.Discussion: The HCM epicardial electrotype is characterized by delayed, dispersed conduction and prolonged, dispersed activation-recovery intervals. Combination of electrophysiologic measures with logistic regression can improve differentiation over single variables. Future studies could test such models prospectively for risk stratification of sudden death due to HCM.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo adaptar una herramienta metodológica capaz de mejorar la forma de obtener el Índice de Adopción de Innovaciones en el sistema apícola poblano. Se diseñó y aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 62 apicultores de donde se obtuvo información sobre el uso de innovaciones de manejo, genética, alimentación y sanidad, de la cual se definieron 32 variables originales y siete categorías de innovación. Se rediseñó y adaptó el índice de adopción de innovación (InAI) utilizando el proceso analítico jerárquico (PAJ), lo que facilitó la identificación de aspectos sociales de los apicultores y las innovaciones que contribuyen a mejorar la productividad de miel. Los resultados muestran que las innovaciones que más contribuyen a la producción son las contenidas en las categorías de ubicación del apiario y sanidad. Por otro lado, la evaluación del InAIalt, mostró ser una alternativa pertinente para la explicación del comportamiento del rendimiento por colmena, además de mostrar los porcentajes de aportación específicos sobre las innovaciones evaluadas, con lo cual se pueden calcular estimaciones más precisas y consistentes con los rendimientos esperados de la región.

The concentrations of neurofilament light chain (NfL) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma have become key biomarkers of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington's Disease (HD). However, the relationship between the dynamics of NfL concentrations in CSF and the time-course of neurodegeneration (whole brain atrophy) has not yet been described in a quantitative and mechanistic manner. Here, we present a novel semi-mechanistic model, which postulates that the amount of NfL entering the CSF corresponds to the amount of NfL released from damaged neurons, whose degeneration results in a decrease in brain volume. In mathematical terms, the model expresses the NfL concentration in CSF in terms of the NfL concentration in brain tissue, the rate of change of whole brain volume and the CSF flow rate. To test our model, we used a non-linear mixed effects approach to analyze NfL and brain volume data from the HD-CSF study, a 24-month prospective study of individuals with premanifest HD, manifest HD and healthy controls. The time-course of whole brain volume, obtained from MRI, was represented empirically by a 2nd order polynomial, from which its rate of change was computed. CSF flow rates in healthy and HD populations were taken from recent literature data. By estimating the NfL concentration in brain tissue, the model successfully described the time-course of the NfL concentration in CSF in both HD subjects and healthy controls. Furthermore, the model-derived estimate of NfL concentration in brain agreed well with recent direct experimental measurements. The consistency of our model with the NfL and brain volume data suggests that the NfL concentration in CSF reflects the rate, rather than the extent, of neurodegeneration and that the increase in NfL concentration over time is a measure of the accelerating rate of neurodegeneration associated with aging and HD. For HD subjects, the degree of acceleration was found to increase markedly with the number of CAG repeats on their HTT gene. The application of our semi-mechanistic NfL model to other neurodegenerative diseases is discussed.

A 31-year-old male came to emergency department with acute abdominal pain from the right flank, diaphoresis and, palpitations. Contrasted abdominal CT revealed a tumor dependent from right adrenal gland and kidney. A laparoscopic radical nephrectomy was made to resect the tumor and pain relief. Pathological analysis reported poorly differentiated neuroblastoma from the right adrenal gland without involvement to kidney and ureter. The patient was sent to oncology clinic to continue with chemotherapy treatment. This is the third case of adult neuroblastoma reported in South America. Adult neuroblastoma is an uncommon cause of malignant neoplasm with an exceptional incidence reported.

Summary The variants of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) require careful differentiation from primary psychiatric disorders as the neuropsychiatric manifestations can overshadow the unique cognitive deficits. The language variants of FTD are less readily recognised by trainees despite making up around 43% of cases.1 This educational article presents an anonymised case of one of the language variants: semantic dementia. The cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric manifestations (delusions and hyperreligiosity) are explored in terms of aetiology and management. By the end of the article, readers should be able to differentiate FTD from Alzheimer's disease, understand the principles of management and associated risks, and develop a multifaceted approach to hyperreligiosity in dementia.

Latinos are among the populations who are the least likely to use assistive technology (AT) despite being a population with a high prevalence of functional disabilities (FDs). We aimed to create and test the usability of an AT web app for independent-living older adults with FDs. In Phase I, we created the web app’s content guided by the Optimized Honeycomb Model and considered the AT needs and FDs of older Puerto Ricans found in our previous studies. In Phase II, we design the web application by adopting a Lean UX process and design heuristics for older adults. In Phase III, we conducted usability testing using focus groups and individual interviews with 14 older adults, interpreted through a directed content analysis. The Mi Guía de Asistencia Tecnológica (MGAT) was developed with ninety-four AT devices in eight areas of daily activities. The MGAT provides comprehensive information on AT, including photos and videos of older adults using AT. Participants reported that the MGAT was usable, accessible, credible, desirable, useful, and valuable in increasing their knowledge of AT. These findings are a foundation for developing efficient AT information strategies using such technology as a first step to improving AT adoption among older adults.

Abstract Background The evening primrose family (Onagraceae) includes 664 species (803 taxa) with a center of diversity in the Americas, especially western North America. Ongoing research in Onagraceae includes exploring striking variation in floral morphology, scent composition, and breeding system, as well as the role of these traits in driving diversity among plants and their interacting pollinators and herbivores. However, these efforts are limited by the lack of a comprehensive, well-resolved phylogeny. Previous phylogenetic studies based on a few loci strongly support the monophyly of the family and the sister relationship of the two largest tribes but fail to resolve several key relationships. Results We used a target enrichment approach to reconstruct the phylogeny of Onagraceae using 303 highly conserved, low-copy nuclear loci. We present a phylogeny for Onagraceae with 169 individuals representing 152 taxa sampled across the family, including extensive sampling within the largest tribe, Onagreae. Deep splits within the family are strongly supported, whereas relationships among closely related genera and species are characterized by extensive conflict among individual gene trees. Conclusions This phylogenetic resource will augment current research projects focused throughout the family in genomics, ecology, coevolutionary dynamics, biogeography, and the evolution of characters driving diversification in the family.

BackgroundLesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) people are at higher risk of mental health problems due to widespread hetero- and cisnormativity, including negative public attitudes toward the LGBTQ+ community. In addition to combating social exclusion at the societal level, strengthening the coping abilities of young LGBTQ+ people is an important goal. ObjectiveIn this transdiagnostic feasibility study, we tested a 6-week internet intervention program designed to increase the ability of nonclinical LGBTQ+ participants to cope with adverse events in their daily lives. The program was based on acceptance and commitment therapy principles. MethodsThe program consists of 6 web-based modules and low-intensity assistance for homework provided by a single care provider asynchronously. The design was a single-group assignment of 15 self-identified LGB community members who agreed to participate in an open trial with a single group (pre- and postintervention design). ResultsBefore starting the program, participants found the intervention credible and expressed high satisfaction at the end of the intervention. Treatment adherence, operationalized by the percentage of completed homework assignments (32/36, 88%) was also high. When we compared participants’ pre- and postintervention scores, we found a significant decrease in clinical symptoms of depression (Cohen d=0.44, 90% CI 0.09-0.80), social phobia (d=0.39, 90% CI 0.07-0.72), and posttraumatic stress disorder (d=0.30, 90% CI 0.04-0.55). There was also a significant improvement in the level of self-acceptance and behavioral effectiveness (d=0.64, 90% CI 0.28-0.99) and a significant decrease in the tendency to avoid negative internal experiences (d=0.38, 90% CI 0.09-0.66). The level of general anxiety disorder (P=.11; d=0.29, 90% CI –0.10 to 0.68) and alcohol consumption (P=.35; d=–0.06, 90% CI –0.31 to 0.19) were the only 2 outcomes for which the results were not statistically significant. ConclusionsThe proposed web-based acceptance and commitment therapy program, designed to help LGBTQ+ participants better manage emotional difficulties and become more resilient, represents a promising therapeutic tool. The program could be further tested with more participants to ensure its efficacy and effectiveness. Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT05514964; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05514964

Mangrove ecosystem has specific ordination and clustering following the adaptation toward the environment properties and species competition. This research aimed to develop a specific ordination to support ecosystem stability. The research was carried out with a multidimensional system using density and environmental properties with similarity and Euclidian distance indexes. The results showed that West Segara Anakan had 6 ordination areas, and East Segara Anakan had 5 ordinations with the range density of 68-3373 trees/ha and 550-2975 trees/ha. Based on environmental properties, WSAL had nitrate, phosphate, pyrite, water and soil pH, and water salinity levels of 10.57-31.44 mg/lt, 8.44-22.89 mg/lt, 1.03-1.57 %, 5.60-7.78, 6.58-7.03, and 24.15-33.85 ppt, respectively. In ESAL, nitrate, phosphate, pyrite, water and soil pH, and water salinity were within the range of 19.72-28.98 mg/lt, 10.83-19.72 mg/lt, 1.28-2.91%, 6.35-7.05, 5.91-6.23, and 18.00-32.33 ppt. Furthermore, specific ordination showed that Avicennia marina, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, and Nypa frutican had the highest level of adaptation. I special thanks for research Terapan Unsoed 2023 to support this research.

Abstract Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a complication of arthroplasty that results in significant morbidity. The presence of biofilm makes treatment difficult, and removal of the prosthesis is frequently required. We have developed a non-invasive approach for biofilm eradication from metal implants using intermittent alternating magnetic fields (iAMF) to generate targeted heating at the implant surface. The goal of this study was to determine whether iAMF demonstrated efficacy in an in vivo implant biofilm infection model. iAMF combined with antibiotics led to enhanced reduction of biofilm on metallic implants in vivo compared to antibiotics or untreated control. iAMF-antibiotic combinations resulted in a > 1 − log further reduction in biofilm burden compared to antibiotics or iAMF alone. This combination effect was seen in both S. aureus and P. aeruginosa and seen with multiple antibiotics used to treat infections with these pathogens. In addition, efficacy was temperature dependent with increasing temperatures resulting in a greater reduction of biofilm. Tissue damage was limited (

Se analizaron las principales prácticas de Intensificación Sostenible (IS) que realizan pequeños y medianos productores en la camaronicultura de Sinaloa, México. Se usó el enfoque de sostenibilidad, desde el establecimiento de la granja hasta la comercialización. El estudio muestra una limitada incorporación de las prácticas de IS y los principales factores limitantes son: el deficiente marco institucional y regulatorio, la ausencia de electricidad, baja adopción de tecnologías, ineficiente manejo y suministro de alimentos y uso excesivo de antibióticos. Este trabajo contribuye al reconocimiento de limitaciones en la adopción de la IS en la camaronicultura y al avance en la sostenibilidad de esta actividad.

Abstract Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to social changes, such as those required to resolve human–wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio‐ecological systems.

Abstract One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.

Gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) has very high economic value and is easy to cultivate. Currently there are about six strains that have been successfully cultivated based on their reproductive ability to produce eggs, namely goose (soang, goose gouramy), jepun (japan, japonica), blue sapphire, paris, bastar (broiler) and porcelain. One of the reasons for these differences in ability is internal factors which can be seen through the identification and expression of the cGnRH gene that each of these gouramy strains have. The cGnRH gene functions in signaling the pituitary gland to secrete the hormone GtH. This study aims to identify sequences and gene expression values ​​resulting from three strains of gouramyat different age levels. The research method used was the exploration of three gouramy strains (soang, jepun, blue sapphire) at different age levels (4 months, 8 months, 12 months), and three gouramy strains were taken for each age level. This research was conducted through several stages, namely organ preparation, isolation, sequence identification and measurement of cGnRH gene expression. Sequence data was analyzed using phylogenetic trees and gene expression was analyzed using One Way ANOVA test. The sequence results showed that the soang strain had a sequence that was more similar to the jepun strain than the blue sapphire strain, and the resulting gene expression showed that the three gouramy strains with three different age levels did not give different results.

AbstractObjective To explore how stakeholders in depression care view intersectoral collaboration and work participation for workers with depression.Design Focus group study applying reflexive thematic analysis using a salutogenic perspective.Setting and subjects We conducted seven focus group interviews in six different regions in Norway with 39 participants (28 women); three groups consisted of general practitioners (GPs), two of psychologists and psychiatrists and two of social welfare workers and employers (of which one group also included GPs).Results Stakeholders considered work participation salutary for most workers with depression, given the right conditions (e.g. manageable work accommodations and accepting and inclusive workplaces). They also highlighted work as an integral source of meaningfulness to many workers with depression. Early collaborative efforts and encouraging sick-listed workers to stay connected to the workplace were considered important to avoid long and passive sickness absences. Furthermore, stakeholders’ views illuminated why intersectoral collaboration matters in depression care; individual stakeholders have limited information about a worker’s situation, but through collaboration and shared insight, especially in in-person collaborative meetings, they (and the worker) can gain a shared understanding of the situation, thereby enabling more optimal support. Ensuring adequate information flow for optimal and timely follow-up of workers was also emphasized.Conclusions Stakeholders highlighted the salutary properties of work participation for workers with depression under the right conditions. Intersectoral collaboration could support these conditions by sharing insight and knowledge, building a shared understanding of the worker’s situation, assuring proper information flow, and ensuring early and timely follow-up of the worker.

A crucial yet challenging task in galaxy evolution studies is the identification of distant merging galaxies, a task that suffers from a variety of issues ranging from telescope sensitivities and limitations to the inherently chaotic morphologies of young galaxies. In this paper, we use random forests and convolutional neural networks to identify high-redshift JWST Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science Survey (CEERS) galaxy mergers. We train these algorithms on simulated 3 < z < 5 CEERS galaxies created from the IllustrisTNG subhalo morphologies and the Santa Cruz SAM light cone. We apply our models to observed CEERS galaxies at 3 < z < 5. We find that our models correctly classify ∼60%–70% of simulated merging and nonmerging galaxies; better performance on the merger class comes at the expense of misclassifying more nonmergers. We could achieve more accurate classifications, as well as test for a dependency on physical parameters such as gas fraction, mass ratio, and relative orbits, by curating larger training sets. When applied to real CEERS galaxies using visual classifications as ground truth, the random forests correctly classified 40%–60% of mergers and nonmergers at 3 < z < 4 but tended to classify most objects as nonmergers at 4 < z < 5 (misclassifying ∼70% of visually classified mergers). On the other hand, the CNNs tended to classify most objects as mergers across all redshifts (misclassifying 80%–90% of visually classified nonmergers). We investigate what features the models find most useful, as well as the characteristics of false positives and false negatives, and also calculate merger rates derived from the identifications made by the models.

