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Reprojecting the severely damaged nose is a challenging operation fraught with pitfalls. This panel discussion covers 6 fundamental questions answered by 3 surgeons, each with decades of experience. Discussion points include management of the 3 components necessary for successful reconstruction-the soft tissue envelope, the support structure, and the internal lining. The authors also discuss how their practices have changed in the last few years., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Structure rhinoplasty and preservation rhinoplasty are 2 popular philosophies that can be used alone or in combination to provide a hybrid approach. Structure rhinoplasty is the leading option for revision rhinoplasty and utilizes cartilage grafting techniques to support and reconstruct the nose. Preservation rhinoplasty spares bone, cartilage, ligaments, and soft tissues to minimize the need for grafting and preserves the favorable features of the nose. Structural preservation rhinoplasty uses dorsal preservation in the upper two-thirds of the nose and structure rhinoplasty in the lower third. This hybrid approach has great utility in primary, revision, and reconstructive rhinoplasty., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Alloplastic materials are well suited for use in rhinoplasty in the right clinical scenarios, specifically in patients with platyrrhine noses and in challenging revision cases. The most commonly used materials today are silicone and high-density porous polyethylene. Both implant materials carry a unique set of properties and offer various advantages and disadvantages for use. Complications can be minimized with appropriate utilization of implants and using proper technique., Competing Interests: Disclosures No disclosures., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This is a cross sectional study aimed to asses novel semi objectve compter assisted method to asses the symmetry amog unilateral cleft lip patients., Design: using Standard inferior view nose photos that were uploaded to Digimizer© Version 4.6.1 (2005-2016 MedCalc Software) Image Analysis, symmetry percentage was calculated and compared between cleft and non-cleft neonates. This method was compared to two subjective methods of rating symmetry., