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1. The not so silent Estonians? Perceptions and practice of small talk.

Author

Pajusalu, Renate and Norvik, Miina

Abstract

The present paper analyses self-reflexive opinions of 33 Estonians about small talk; it is based on interviews carried out in 2020–2022. The main topics covered in the paper are what participants consider small talk situations, how they feel in such situations, and what kind of topics they bring up or avoid. While silent Finns and silent Scandinavians appear in the literature almost as terms, research on Estonians and their behaviour has been scarce. The paper reveals that although Estonians might see themselves as silent, they often feel the need to break the silence. As it appears, it might result in a failed attempt, but the attempts are there. The article discusses various decisive factors in engaging in or refraining from small talk mentioned by the participants. It also sheds light on changes in time, which mainly seem to indicate that Estonians are opening up. Although small talk is not primarily connected with the notion of politeness in the interviewees' views, it nevertheless belongs to what is considered appropriate behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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2. The expression of change-of-state in the Finnic languages

Author

Norvik Miina

Subjects
become-constructions, future copulas, clause types, language contacts, Philology. Linguistics, P1-1091
Abstract

The present article studies verbs that are used to convey change-of-state in the Finnic languages: “to come”, “to go”, “to remain/stay”, “to get”, “will be”, “to make/do”, and “to be born/give birth”. These are polysemous core verbs, which can be expected to be integrated in constructions with (new) generalized grammatical meaning. As will be shown, in order to convey change-of-state typically they occur in constructions that either mark the goal and the source or leave both unmarked. In addition, change can be associated with experiential, existential, and possessive constructions, which also enable to shed more light on the development of the above-mentioned verbs, including the possible development change-of-state → future. The article demonstrates that each Finnic language uses several verbs from the list presented above, but there are differences in what are the most commonly used ones and in what kind of constructions they occur. In some languages, there is a general change-of-state verb, which also appears as a future copula if there is no competing future copula. In the case of Estonian, Finnish, and Livonian, the results of previous studies on change-of-state predicates were used; for the other Finnic languages, a separate data set was compiled using various collections of texts.

Published
2020
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4. Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss. Science Advances