Among the consequences of systemic racism in health care are significant health disparities among Black/African American individuals with comorbid physical and mental health conditions. Despite decades of studies acknowledging health disparities based on race, significant change has not occurred. There are shockingly few evidence-based antiracism interventions. New paradigms are needed to intervene on, and not just document, racism in health care systems. We are developing a transformative paradigm for new antiracism interventions for primary care settings that integrate mental and physical health care. The paradigm is the first of its kind to integrate community-based participatory research and systems science, within an established model of early phase translation to rigorously define new antiracism interventions. This protocol will use a novel application of systems sciences by combining the qualitative systems sciences methods (group model building; GMB) with quantitative methods (simulation modeling) to develop a comprehensive and community-engaged view of both the drivers of racism and the potential impact of antiracism interventions. Community participants from two integrated primary health care systems will engage in group GMB workshops with researchers to 1) Describe and map the complex dynamic systems driving racism in health care practices, 2) Identify leverage points for disruptive antiracism interventions, policies and practices, and 3) Review and prioritize a list of possible intervention strategies. Advisory committees will provide feedback on the design of GMB procedures, screen potential intervention components for impact, feasibility, and acceptability, and identify gaps for further exploration. Simulation models will be generated based on contextual factors and provider/patient characteristics. Using Item Response Theory, we will initiate the process of developing core measures for assessing the effectiveness of interventions at the organizational-systems and provider levels to be tested under a variety of conditions. While we focus on Black/African Americans, we hope that the resulting transformative paradigm can be applied to improve health equity among other marginalized groups.

We present a sample of 88 candidate z ∼ 8.5–14.5 galaxies selected from the completed NIRCam imaging from the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science survey. These data cover ∼90 arcmin ^2 (10 NIRCam pointings) in six broadband imaging filters and one medium-band imaging filter. With this sample we confirm at higher confidence early JWST conclusions that bright galaxies in this epoch are more abundant than predicted by most theoretical models. We construct the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity functions at z ∼ 9, 11, and 14 and show that the space density of bright ( M _UV = −20) galaxies changes only modestly from z ∼ 14 to z ∼ 9, compared to a steeper increase from z ∼ 8 to z ∼ 4. While our candidates are photometrically selected, spectroscopic follow-up has now confirmed 13 of them, with only one significant interloper, implying that the fidelity of this sample is high. Successfully explaining the evidence for a flatter evolution in the number densities of UV-bright z > 10 galaxies may thus require changes to the dominant physical processes regulating star formation. While our results indicate that significant variations of dust attenuation with redshift are unlikely to be the dominant factor at these high redshifts, they are consistent with predictions from models that naturally have enhanced star formation efficiency and/or stochasticity. An evolving stellar initial mass function could also bring model predictions into better agreement with our results. Deep spectroscopic follow-up of a large sample of early galaxies can distinguish between these competing scenarios.

We present a measurement of the low-mass quiescent size–mass relation at cosmic noon (1 < z < 3) from the JWST PRIMER and UNCOVER treasury surveys, which highlights two distinct classes of quiescent galaxies. While the massive population is well studied at these redshifts, the low-mass end has been previously underexplored due to a lack of observing facilities with sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution. We select a conservative sample of low-mass quiescent galaxy candidates using rest-frame UVJ colors and specific star formation rate criteria and measure galaxy morphology in both rest-frame UV/optical wavelengths (F150W) and rest-frame near-infrared (F444W). We confirm an unambiguous flattening of the low-mass quiescent size–mass relation, which results from the separation of the quiescent galaxy sample into two distinct populations at $\mathrm{log}({M}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot })\sim 10.3$ : low-mass quiescent galaxies that are notably younger and have disky structures, and massive galaxies consistent with spheroidal morphologies and older median stellar ages. These separate populations imply mass quenching dominates at the massive end while other mechanisms, such as environmental or feedback-driven quenching, form the low-mass end. This stellar mass-dependent slope of the quiescent size–mass relation could also indicate a shift from size growth due to star formation (low masses) to growth via mergers (massive galaxies). The transition mass between these two populations also corresponds with other dramatic changes and characteristic masses in several galaxy evolution scaling relations (e.g., star formation efficiency, dust obscuration, and stellar-to-halo mass ratios), further highlighting the stark dichotomy between low-mass and massive galaxy formation.

We present the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey, a deep slitless spectroscopic and imaging Cycle 1 JWST treasury survey designed to constrain feedback mechanisms in low-mass galaxies across cosmic time. NGDEEP targets the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) with NIRISS slitless spectroscopy ( ${f}_{\mathrm{lim},\mathrm{line},5\sigma }\approx 1.2\,\times \,$ 10 ^−18 erg s ^−1 cm ^−2 ) to measure metallicities and star formation rates (SFRs) for low-mass galaxies through the peak of the cosmic SFR density (0.5 < z < 4). In parallel, NGDEEP targets the HUDF-Par2 parallel field with NIRCam ( ${m}_{\mathrm{lim},5\sigma }=30.6-30.9$ ) to discover galaxies to z > 12, constraining the slope of the faint end of the rest-ultraviolet luminosity function. NGDEEP overlaps with the deepest HST Advanced Camera for Surveys optical imaging in the sky, F435W in the HUDF ( ${m}_{\mathrm{lim},{\rm{F}}435{\rm{W}}}=29.6$ ) and F814W in HUDF-Par2 ( ${m}_{\mathrm{lim},{\rm{F}}814{\rm{W}}}=30$ ), making this a premier HST+JWST deep field. As a treasury survey, NGDEEP data are public immediately, and we will rapidly release data products and catalogs in the spirit of previous deep-field initiatives. In this paper we present the NGDEEP survey design, summarize the science goals, and detail plans for the public release of NGDEEP reduced data products.

James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam images have revealed 154 reliable globular cluster (GC) candidates around the z = 0.0513 elliptical galaxy VV 191a after subtracting 34 likely interlopers from background galaxies inside our search area. NIRCam broadband observations are made at 0.9–4.5 μ m using the F090W, F150W, F356W, and F444W filters. Using point-spread-function-matched photometry, the data are analyzed to present color–magnitude diagrams and color distributions that suggest a relatively uniform population of GCs, except for small fractions of reddest (5%–8%) and bluest (2%–4%) outliers. GC models in the F090W versus (F090W–F150W) diagram fit the NIRCam data well and show that the majority of GCs detected have a mass of ∼10 ^6.5 M _⊙ , with metallicities [Fe/H] spanning the typical range expected for GCs (−2.5 ≲ [Fe/H]≲ 0.5). However, the models predict ∼0.3–0.4 mag bluer (F356W–F444W) colors than the NIRCam data for a reasonable range of GC ages, metallicities, and reddening. Although our data do not quite reach the luminosity function turnover, the measured luminosity function is consistent with previous measurements, suggesting an estimated peak at m _AB ∼ −9.4 ± 0.2 mag in the F090W filter.