Author

Skirgård, Hedvig, Haynie, Hannah J., Blasi, Damián E., Hammarström, Harald, Collins, Jeremy, Latarche, Jay J., Lesage, Jakob, Weber, Tobias, Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena, Passmore, Sam, Chira, Angela, Maurits, Luke, Dinnage, Russell, Dunn, Michael, Reesink, Ger, Singer, Ruth, Bowern, Claire, Epps, Patience, Hill, Jane, Vesakoski, Outi, Robbeets, Martine, Abbas, Noor Karolin, Auer, Daniel, Bakker, Nancy A., Barbos, Giulia, Borges, Robert D., Danielsen, Swintha, Dorenbusch, Luise, Dorn, Ella, Elliott, John, Falcone, Giada, Fischer, Jana, Ate, Yustinus Ghanggo, Gibson, Hannah, Gï¿œbel, Hans-Philipp, Goodall, Jemima A., Gruner, Victoria, Harvey, Andrew, Hayes, Rebekah, Heer, Leonard, Miranda, Roberto E. Herrera, Hï¿œbler, Nataliia, Huntington-Rainey, Biu, Ivani, Jessica K., Johns, Marilen, Just, Erika, Kashima, Eri, Kipf, Carolina, Klingenberg, Janina V., Kï¿œnig, Nikita, Koti, Aikaterina, Kowalik, Richard G. A., Krasnoukhova, Olga, Lindvall, Nora L. M., Lorenzen, Mandy, Lutzenberger, Hannah, Martins, Tï¿œnia R. A., German, Celia Mata, Meer, Suzanne van der, Samamï¿œ, Jaime Montoya, Mï¿œller, Michael, Muradoglu, Saliha, Neely, Kelsey, Nickel1, Johanna, Norvik, Miina, Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi, Peacock, Jesse, Pearey, India O. C., Peck, Naomi, Petit, Stephanie, Pieper, Sï¿œren, Poblete, Mariana, Prestipino, Daniel, Raabe, Linda, Raja, Amna, Reimringer, Janis, Rey, Sydney C., Rizaew, Julia, Ruppert, Eloisa, Salmon, Kim K., Sammet, Jill, Schembri, Rhiannon, Schlabbach, Lars, Schmidt, Frederick W. P., Skilton, Amalia, Smith, Wikaliler Daniel, Sousa, Hilï¿œrio de, Sverredal, Kristin, Valle, Daniel, Vera, Javier, Voï¿œ, Judith, Witte, Tim, Wu, Henry, Yam, Stephanie, Ye, Jingting, Yong, Maisie, Yuditha, Tessa, Zariquiey, Roberto, Forkel, Robert, Evans, Nicholas, Levinson, Stephen C., Haspelmath, Martin, Greenhill1, Simon J., Atkinson, Quentin D., Gray, Russell D., Skirgård, Hedvig, Haynie, Hannah J., Blasi, Damián E., Hammarström, Harald, Collins, Jeremy, Latarche, Jay J., Lesage, Jakob, Weber, Tobias, Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena, Passmore, Sam, Chira, Angela, Maurits, Luke, Dinnage, Russell, Dunn, Michael, Reesink, Ger, Singer, Ruth, Bowern, Claire, Epps, Patience, Hill, Jane, Vesakoski, Outi, Robbeets, Martine, Abbas, Noor Karolin, Auer, Daniel, Bakker, Nancy A., Barbos, Giulia, Borges, Robert D., Danielsen, Swintha, Dorenbusch, Luise, Dorn, Ella, Elliott, John, Falcone, Giada, Fischer, Jana, Ate, Yustinus Ghanggo, Gibson, Hannah, Gï¿œbel, Hans-Philipp, Goodall, Jemima A., Gruner, Victoria, Harvey, Andrew, Hayes, Rebekah, Heer, Leonard, Miranda, Roberto E. Herrera, Hï¿œbler, Nataliia, Huntington-Rainey, Biu, Ivani, Jessica K., Johns, Marilen, Just, Erika, Kashima, Eri, Kipf, Carolina, Klingenberg, Janina V., Kï¿œnig, Nikita, Koti, Aikaterina, Kowalik, Richard G. A., Krasnoukhova, Olga, Lindvall, Nora L. M., Lorenzen, Mandy, Lutzenberger, Hannah, Martins, Tï¿œnia R. A., German, Celia Mata, Meer, Suzanne van der, Samamï¿œ, Jaime Montoya, Mï¿œller, Michael, Muradoglu, Saliha, Neely, Kelsey, Nickel1, Johanna, Norvik, Miina, Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi, Peacock, Jesse, Pearey, India O. C., Peck, Naomi, Petit, Stephanie, Pieper, Sï¿œren, Poblete, Mariana, Prestipino, Daniel, Raabe, Linda, Raja, Amna, Reimringer, Janis, Rey, Sydney C., Rizaew, Julia, Ruppert, Eloisa, Salmon, Kim K., Sammet, Jill, Schembri, Rhiannon, Schlabbach, Lars, Schmidt, Frederick W. P., Skilton, Amalia, Smith, Wikaliler Daniel, Sousa, Hilï¿œrio de, Sverredal, Kristin, Valle, Daniel, Vera, Javier, Voï¿œ, Judith, Witte, Tim, Wu, Henry, Yam, Stephanie, Ye, Jingting, Yong, Maisie, Yuditha, Tessa, Zariquiey, Roberto, Forkel, Robert, Evans, Nicholas, Levinson, Stephen C., Haspelmath, Martin, Greenhill1, Simon J., Atkinson, Quentin D., and Gray, Russell D.

Published
2023
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5. Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss

Author

Skirgård, Hedvig, primary, Haynie, Hannah J., additional, Blasi, Damián E., additional, Hammarström, Harald, additional, Collins, Jeremy, additional, Latarche, Jay J., additional, Lesage, Jakob, additional, Weber, Tobias, additional, Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena, additional, Passmore, Sam, additional, Chira, Angela, additional, Maurits, Luke, additional, Dinnage, Russell, additional, Dunn, Michael, additional, Reesink, Ger, additional, Singer, Ruth, additional, Bowern, Claire, additional, Epps, Patience, additional, Hill, Jane, additional, Vesakoski, Outi, additional, Robbeets, Martine, additional, Abbas, Noor Karolin, additional, Auer, Daniel, additional, Bakker, Nancy A., additional, Barbos, Giulia, additional, Borges, Robert D., additional, Danielsen, Swintha, additional, Dorenbusch, Luise, additional, Dorn, Ella, additional, Elliott, John, additional, Falcone, Giada, additional, Fischer, Jana, additional, Ghanggo Ate, Yustinus, additional, Gibson, Hannah, additional, Göbel, Hans-Philipp, additional, Goodall, Jemima A., additional, Gruner, Victoria, additional, Harvey, Andrew, additional, Hayes, Rebekah, additional, Heer, Leonard, additional, Herrera Miranda, Roberto E., additional, Hübler, Nataliia, additional, Huntington-Rainey, Biu, additional, Ivani, Jessica K., additional, Johns, Marilen, additional, Just, Erika, additional, Kashima, Eri, additional, Kipf, Carolina, additional, Klingenberg, Janina V., additional, König, Nikita, additional, Koti, Aikaterina, additional, Kowalik, Richard G. A., additional, Krasnoukhova, Olga, additional, Lindvall, Nora L. M., additional, Lorenzen, Mandy, additional, Lutzenberger, Hannah, additional, Martins, Tânia R. A., additional, Mata German, Celia, additional, van der Meer, Suzanne, additional, Montoya Samamé, Jaime, additional, Müller, Michael, additional, Muradoglu, Saliha, additional, Neely, Kelsey, additional, Nickel, Johanna, additional, Norvik, Miina, additional, Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi, additional, Peacock, Jesse, additional, Pearey, India O. C., additional, Peck, Naomi, additional, Petit, Stephanie, additional, Pieper, Sören, additional, Poblete, Mariana, additional, Prestipino, Daniel, additional, Raabe, Linda, additional, Raja, Amna, additional, Reimringer, Janis, additional, Rey, Sydney C., additional, Rizaew, Julia, additional, Ruppert, Eloisa, additional, Salmon, Kim K., additional, Sammet, Jill, additional, Schembri, Rhiannon, additional, Schlabbach, Lars, additional, Schmidt, Frederick W. P., additional, Skilton, Amalia, additional, Smith, Wikaliler Daniel, additional, de Sousa, Hilário, additional, Sverredal, Kristin, additional, Valle, Daniel, additional, Vera, Javier, additional, Voß, Judith, additional, Witte, Tim, additional, Wu, Henry, additional, Yam, Stephanie, additional, Ye, Jingting, additional, Yong, Maisie, additional, Yuditha, Tessa, additional, Zariquiey, Roberto, additional, Forkel, Robert, additional, Evans, Nicholas, additional, Levinson, Stephen C., additional, Haspelmath, Martin, additional, Greenhill, Simon J., additional, Atkinson, Quentin D., additional, and Gray, Russell D., additional

Published
2023
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6. Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss

Author

Skirgård, Hedvig, primary, Haynie, Hannah J., additional, Blasi, Damián E., additional, Hammarström, Harald, additional, Collins, Jeremy, additional, Latarche, Jay J., additional, Lesage, Jakob, additional, Weber, Tobias, additional, Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena, additional, Passmore, Sam, additional, Chira, Angela M., additional, Maurits, Luke, additional, Dinnage, Russell, additional, Dunn, Michael, additional, Reesink, Ger, additional, Singer, Ruth, additional, Bowern, Claire, additional, Epps, Patience L, additional, Hill, Jane, additional, Vesakoski, Outi, additional, Robbeets, Martine, additional, Abbas, Noor Karolin, additional, Auer, Daniel, additional, Bakker, Nancy A., additional, Barbos, Giulia, additional, Borges, Robert D., additional, Danielsen, Swintha, additional, Dorenbusch, Luise, additional, Dorn, Ella, additional, Elliott, John, additional, Falcone, Giada, additional, Fischer, Jana, additional, Ate, Yustinus Ghanggo, additional, Gibson, Hannah, additional, Göbel, Hans-Philipp, additional, Goodall, Jemima A., additional, Gruner, Victoria, additional, Harvey, Andrew, additional, Hayes, Rebekah, additional, Heer, Leonard, additional, Miranda, Roberto E. Herrera, additional, Hübler, Nataliia, additional, Huntington-Rainey, Biu H., additional, Ivani, Jessica K., additional, Johns, Marilen, additional, Just, Erika, additional, Kashima, Eri, additional, Kipf, Carolina, additional, Klingenberg, Janina V., additional, König, Nikita, additional, Koti, Aikaterina, additional, Kowalik, Richard G. A., additional, Krasnoukhova, Olga, additional, Lindvall, Nora L. M., additional, Lorenzen, Mandy, additional, Lutzenberger, Hannah, additional, Martins, Tânia R.A., additional, German, Celia Mata, additional, van der Meer, Suzanne, additional, Samamé, Jaime Montoya, additional, Müller, Michael, additional, Muradoglu, Saliha, additional, Neely, Kelsey, additional, Nickel, Johanna, additional, Norvik, Miina, additional, Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi, additional, Peacock, Jesse, additional, Pearey, India O.C., additional, peck, naomi, additional, Petit, Stephanie, additional, Pieper, Sören, additional, Poblete, Mariana, additional, Prestipino, Daniel, additional, Raabe, Linda, additional, Raja, Amna, additional, Reimringer, Janis, additional, Rey, Sydney C., additional, Rizaew, Julia, additional, Ruppert, Eloisa, additional, Salmon, Kim K., additional, Sammet, Jill, additional, Schembri, Rhiannon, additional, Schlabbach, Lars, additional, Schmidt, Frederick W.P., additional, Skilton, Amalia, additional, Smith, Wikaliler Daniel, additional, de Sousa, Hilário, additional, Sverredal, Kristin, additional, Valle, Daniel, additional, Vera, Javier, additional, Voß, Judith, additional, Witte, Tim, additional, Wu, Henry, additional, Yam, Stephanie, additional, 葉婧婷, Jingting Ye, additional, Yong, Maisie, additional, Yuditha, Tessa, additional, Zariquiey, Roberto, additional, Forkel, Robert, additional, Evans, Nicholas, additional, Levinson, Stephen C., additional, Haspelmath, Martin, additional, Greenhill, Simon J., additional, Atkinson, Quentin, additional, and Gray, Russell D., additional

Published
2022
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8. Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive data set

Author

Jing, Yingqi, Dunn, Michael, Norvik, Miina, and Vesakoski, Outi

Subjects
Uralic typology, admixture analysis, Grambank, linguistic diversity, Uralic Typological Database
Abstract

This repository includes the complete R code and data for the paper: Norvik et al. (2022) Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive data set. Journal of Uralic Linguistics, 1: 1. - The executable R code to generate the results is found in ./Main/Appendix_2.Rmd, and a readable pdf rendering of the analysis is in ./Main/Appendix_2.pdf - Files with individual figures are saved in ./Results/Figures - The ./Data directory contains a snapshot of the data used in the analysis. The full data release is available from ZENODO_LINK

Published
2022
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9. Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive dataset

Author

Norvik, Miina, primary, Jing, Yingqi, additional, Dunn, Michael, additional, Forkel, Robert, additional, Honkola, Terhi, additional, Klumpp, Gerson, additional, Kowalik, Richard, additional, Metslang, Helle, additional, Pajusalu, Karl, additional, Piha, Minerva, additional, Saar, Eva, additional, Saarinen, Sirkka, additional, and Vesakoski, Outi, additional

Published
2022
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10. Insights into the Baltic and Finnic Languages : Contacts, Comparisons, and Change Ed. 1

Author

Kosta, Peter, Kalnaca, Andra, Norvik, Miina, Kosta, Peter, Kosta, Peter, Kalnaca, Andra, Norvik, Miina, and Kosta, Peter

Abstract

This book includes twelve articles that present new research on the Finnic and Baltic languages spoken in the southern and eastern part of the Circum-Baltic area. It aims to elaborate on the various contact situations and (dis)similarities between the languages of the area. Taking an areal, comparative, or sociolinguistic perspective, the articles offer new insights into the grammatical, semantic, pragmatic, and textual patterns of different types of predicates or nouns or consider the variation of grammatical categories from a typological perspective. The qualitative analyses find support in quantitative data collected from language corpora or written sources, including those representing the less studied varieties of the area.

Published
2022

11. Uralic typology in the light of a new comprehensive dataset

Author

Norvik, Miina, Jing, Yingqi, Dunn, Michael, Forkel, Robert, Honkola, Terhi, Klumpp, Gerson, Kowalik, Richard, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, Piha, Minerva, Saar, Eva, Saarinen, Sirkka, Vesakoski, Outi, Norvik, Miina, Jing, Yingqi, Dunn, Michael, Forkel, Robert, Honkola, Terhi, Klumpp, Gerson, Kowalik, Richard, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, Piha, Minerva, Saar, Eva, Saarinen, Sirkka, and Vesakoski, Outi

Abstract

This paper presents the Uralic Areal Typology Online (UraTyp 1.0), a typological dataset of 35 Uralic languages and a total of 360 features, mainly covering the levels of morphology, syntax, and phonology. The features belong to two different datasets: 195 features’ definitions originate from the Grambank (GB) database, developed for comparison of world language typology, whereas 165 features (UT) have been designed specifically to describe the typological variation within the Uralic language family. We present a series of analyses of the dataset demonstrating its scope and possibilities. The complete data set correctly identifies the main Uralic subgroups in a Principal Components Analysis, whereas GB data alone is insufficiently granular to detect this family-internal structure. Similar analyses limited to various typological subdomains also give variable results. A model-based admixture analysis identifies four distinct areas of historical interaction: Saami, Finnic, the Volga area and Ob-Ugric.