We study the H α equivalent width (EW(H α )) maps of 19 galaxies at 0.6 < z < 2.2 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field using NIRISS slitless spectroscopy as part of the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public Survey. Our galaxies mostly lie on the star formation main sequence with stellar masses between 10 ^9 and 10 ^11 M _⊙ , characterized as “typical” star-forming galaxies at these redshifts. Leveraging deep Hubble Space Telescope and JWST images, spanning 0.4–4.8 μ m, we perform spatially resolved fitting of the spectral energy distributions for these galaxies and construct specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar-mass-weighted age maps with a spatial resolution of ∼1 kpc. The pixel-to-pixel EW(H α ) increases with increasing sSFR and with decreasing age. The average trends are slightly different from the relations derived from integrated fluxes of galaxies from the literature, suggesting complex evolutionary trends within galaxies. We quantify the radial profiles of EW(H α ), sSFR, and age. The majority (84%) of galaxies show positive EW(H α ) gradients, in line with the inside-out quenching scenario. A few galaxies (16%) show inverse (and flat) EW(H α ) gradients, possibly due to merging or starbursts. We compare the distributions of EW(H α ) and sSFR to star formation history (SFH) models as a function of galactocentric radius. We argue that the central regions of galaxies have experienced at least one rapid star formation episode, which leads to the formation of the bulge, while their outer regions (e.g., disks) grow via more smoothly varying SFHs. These results demonstrate the ability to study resolved star formation in distant galaxies with JWST NIRISS.

A wealth of observations have long suggested that the vast majority of isolated classical dwarf galaxies ( M _* = 10 ^7 –10 ^9 M _⊙ ) are currently star forming. However, recent observations of the large abundance of “ultra-diffuse galaxies” beyond the reach of previous large spectroscopic surveys suggest that our understanding of the dwarf galaxy population may be incomplete. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of an isolated quiescent dwarf galaxy in the nearby Universe, which was imaged as part of the JWST PEARLS Guaranteed Time Observation program. Remarkably, individual red-giant branch stars are visible in this near-IR imaging, suggesting a distance of 30 ± 4 Mpc, and a wealth of archival photometry point to an sSFR of 2 × 10 ^−11 yr ^−1 and star formation rate of 4 × 10 ^−4 M _⊙ yr ^−1 . Spectra obtained with the Lowell Discovery Telescope find a recessional velocity consistent with the Hubble Flow and >1500 km s ^−1 separated from the nearest massive galaxy in Sloan Digital Sky Survey suggesting that this galaxy was either quenched from internal mechanisms or had a very high-velocity (≳1000 km s ^−1 ) interaction with a nearby massive galaxy in the past. This analysis highlights the possibility that many nearby quiescent dwarf galaxies are waiting to be discovered and that JWST has the potential to resolve them.

Purpose: We present a case of a 10-year-old boy with Crouzon syndrome that demonstrates progressive myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNF). Observations: A 10-year-old boy was referred for ophthalmic examination due to clusters of opaque white fibers around his optic nerve. Past surgical history includes craniofacial surgery at 3 years of age secondary to the deteriorating vision from increased intracranial pressure and papilledema. Upon examination (now 6.5 years post-craniofacial surgery), the patient denied any ocular complaints. The fundus examination showed progressively enlarged myelination of the retinal nerve fiber layer (right eye > left eye). Although previous cases of MRNF with Crouzon syndrome have been reported, our case is unique given its post-operative status with early onset of MRNF. Conclusion and importance: This case report documents the photographic progression of bilateral myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNF) in a pediatric case of Crouzon syndrome post-craniofacial surgery secondary to increased intracranial pressure and papilledema. Based on our patient, craniofacial decompression surgery may not prevent the development of MRNF. The exact mechanisms of MRNF are still being studied. Further investigations correlating craniofacial surgeries, increased intracranial pressure, and progression of myelinated retinal nerve fibers are needed to understand this process.

Introduction Posterior circulation strokes account for 20% of ischemic strokes (1). Optimal management for posterior circulation strokes has been studied less than for anterior circulation strokes (2). Endovascular parent vessel sacrifice is an established technique used to treat vascular pathologies. There is limited evidence for parent artery sacrifice for recurrent strokes and there is no current guideline for standard of care. Methods '‐ Results 51‐year‐old gentleman with history of tobacco use presented with left homonymous hemianopsia, onset 1.5 hours prior to arrival. CT brain showed no bleed and patient received IV tissue‐plasminogen activator (tPA). CT angiography (CTA) demonstrated occlusion of the right posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and dissection of the left vertebral artery (V2 segment) with distal reconstitution. He underwent emergent thrombectomy for right P2 thrombus with complete reperfusion TICI 3 (Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction Score). Less than 24 hours later, he developed a right homonymous hemianopsia, and was found to have a new occlusion of the left P1 segment of the left PCA. Emergent thrombectomy was performed with complete reperfusion (TICI3). MRI brain demonstrated bilateral PCA territory infarcts. Within 12 hours of the second thrombectomy, his neurological exam deteriorated, and interval imaging revealed a basilar trunk thrombus, for which he underwent a successful endovascular thrombectomy complete reperfusion (TICI3). His antiplatelet regimen was optimized with Aspirin. Heparin was considered as treatment but was not provided because of the hemorrhagic conversion of his ischemic strokes. Given the persistent recurrence of thromboemboli in the posterior circulation despite being on optimal medical management, and evidence of hemorrhagic conversion, a decision was made to perform endovascular coil embolization of the left vertebral artery V2 segment at the site of dissection. Angiographic imaging demonstrated antegrade blood flow through the dissection as the source of recurrent embolic strokes. Six Stryker Target coils were deployed spanning the region of dissection within the left V2 segment via a right radial access with the guide catheter in the right vertebral artery. Post coil embolization angiographic runs demonstrated complete occlusion of the left vertebral V2 segment at the region of dissection which was confirmed via a left vertebral injection from a left femoral arterial access. There was preservation of ascending cervical collaterals beyond the dissection with patency of the contralateral vertebral artery supplying the intracranial circulation. Following embolization, repeat imaging showed no new infarcts and no new or worsening hemorrhage. He was continued on Aspirin monotherapy. It is notable that though his neurological exam deteriorated during each recurrent thromboembolic event, his neurologic exam at the time of discharge significantly improved with NIHSS of 3. He is currently being followed at our neuroscience institute. Conclusion Cervical arterial dissections pose increased risk for ischemic strokes (3). Vertebral artery dissection accounts for approximately 2%, of which, 10‐25% occur in middle‐aged and younger patients (4). This is a case of a young patient that exemplifies a successful role for vertebral artery sacrifice with coil embolization to prevent recurrent thromboembolic posterior circulation strokes. However controlled studies are needed for safety and efficacy of these interventions.