Published
2022
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12. LIVONIAN POLAR QUESTIONS IN THEIR AREAL CONTEXT

Author

Norvik, Miina, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, Saar, Eva, Norvik, Miina, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, and Saar, Eva

Abstract

This paper analyses strategies for forming polar questions and their historical sources in the two main varieties of Livonian - Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian. The results reveal that the main means for marking polar questions in both varieties are sentence-initial particles. Their usage is compared to the means found in other varieties spoken in the Central Baltic area. This micro-areal comparison offers an in-depth analysis of the main patterns in the area, including their developmental paths. It appears that on several occasions, Livonian, Latvian, Latgalian, and Leivu South Estonian ( spoken in Latvia) pattern together as opposed to the Estonian and South Estonian varieties (spoken in Estonia) and Lutsi and Kraasna South Estonian (spoken, respectively, in southeastern Latvia and the southern Pskov region in Russia). The data originate from various sources and different times, and were obtained by using both manual and automated methods; the analyses are qualitative.

Published
2022
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14. Finnic comparative constructions in an areal context.

Author

Norvik, Miina and Saar, Eva

Subjects
SENTENCES (Grammar), LANGUAGE contact, DIALECTS
Abstract

This paper discusses comparative constructions in the Finnic languages. The main focus is on the southern Finnic languages with separate attention paid to dialect variation. By including a maximally complete microareal dataset, the article reviews already identified patterns and their spread, while also introducing some (later) developments that have received less attention or gone unnoticed. The results are viewed in the context of neighbouring noncognate contact languages (Latvian, Latgalian, and Russian); some parallels are also drawn with Lithuanian. As appears, due to being at the crossroads of Finnic and Baltic, it is in the southernmost Finnic languages where the genuine separative comparative construction meets various other patterns, including those borrowed from the Baltic languages. In general, the results enable us to shed more light on the outcomes of more ancient as well as more recent contact situations. The linguistic data originate from text collections, language corpora, example sentences in dictionaries and grammar books, and our own field work data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. New tools for studying Finnish archaeology and Uralic languages

Author

Moilanen, Ulla, Pesonen, Petro, Norvik, Miina, Saipio, Jarkko, Vesakoski, Outi, Immonen, Visa, Onkamo, Paivi, Moilanen, Ulla, Pesonen, Petro, Norvik, Miina, Saipio, Jarkko, Vesakoski, Outi, Immonen, Visa, and Onkamo, Paivi

Abstract

Between 2018 and 2020 the Kipot ja kielet [Beakers and Speakers] project (KiKi) collected a typological database of archaeological artefacts in Finland and a typological linguistic database of Uralic languages. Both datasets will be accessible through a public online interface (URHIA) from 2021. The data will help integrate Finnish- and Uralic-speaking areas into global perspectives on human history.

Published
2021
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18. The South Estonian Language Islands In The Context Of The Central Baltic Area

Author

Norvik, Miina, Balodis, Uldis, Ernstreits, Valts, Klava, Gunta, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, Saar, Eva, Norvik, Miina, Balodis, Uldis, Ernstreits, Valts, Klava, Gunta, Metslang, Helle, Pajusalu, Karl, and Saar, Eva

Abstract

This article offers a comparative analysis of several morphosyntactic and phonological features in the South Estonian language islands: Leivu, Lutsi, and Kraasna. The objective is to give an overview of the distribution of selected features, their (in)stability over time, and discuss their form and use in a broader areal context. To achieve this goal, comparative information was also included from the closest cognate varieties (Estonian and the South Estonian varieties, Courland Livonian and Salaca Livonian) and the main contact varieties (Latgalian, Latvian, and Russian). The data analysed in this study originated from various sources: text collections, dictionaries, and language corpora. The results reveal a multitude of linguistic patterns and distribution patterns, which means that the studied varieties are similar to / different from one another in various ways and points to multifaceted contact situations and outcomes in this area.

Published
2021
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22. Tuleviku väljendamise vahendid liivi keeles läänemeresoome keelte taustal

Author

Norvik, Miina

Subjects
dissertations, aspect (ling.), dissertatsioonid, tense, modaalsus, pöördsõnad, ETD, language structure, Livonian language, liivi keel, comparative linguistics, läänemeresoome keeled, väitekirjad, language usage, grammatiline aeg, Balto-Finnic languages, verbs, keelekasutus, aspekt (keelet.), modality, keelestruktuur, grammaticalization, võrdlev keeleteadus, grammatiseerumine
Abstract

Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone., Siinne doktoritöö käsitleb tuleviku väljendamist eesti keelele lähedases sugulaskeeles liivi keeles. Põhjusel, et läänemeresoome keeltele on omane tuleviku väljendamine verbi olevikuvormi abil (nt liivi ma tī’eb ’ma teen’ võib tähistada ka tulevikulist tegevust), keskendutakse töös verbidele, mis on vähemalt osaliselt spetsialiseerunud tuleviku väljendusvahenditeks. Liivi keeles on põhitähelepanu all verb līdõ, mida on seostatud tuleviku väljendamise ning modaalsete tähendustega (kahtlus ja kohustus), kuid mille täpsemat tarvitust on varem vähe uuritud. Kuna nimetatud verbil on vasteid kõigis läänemeresoome keeltes (nt karjala lie(nöy), vadja leevvä, soome lienee ja lie), vaadeldakse liivi līdõ kasutust ka laiemal läänemeresoomelisel taustal. Kuigi doktoritöös analüüsitakse teisigi verbe, millel võib teatud kontekstis algne tähendus tagaplaanile jääda ning esiplaanile tõusta hoopis tulevikuline tõlgendus, on liivi keeles tuleviku väljendamine seostatav ennekõike siiski verbiga līdõ. Töös näidatakse, et līdõ on kohustuslik (i) koopulalauses, nt se līb sūr ’see on (tulevikus) suur’, ja (ii) täistuleviku tarindis, st ühendis mineviku kesksõnaga, nt līb tī’end ’on (tulevikus) teinud’. Sõltuvalt kontekstist on võimalik ka episteemiline tõlgendus, st kahtluse väljendamine olevikulise olukorra kohta (vastavalt ’see vist on suur’ ja ’vist on teinud’). Episteemilist tähendust võib tuleviku väljendusvahendite puhul keeltes sageli märgata (sh nt inglise will, saksa werden, vene bud- korral). Liivi keeles ega teistes läänemeresoome keeltes ei leidu siiski täieõiguslikku tuleviku abiverbi ehk verbi, mis esineks infinitiivitarindis ning oleks obligatoorne tulevikutõlgenduse korral (nt *ma līb tūlda/tu’lmõ asemel öeldakse ma tulāb ’ma tulen’, vrd inglise I will come). Kuna ennekõike just koopulalausete puhul võis märgata (tulevikus) ’olemise’ ning ’olema saamise’ põimumist, leiavad töös eraldi käsitlust ka muutust märkivad verbid. Liivi keeles eristuvad põhiliste muutust märkivate verbidena īedõ ’jääda’ ja sǭdõ ’saada’. Erinevalt ülejäänud läänemeresoome keelealast osutub üldiseks ning rahvakeelseimaks īedõ, mis väljendab nii ’jäämist’ kui ka ’saamist’., This dissertation studies the expression of future time reference in Livonian (a Finnic language closely related to Estonian). As Finnic languages in general are known to express future using a verb in the present tense (e.g. Livonian ma tī’eb ‘I do’ also conveys future), the focus of this thesis is on verbs that have become specialised as future time reference devices at least to some extent. One such verb is the Livonian līdõ ‘will be’, associated with the expression of future and conveying modal meanings (e.g. doubt and obligation) already earlier. As līdõ has cognates in all the Finnic languages (e.g. Karelian lie(nöy), Votic leevvä, Finnish lienee and lie), the use of līdõ is discussed in a broader Finnic context. A few other verbs are also analysed that can leave the source meaning in the background and primarily express the future. However, it is shown that regarding Livonian the expression of future can mainly be associated with līdõ in (i) copular clauses, e.g. se līb sūr ‘this will be big’, and (ii) the future perfect construction, e.g. līb tī’end ‘will have done’. Depending on the context, the epistemic reading (i.e. expressing doubt about a present situation) is also possible (‘maybe is big’ and ‘maybe has done’ respectively); this is regarded as a secondary function. The epistemic interpretation of future time reference devices is also cross-linguistically common, including in the case of English will, German werden and Russian bud-. However, neither Livonian nor other Finnic languages contain a “real” future auxiliary in an infinitival construction used obligatorily for conveying future (e.g. ma tī’eb is used instead of *ma līb tī’edõ/tī’emõ; cf. English I will do). As līdõ in copular clauses tended to display intertwining of ‘being’ and ‘becoming’, the expression of change was also in focus in this thesis. With respect to Livonian, īedõ ‘remain; stay’ and sǭdõ ‘get; become’ are shown to commonly convey change. Unlike in other Finnic languages, the most general change-of-state verb appears to be īedõ, used for expressing both ‘remaining’ and ‘becoming’.