Introduction Intravenous thrombolytics (IVT) and mechanical thrombectomy (MT) have become the standards of care for treating patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic strokes (AIS) [1‐4}. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a main complication of IVT, with prevalence reported around 3.2% in a large multicentered meta‐analysis [2,6]. However, limited data remains about the safety and efficacy for patients to undergo MT with IVT associated pre‐interventional ICH as no randomized control trials or standard of care guidelines are available [2,4,5,7]. Methods NA Results 56‐yo male with history of alcohol abuse presented via EMS as a stroke alert with acute onset right hemiplegia, global aphasia, right facial droop, and leftward gaze preference two hours prior to arrival. RACE 10+ with NIHSS 24. No known history antiplatelet or anticoagulation use. Computerized Tomography (CT) Brain scan showed left middle cerebral artery (MCA) hyperdense sign with left insular cortical ribboning. CT angiography (CTA) showed near occlusive stenosis of the left carotid bulb with an acute thrombus within Supraclinoid Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) extending into the Left MCA and origin of Left Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA). Patient was emergently administered IV‐tissue Plasminogen Activator (IV‐tPA) and taken for endovascular thrombectomy. During initial angiogram, after crossing the stenotic cervical bulb, the left Supraclinoid ICA and MCA occlusions were visualized. There was longitudinal partially occlusive thrombus extending from the M1 into the M2 divisions. No opacification of the inferior M2 branch was visualized, with perfusion deficit over the temporal, parietal and frontal regions. Additionally, extravasation of contrast was seen within the left basal ganglia region, concerning for hemorrhagic transformation from IV‐tPA. Reversal of IV‐tPA was initiated, and patient was given cryoprecipitate, platelets, and tranexamic acid. Decision to undergo MT was made secondary to severity of debilitating neurologic symptoms, age, and large perfusion deficit observed. He underwent single pass complete recanalization, TICI 2C using Stent retriever and aspiration. Left ICA stenting was not completed secondary to hemorrhagic transformation. Repeat CT Brain confirmed moderate left frontal lobe hemorrhage with vasogenic edema and 3mm left‐to‐right midline shift. No neurosurgical intervention required. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Brain showed left cerebral hematoma with mass effect, acute infarct within left caudate nucleus, and minimal posterior cortical restricted diffusion without hemorrhagic conversion. Patient was monitored for 1 week with serial brain imaging. Patient was discharged on Aspirin 81 mg daily to inpatient rehabilitation with NIHSS 21, mRS 4 (0 prestroke). Today, in rehab he ambulates with walker with moderate expressive aphasia and right upper extremity weakness. Plan to follow‐up 2‐month post‐hospitalization for left ICA stenting. Conclusion While pre‐interventional IVT‐associated ICH in AIS with LVO are rare, few cases have been shown to have positive neurological outcomes [2,5,7]. We demonstrate a unique case of early identification of reperfusion hemorrhage on fluoroscopy with prompt reversal initiated. The decision to continue with MT based on downstream occlusion of basal ganglia hemorrhage not at further risk of expansion from reperfusion. The patient did well on follow‐up imaging despite the hemorrhage. Further randomized control clinical trials are required to establish best care guidelines, safety, and efficacy.

Mangrove ecosystem in Segara Anakan Lagoon (SAL) Cilacap as a typical and specific semiclosed estuary. SAL is dominated by many species like as Rhizophora spp., Sonneratia spp., Bruguiera spp., Avicennia spp., and other species. The normalized different vegetation index (NDVI) and dominant vegetation index (DVI) are a suitable method to support the mapping analysis of mangrove structure and mangrove density. This research aimed to develop mapping of mangrove species distribution, density and dominated species using NDVI and DVI. The method of this research used NDVI analysis using satellite imagery 2017-2020 and domination vegetation with line and quadrat transect method. The results showed that West Segara Anakan had mangrove dense (25 %), moderate density (25 %), rare density (50%) and East Segara Anakan had mangrove dense (43,86 %), moderate density (47.99 %), rare density (8,24 %). Based on domination species showed that East Segara Anakan was dominated by Rhizophora stylosa (233-1633 trees ha-1), Rhizophora apiculata (100-1067 trees ha-1), Nypa frutican (50-2775 trees ha-1), whereas West Segara Anakan was dominated by Nypa frutican (565-2333 trees ha-1), Avicennia marina (198-933 trees ha-1), Sonneratia caseolaris (132-700 trees ha-1) and Avicennia alba (107-1000 trees ha-1). Keywords : Mangrove density, mapping analysis, Segara Anakan Lagoon, NDVI and NDWI

The growth of Li dendrites in a solid electrolyte is commonly idealized by a pressure‐filled crack. Recent observations in both garnet and sulfide electrolytes show that sparsely filled cracks exist prior to shorting of the cell, thereby invalidating this assumption. Herein, a variational principle that uses the Onsager formalism to couple Li deposition into the crack, elastic deformation of the electrolyte, and cracking of the electrolyte with the electrochemical driving forces and dissipation within the electrolyte and interfaces is developed. Consistent with observations, it is shown that Li ingress and cracking occur together for garnet electrolytes, but the cracks are sparsely filled. This sparse filling is a direct consequence of the mismatch between the elastic opening of the cracks and the deposition of Li into the cracks across the crack flanks. An increase in the resistance of Li ingress into the tips of Li filaments results in crack propagating ahead of the Li filaments, as observed for sulfide electrolytes. In such cases, the cracks are largely dry. The results provide a framework to model Li ingress into solid electrolytes and explain why the observations are qualitatively so different from dendrites in liquid electrolytes.

Traditional eel farmers face the problem of poor quality and high price of commercial glass eel diet, this feed has produced poor fish performance, as well. The lack of essential amino acids may be the cause. Molecular methods are used to determine the rapid response of glass eels to a formulated diet. The purpose of this study was to determine how the effect of adding lysine to commercial feed affects the expression of genes related to growth hormone GH. Pasta feed was given to glass eels (1600 heads) which were cultured for 60 days. The cylindrical plastic ponds were framed with steel and covered with HDPE plastic (300μm) in size {(3.14cm) x (85cmx85cm) x (60cm)} filled with water 907,460 L ≈ 0.91 m3. Real time RT-PCR results in GH suggest that the level of lysine (2%) added to the diet has strong effect on GH gene expression during eight weeks cultivation.

This overview initially describes insect immune reactions and then brings together present knowledge of the interactions of vector insects with their invading parasites and pathogens. It is a way of introducing this Special Issue with subsequent papers presenting the latest details of these interactions in each particular group of vectors. Hopefully, this paper will fill a void in the literature since brief descriptions of vector immunity have now been brought together in one publication and could form a starting point for those interested and new to this important area. Descriptions are given on the immune reactions of mosquitoes, blackflies, sandflies, tsetse flies, lice, fleas and triatomine bugs. Cellular and humoral defences are described separately but emphasis is made on the co-operation of these processes in the completed immune response. The paper also emphasises the need for great care in extracting haemocytes for subsequent study as appreciation of their fragile nature is often overlooked with the non-sterile media, smearing techniques and excessive centrifugation sometimes used. The potential vital role of eicosanoids in the instigation of many of the immune reactions described is also discussed. Finally, the priming of the immune system, mainly in mosquitoes, is considered and one possible mechanism is presented.