Published
2015

31. PERIFRASTIC FUTURE DEVICES IN SALACA LIVONIAN.

Author

Norvik, Miina

Subjects
LIVONIAN language, FINNIC languages, GRAMMATICALIZATION, TIME perspective, TENSE (Grammar), PERIPHRASIS, COPULA (Grammar)
Abstract

In Finnic languages, the future is often expressed by means of the present tense. In addition to the present tense, there are also periphrastic devices that convey the future. Such devices involve verbs that have developed or are developing into future markers. This article concentrates on one of the varieties of Livonian -- Salaca Livonian. It analyses the development of the verbs tulla 'come', ürg 'begin', sād 'become' and lĩd 'will' (copula) that on the basis of broader typological background can be regarded as possible future markers in Salaca Livonian. The aim is to show to what extent these verbs have grammaticalized. The article reveals that lĩd is the most grammaticalized verb, as it also expresses the future in its temporal sense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2012
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32. Liivi kirjakeel.

Author

Norvik, Miina

Subjects
NONFICTION, LANGUAGE & languages, COMMUNICATION
Published
2014

33. Grambank reveals the importance of genealogical constraints on linguistic diversity and highlights the impact of language loss

Author

Hedvig Skirgård, Hannah J. Haynie, Damián E. Blasi, Harald Hammarström, Jeremy Collins, Jay J. Latarche, Jakob Lesage, Tobias Weber, Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Sam Passmore, Angela Chira, Luke Maurits, Russell Dinnage, Michael Dunn, Ger Reesink, Ruth Singer, Claire Bowern, Patience Epps, Jane Hill, Outi Vesakoski, Martine Robbeets, Noor Karolin Abbas, Daniel Auer, Nancy A. Bakker, Giulia Barbos, Robert D. Borges, Swintha Danielsen, Luise Dorenbusch, Ella Dorn, John Elliott, Giada Falcone, Jana Fischer, Yustinus Ghanggo Ate, Hannah Gibson, Hans-Philipp Göbel, Jemima A. Goodall, Victoria Gruner, Andrew Harvey, Rebekah Hayes, Leonard Heer, Roberto E. Herrera Miranda, Nataliia Hübler, Biu Huntington-Rainey, Jessica K. Ivani, Marilen Johns, Erika Just, Eri Kashima, Carolina Kipf, Janina V. Klingenberg, Nikita König, Aikaterina Koti, Richard G. A. Kowalik, Olga Krasnoukhova, Nora L. M. Lindvall, Mandy Lorenzen, Hannah Lutzenberger, Tânia R. A. Martins, Celia Mata German, Suzanne van der Meer, Jaime Montoya Samamé, Michael Müller, Saliha Muradoglu, Kelsey Neely, Johanna Nickel, Miina Norvik, Cheryl Akinyi Oluoch, Jesse Peacock, India O. C. Pearey, Naomi Peck, Stephanie Petit, Sören Pieper, Mariana Poblete, Daniel Prestipino, Linda Raabe, Amna Raja, Janis Reimringer, Sydney C. Rey, Julia Rizaew, Eloisa Ruppert, Kim K. Salmon, Jill Sammet, Rhiannon Schembri, Lars Schlabbach, Frederick W. P. Schmidt, Amalia Skilton, Wikaliler Daniel Smith, Hilário de Sousa, Kristin Sverredal, Daniel Valle, Javier Vera, Judith Voß, Tim Witte, Henry Wu, Stephanie Yam, Jingting Ye, Maisie Yong, Tessa Yuditha, Roberto Zariquiey, Robert Forkel, Nicholas Evans, Stephen C. Levinson, Martin Haspelmath, Simon J. Greenhill, Quentin D. Atkinson, Russell D. Gray, Skirgård, Hedvig [0000-0002-7748-2381], Haynie, Hannah J [0000-0003-2237-230X], Blasi, Damián E [0000-0002-9885-1414], Latarche, Jay J [0000-0002-0486-248X], Lesage, Jakob [0000-0002-3751-9637], Witzlack-Makarevich, Alena [0000-0003-0138-4635], Chira, Angela [0000-0002-2964-7583], Maurits, Luke [0000-0002-3130-4256], Dinnage, Russell [0000-0003-0846-2819], Dunn, Michael [0000-0001-5349-5252], Reesink, Ger [0000-0002-8724-7887], Singer, Ruth [0000-0003-4915-3262], Bowern, Claire [0000-0002-9512-4393], Epps, Patience [0000-0002-7429-7885], Hill, Jane [0000-0002-4501-1016], Vesakoski, Outi [0000-0002-7220-3347], Abbas, Noor Karolin [0000-0002-6602-4772], Borges, Robert D [0000-0002-7647-4048], Dorenbusch, Luise [0000-0003-0410-6921], Dorn, Ella [0000-0002-6344-4907], Fischer, Jana [0000-0003-0576-1098], Ghanggo Ate, Yustinus [0000-0003-4378-5277], Gibson, Hannah [0000-0003-2324-3147], Goodall, Jemima A [0000-0002-0310-9445], Gruner, Victoria [0000-0002-4504-1274], Harvey, Andrew [0000-0003-3659-4704], Hayes, Rebekah [0000-0003-0978-2646], Heer, Leonard [0000-0002-1569-9761], Hübler, Nataliia [0000-0002-0013-563X], Just, Erika [0000-0001-7244-3714], Kashima, Eri [0000-0002-7534-7047], König, Nikita [0000-0001-9582-9361], Koti, Aikaterina [0000-0002-8155-7120], Kowalik, Richard GA [0000-0003-4903-997X], Krasnoukhova, Olga [0000-0002-1953-7954], Lindvall, Nora LM [0000-0003-4640-7589], Lorenzen, Mandy [0000-0001-5433-8224], Lutzenberger, Hannah [0000-0003-0574-4060], Martins, Tânia RA [0000-0002-3648-2190], van der Meer, Suzanne [0000-0002-4232-8675], Montoya Samamé, Jaime [0000-0003-3797-1161], Müller, Michael [0000-0002-2027-7301], Norvik, Miina [0000-0001-5781-3916], Oluoch, Cheryl Akinyi [0000-0003-2465-719X], Peck, Naomi [0000-0003-3567-813X], Poblete, Mariana [0000-0003-0253-712X], Raabe, Linda [0000-0002-3684-3742], Reimringer, Janis [0000-0001-6769-8907], Rey, Sydney C [0000-0002-5657-9221], Rizaew, Julia [0000-0002-4250-8035], Salmon, Kim K [0000-0001-8515-1008], Sammet, Jill [0000-0003-0869-795X], Schmidt, Frederick WP [0000-0002-1429-966X], Skilton, Amalia [0000-0002-9848-5688], de Sousa, Hilário [0000-0002-3790-8245], Vera, Javier [0000-0002-5234-6279], Wu, Henry [0000-0002-5762-3124], Ye, Jingting [0000-0001-8813-131X], Yuditha, Tessa [0000-0002-1280-7245], Zariquiey, Roberto [0000-0002-1421-1314], Forkel, Robert [0000-0003-1081-086X], Evans, Nicholas [0000-0003-0893-3713], Levinson, Stephen C [0000-0001-8961-5316], Greenhill, Simon J [0000-0001-7832-6156], Atkinson, Quentin D [0000-0002-8499-7535], Gray, Russell D [0000-0002-9858-0191], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository

Subjects
Multidisciplinary, Cognition, Databases, Factual, Humans, Linguistics, Language
Abstract

While global patterns of human genetic diversity are increasingly well characterized, the diversity of human languages remains less systematically described. Here we outline the Grambank database. With over 400,000 data points and 2,400 languages, Grambank is the largest comparative grammatical database available. The comprehensiveness of Grambank allows us to quantify the relative effects of genealogical inheritance and geographic proximity on the structural diversity of the world's languages, evaluate constraints on linguistic diversity, and identify the world's most unusual languages. An analysis of the consequences of language loss reveals that the reduction in diversity will be strikingly uneven across the major linguistic regions of the world. Without sustained efforts to document and revitalize endangered languages, our linguistic window into human history, cognition and culture will be seriously fragmented. Genealogy versus geography Constraints on grammar Unusual languages Language loss Conclusion

Published
2023

34. 33. emakeeleolümpiaadi lõppvooru ülesannete analüüs

Author

Kevvai, Kristel, Pajusalu, Renate, juhendaja, Norvik, Miina, juhendaja, Tartu Ülikool. Humanitaarteaduste ja kunstide valdkond, and Tartu Ülikool. Eesti ja üldkeeleteaduse instituut

Subjects
emakeeleõpetus, magistritööd, olümpiaadid
Abstract

https://www.ester.ee/record=b5239479*est

Published
2019

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