New JWST/NIRCam wide-field slitless spectroscopy provides redshifts for four z > 8 galaxies located behind the lensing cluster MACS J0416.1−2403. Two of them, “Y1” and “JD,” have previously reported spectroscopic redshifts based on Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array measurements of [O iii ] 88 μ m and/or [C ii ] 157.7 μ m lines. Y1 is a merging system of three components, and the existing redshift z = 8.31 is confirmed. However, JD is at z = 8.34 instead of the previously claimed z = 9.28. JD’s close companion, “JD-N,” which was a previously discovered z > 8 candidate, is now identified at the same redshift as JD. JD and JD-N form an interacting pair. A new candidate at z > 8, “f090d_018,” is also confirmed and is at z = 8.49. These four objects are likely part of an overdensity that signposts a large structure extending ∼165 kpc in projected distance and ∼48.7 Mpc in radial distance. They are magnified by less than 1 mag and have an intrinsic M _UV ranging from −19.57 to −20.83 mag. Their spectral energy distributions show that the galaxies are all very young with ages ∼ 4–18 Myr and stellar masses of about 10 ^7–8 M _⊙ . These infant galaxies have very different star formation rates ranging from a few to over a hundred solar masses per year, but only two of them (JD and f090d_018) have blue rest-frame UV slopes β < −2.0 indicative of a high Lyman-continuum photon escape fraction that could contribute significantly to the cosmic hydrogen-reionizing background. Interestingly, these two galaxies are the least massive and least active ones among the four. The other two systems have much flatter UV slopes largely because of their high dust extinction ( A _V = 0.9–1.0 mag). Their much lower indicated escape fractions show that even very young, actively star-forming galaxies can have a negligible contribution to reionization when they quickly form dust throughout their bodies.

The first public 0.9–4.4 μ m NIRCam images of the North Ecliptic Pole Time Domain Field uncovered galaxies displaying point-source features in their cores as seen in the longer-wavelength filters. We visually identified a sample of 66 galaxies (∼1 galaxy arcmin ^–2 ) with pointlike cores and have modeled their two-dimensional light profiles with GalFit , identifying 16 galactic nuclei with measurable point-source components. GalFit suggests that the visual sample is a mix of both compact stellar bulge and point-source galaxy cores. This core classification is complemented by spectral energy distribution modeling to infer the sample’s active galactic nucleus (AGN) and host-galaxy parameters. For galaxies with measurable point-source components, the median fractional AGN contribution to their 0.1–30.0 μ m flux is 0.44, and 14/16 are color-classified AGN. We conclude that near-infrared point-source galaxy cores are signatures of AGN. In addition, we define an automated sample-selection criterion to identify these point-source features. This criterion can be used in other extant and future NIRCam images to streamline the search for galaxies with unresolved IR-luminous AGN. The James Webb Space Telescope’s superb angular resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths are resurrecting the morphological identification of AGN.

We present a new parametric lens model for the G165.7+67.0 galaxy cluster, which was discovered with Planck through its bright submillimeter flux, originating from a pair of extraordinary dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at z ≈ 2.2. Using JWST and interferometric mm/radio observations, we characterize the intrinsic physical properties of the DSFGs, which are separated by only ∼1″ (8 kpc) and a velocity difference Δ V ≲ 600 km s ^−1 in the source plane, and thus are likely undergoing a major merger. Boasting intrinsic star formation rates SFR _IR = 320 ± 70 and 400 ± 80 M _⊙ yr ^−1 , stellar masses of $\mathrm{log}[{M}_{\star }/{M}_{\odot }]=10.2\pm 0.1$ and 10.3 ± 0.1, and dust attenuations of A _V = 1.5 ± 0.3 and 1.2 ± 0.3, they are remarkably similar objects. We perform spatially resolved pixel-by-pixel spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using rest-frame near-UV to near-IR imaging from JWST/NIRCam for both galaxies, resolving some stellar structures down to 100 pc scales. Based on their resolved specific star formation rates (SFRs) and UVJ colors, both DSFGs are experiencing significant galaxy-scale star formation events. If they are indeed interacting gravitationally, this strong starburst could be the hallmark of gas that has been disrupted by an initial close passage. In contrast, the host galaxy of SN H0pe has a much lower SFR than the DSFGs, and we present evidence for the onset of inside-out quenching and large column densities of dust even in regions of low specific SFR. Based on the intrinsic SFRs of the DSFGs inferred from UV through far-infrared SED modeling, this pair of objects alone is predicted to yield an observable 1.1 ± 0.2 core-collapse supernovae per year, making this cluster field ripe for continued monitoring.

Ultraviolet (UV; rest-frame ∼1200–2000 Å) spectra provide a wealth of diagnostics to characterize fundamental galaxy properties, such as their chemical enrichment, the nature of their stellar populations, and their amount of Lyman-continuum (LyC) radiation. In this work, we leverage publicly released JWST data to construct the rest-frame UV-to-optical composite spectrum of a sample of 63 galaxies at 5.6 < z < 9, spanning a wavelength range from 1500 to 5200 Å. Based on the composite spectrum, we derive an average dust attenuation $E{(B-V)}_{\mathrm{gas}}\,=\,{0.10}_{-0.11}^{+0.10}$ from H β /H γ , an electron density ${n}_{e}={570}_{-290}^{+510}$ cm ^−3 from the [O ii ] doublet ratio, an electron temperature ${T}_{e}={16700}_{-1500}^{+1500}$ K from the [O iii ] λ 4363/[O iii ] λ 5007 ratio, and an ionization parameter $\mathrm{log}(U)=-{2.15}_{-0.03}^{+0.03}$ from the [O iii ]/[O ii ] ratio. Using a direct T _e method, we calculate an oxygen abundance $12+\mathrm{log}({\rm{O}}/{\rm{H}})\,=\,7.67\pm 0.08$ and a carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) abundance ratio $\mathrm{log}({\rm{C}}/{\rm{O}})\,=\,-{0.86}_{-0.10}^{+0.13}$ . This C/O ratio is smaller than compared to z = 0 and z = 2–4 star-forming galaxies, albeit with moderate significance. This indicates the reionization-era galaxies might be undergoing a rapid buildup of stellar mass with high specific star formation rates. A UV diagnostic based on the ratios of C iii ] λ λ 1907, 1909/He ii λ 1640 versus O iii ] λ 1666/He ii λ 1640 suggests that the star formation is the dominant source of ionization, similar to the local extreme dwarf galaxies and z ∼ 2–4 He ii –detected galaxies. The [O iii ]/[O ii ] and C iv /C iii ] ratios of the composite spectrum are marginally larger than the criteria used to select galaxies as LyC leakers, suggesting that some of the galaxies in our sample are strong contributors to the reionizing radiation.

We use the Ultraviolet Imaging of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey fields (UVCANDELS) to measure half-light radii in the rest-frame far-UV for ∼16,000 disk-like galaxies over 0.5 ≤ z ≤ 3. We compare these results to rest-frame optical sizes that we measure in a self-consistent way and find that the stellar mass–size relation of disk galaxies is steeper in the rest-frame UV than in the optical across our entire redshift range. We show that this is mainly driven by massive galaxies (≳10 ^10 M _⊙ ), which we find to also be among the most dusty. Our results are consistent with the literature and have commonly been interpreted as evidence of inside-out growth wherein galaxies form their central structures first. However, they could also suggest that the centers of massive galaxies are more heavily attenuated than their outskirts. We distinguish between these scenarios by modeling and selecting galaxies at z = 2 from the VELA simulation suite in a way that is consistent with UVCANDELS. We show that the effects of dust alone can account for the size differences we measure at z = 2. This indicates that, at different wavelengths, size differences and the different slopes of the stellar mass–size relation do not constitute evidence for inside-out growth.

SN H0pe is a triply imaged supernova (SN) at redshift z = 1.78 discovered using the James Webb Space Telescope. In order to classify the SN spectroscopically and measure the relative time delays of its three images (designated A, B, and C), we acquired NIRSpec follow-up spectroscopy spanning 0.6–5 μ m. From the high signal-to-noise spectra of the two bright images B and C, we first classify the SN, whose spectra most closely match those of SN 1994D and SN 2013dy, as a Type Ia SN. We identify prominent blueshifted absorption features corresponding to Si ii λ 6355 and Ca ii H λ 3970 and K λ 3935. We next measure the absolute phases of the three images from our spectra, which allow us to constrain their relative time delays. The absolute phases of the three images, determined by fitting the three spectra to Hsiao07 SN templates, are ${6.5}_{-1.8}^{+2.4}$ days, ${24.3}_{-3.9}^{+3.9}$ days, and ${50.6}_{-15.3}^{+16.1}$ days for the brightest to faintest images. These correspond to relative time delays between Image A and Image B and between Image B and Image C of $-{122.3}_{-43.8}^{+43.7}$ days and ${49.3}_{-14.7}^{+12.2}$ days, respectively. The SALT3-NIR model yields phases and time delays consistent with these values. After unblinding, we additionally explored the effect of using Hsiao07 template spectra for simulations through 80 days instead of 60 days past maximum, and found a small (11.5 and 1.0 days, respectively) yet statistically insignificant (∼0.25 σ and ∼0.1 σ ) effect on the inferred image delays.

We test the relationship between UV-derived star formation rates (SFRs) and the 7.7 μ m polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon luminosities from the integrated emission of galaxies at z ∼ 0–2. We utilize multiband photometry covering 0.2–160 μ m from the Hubble Space Telescope, CFHT, JWST, Spitzer, and Herschel for galaxies in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey. We perform spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling of these data to measure dust-corrected far-UV (FUV) luminosities, L _FUV , and UV-derived SFRs. We then fit SED models to the JWST/MIRI 7.7–21 μ m CEERS data to derive rest-frame 7.7 μ m luminosities, L _770 , using the average flux density in the rest-frame MIRI F770W bandpass. We observe a correlation between L _770 and L _FUV , where $\mathrm{log}{L}_{770}\propto (1.27\pm 0.04)\mathrm{log}{L}_{\mathrm{FUV}}$ . L _770 diverges from this relation for galaxies at lower metallicities, lower dust obscuration, and for galaxies dominated by evolved stellar populations. We derive a “single-wavelength” SFR calibration for L _770 that has a scatter from model estimated SFRs ( σ _ΔSFR ) of 0.24 dex. We derive a “multiwavelength” calibration for the linear combination of the observed FUV luminosity (uncorrected for dust) and the rest-frame 7.7 μ m luminosity, which has a scatter of σ _ΔSFR = 0.21 dex. The relatively small decrease in σ suggests this is near the systematic accuracy of the total SFRs using either calibration. These results demonstrate that the rest-frame 7.7 μ m emission constrained by JWST/MIRI is a tracer of the SFR for distant galaxies to this accuracy, provided the galaxies are dominated by star formation with moderate-to-high levels of attenuation and metallicity.

The Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) survey program was designed specifically to include Near Infrared Slitless Spectroscopic observations (NGDEEP-NISS) to detect multiple emission lines in as many galaxies as possible and across a wide redshift range using the Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph. We present early results obtained from the first set of observations (Epoch 1, 50% of the allocated orbits) of this program (NGDEEP-NISS1). Using a set of independently developed calibration files designed to deal with a complex combination of overlapping spectra, multiple position angles, and multiple cross filters and grisms, in conjunction with a robust and proven algorithm for quantifying contamination from overlapping dispersed spectra, NGDEEP-NISS1 has achieved a 3 σ sensitivity limit of 2 × 10 ^−18 erg s ^−1 cm ^−2 . We demonstrate the power of deep wide field slitless spectroscopy (WFSS) to characterize the star formation rates, and metallicity ([O iii ]/H β ), and dust content, of galaxies at 1 < z < 3.5. The latter showing intriguing initial results on the applicability and assumptions made regarding the use of Case B recombination. Further, we identify the presence of active galactic nuclei and infer the mass of their supermassive black holes using broadened restframe Mg ii and H β emission lines. The spectroscopic results are then compared with the physical properties of galaxies extrapolated from fitting spectral energy distribution models to photometry alone. The results clearly demonstrate the unique power and efficiency of WFSS at near-infrared wavelengths over other methods to determine the properties of galaxies across a broad range of redshifts.

The Balmer decrement (H α /H β ) provides a constraint on attenuation, the cumulative effects of dust grains in the ISM. The ratio is a reliable spectroscopic tool for deriving the dust properties of galaxies that determine many different quantities such as star formation rate, metallicity, and SED models. Here, we measure independently both the attenuation and H α /H β of an occulting galaxy pair: VV 191. Attenuation measurements in the visible spectrum ( A _V _,stars ) from dust maps derived from the F606W filter of HST and the F090W filter of JWST are matched with spaxel-by-spaxel H α /H β observations from the George and Cynthia Mitchell Spectrograph of the McDonald Observatory. The 0.5–0.7 μ m bandpass covers the Balmer lines for VV 191. The dust maps of JWST and HST provide the high sensitivity necessary for comparisons and tracking trends of the geometrically favorable galaxy. We present maps and plots of the Balmer lines for the VV 191 galaxy pair and for a specific region highlighting dust lanes for VV 191b in the overlap region. We compute A _V _,H _II from H α /H β and plot both quantities against A _V _,stars . Our results show that regions with higher dust content, residing closer to the spiral center, dominate ionized gas attenuation, leading to an overestimation of A _V _,H _II by a factor of 2. Further out in the spiral arms, the lower dust content leads to more agreement between the attenuations, indicating a lower star formation rate and larger contribution from older stars to the stellar continuum outside the Petrosian radius.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time-domain Field (TDF) is a >14′ diameter field optimized for multiwavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over three cycles (the “TREASUREHUNT” program), deep images were obtained with the Wide Field Camera on the Advanced Camera for Surveys in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ∼88 arcmin ^2 , with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4+ yr. To a depth of m _AB ≃ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable and estimate that ∼80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), where we find 0.42% of the general z ≲ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the ∼3 σ level. Based on a 5 yr time frame, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ∼0.07 transients arcmin ^−2 (∼245 deg ^−2 ) per epoch and a variable AGN areal density of ∼1.25 variables arcmin ^−2 (∼4500 deg ^−2 ) to these depths.

“Changing-look” active galactic nuclei (CL-AGNs) challenge our basic ideas about the physics of accretion flows and circumnuclear gas around supermassive black holes. Using first-year Sloan Digital Sky Survey V (SDSS-V) repeated spectroscopy of nearly 29,000 previously known active galactic nuclei (AGNs), combined with dedicated follow-up spectroscopy, and publicly available optical light curves, we have identified 116 CL-AGNs where (at least) one broad emission line has essentially (dis-)appeared, as well as 88 other extremely variable systems. Our CL-AGN sample, with 107 newly identified cases, is the largest reported to date, and includes ∼0.4% of the AGNs reobserved in first-year SDSS-V operations. Among our CL-AGNs, 67% exhibit dimming while 33% exhibit brightening. Our sample probes extreme AGN spectral variability on months to decades timescales, including some cases of recurring transitions on surprisingly short timescales (≲2 months in the rest frame). We find that CL events are preferentially found in lower-Eddington-ratio ( f _Edd ) systems: Our CL-AGNs have a f _Edd distribution that significantly differs from that of a carefully constructed, redshift- and luminosity-matched control sample (Anderson–Darling test yielding p _AD ≈ 6 × 10 ^−5 ; median f _Edd ≈ 0.025 versus 0.043). This preference for low f _Edd strengthens previous findings of higher CL-AGN incidence at lower f _Edd , found in smaller samples. Finally, we show that the broad Mg ii emission line in our CL-AGN sample tends to vary significantly less than the broad H β emission line. Our large CL-AGN sample demonstrates the advantages and challenges in using multi-epoch spectroscopy from large surveys to study extreme AGN variability and physics.

We present an analysis of the ultraviolet luminosity function (UV LF) and star formation rate density of distant galaxies (7.5 < z < 13.5) in the “blank” fields of the Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS) survey combined with Early Release Science data from the CEERS, GLASS, and NGDEEP surveys/fields and the first data release of JADES. We use strict quality cuts on EAZY photometric redshifts to obtain a reliable selection and characterization of high-redshift ( z > 6.5) galaxies from a consistently processed set of deep, near-infrared imaging. Within an area of 180 arcmin ^2 , we identify 1046 candidate galaxies at redshifts z > 6.5 and we use this sample to study the UV LF in four redshift bins between 7.5 < z < 13.5. The measured number density of galaxies at z = 8 and z = 9 matches those of past observations undertaken by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Our z = 10.5 measurements lie between early James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) results and past HST results, indicating cosmic variance may be the cause of previous high density measurements. However, the number densities of UV-luminous galaxies at z = 12.5 are high compared to predictions from simulations. When examining the star formation rate density of galaxies at this period, our observations are still largely consistent with a constant star formation efficiency, are slightly lower than previous early estimations using JWST, and support galaxy driven reionization at z ≤ 8.

We present the results of our search for Lyman continuum (LyC)-emitting (weak) active galactic nuclei (AGN) at redshifts 2.3 ≲ z ≲ 4.9 from Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) F275W observations in the Ultraviolet Imaging of the Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey (UVCANDELS) fields. We also include LyC emission from AGN using HST WFC3 F225W, F275W, and F336W imaging found in Early Release Science (ERS) and Hubble Deep UV Legacy Survey data. We performed exhaustive queries of the Vizier database to locate AGN with high-quality spectroscopic redshifts. In total, we found 51 AGN that met our criteria within the UVCANDELS and ERS footprints. Out of these 51, we find 12 AGN that had ≥4 σ detected LyC flux in the WFC3/UVIS images. Using a wide variety of space-based plus ground-based data, ranging from X-ray to radio wavelengths, we fit the multiwavelength photometric data of each AGN to a CIGALE spectral energy distribution (SED) using AGN models and correlate various SED parameters to the LyC flux. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests of the SED parameter distributions for the LyC-detected and nondetected AGN showed they are likely not distinct samples. However, we find that the X-ray luminosity, star formation onset age, and disk luminosity show strong correlations relative to their emitted LyC flux. We also find strong correlations of the LyC flux to several dust parameters, i.e., polar and toroidal dust emission and 6 μ m luminosity, and anticorrelations with metallicity and A _FUV . We simulate the LyC escape fraction ( f _esc ) using the CIGALE and intergalactic medium transmission models for the LyC-detected AGN and find an average f _esc ≃ 18%, weighted by uncertainties. We stack the LyC fluxes of subsamples of AGN according to the wavelength continuum region in which they are detected and find no significant distinctions in their LyC emission, although our submillimeter-detected F336W sample (3.15 < z < 3.71) shows the brightest stacked LyC flux. These findings indicate that LyC production and escape in AGN are more complicated than the simple assumption of thermal emission and a 100% escape fraction. Further testing of AGN models with larger samples than presented here is needed.

The 3D geometries of high-redshift galaxies remain poorly understood. We build a differentiable Bayesian model and use Hamiltonian Monte Carlo to efficiently and robustly infer the 3D shapes of star-forming galaxies in James Webb Space Telescope Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science observations with $\mathrm{log}{M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot }=9.0\mbox{--}10.5$ at z = 0.5–8.0. We reproduce previous results from the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Assembly Near-infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey in a fraction of the computing time and constrain the mean ellipticity, triaxiality, size, and covariances with samples as small as ∼50 galaxies. We find high 3D ellipticities for all mass–redshift bins, suggesting oblate (disky) or prolate (elongated) geometries. We break that degeneracy by constraining the mean triaxiality to be ∼1 for $\mathrm{log}{M}_{* }/{M}_{\odot }=9.0\mbox{--}9.5$ dwarfs at z > 1 (favoring the prolate scenario), with significantly lower triaxialities for higher masses and lower redshifts indicating the emergence of disks. The prolate population traces out a “banana” in the projected $b/a\mbox{--}\mathrm{log}a$ diagram with an excess of low- b / a , large- $\mathrm{log}a$ galaxies. The dwarf prolate fraction rises from ∼25% at z = 0.5–1.0 to ∼50%–80% at z = 3–8. Our results imply a second kind of disk settling from oval (triaxial) to more circular (axisymmetric) shapes with time. We simultaneously constrain the 3D size–mass relation and its dependence on 3D geometry. High-probability prolate and oblate candidates show remarkably similar Sérsic indices ( n ∼ 1), nonparametric morphological properties, and specific star formation rates. Both tend to be visually classified as disks or irregular, but edge-on oblate candidates show more dust attenuation. We discuss selection effects, follow-up prospects, and theoretical implications.

We use James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera Wide Field Slitless Spectroscopy (NIRCam WFSS) and the Near-Infrared spectrograph (NIRSpec) in the Cosmic Evolution Early Release survey to measure rest-frame optical emission-line ratios of 155 galaxies at z > 2. The blind NIRCam grism observations include a sample of galaxies with bright emission lines that were not observed on the NIRSpec masks. We study the changes of the H α , [O III ]/H β , and [Ne III ]/[O II ] emission lines in terms of redshift by comparing to lower-redshift SDSS, CLEAR, and MOSDEF samples. We find a significant (>3 σ ) correlation between [O III ]/H β with redshift, while [Ne III ]/[O II ] has a marginal (2 σ ) correlation with redshift. We compare [O III ]/H β and [Ne III ]/[O II ] to stellar mass and H β SFR. We find that both emission-line ratios have a correlation with H β SFR and an anticorrelation with stellar mass across the redshifts 0 < z < 9. Comparison with MAPPINGS V models indicates that these trends are consistent with lower metallicity and higher ionization in low-mass and high-SFR galaxies. We additionally compare to IllustrisTNG predictions and find that they effectively describe the highest [O III ]/H β ratios observed in our sample, without the need to invoke MAPPINGS models with significant shock ionization components.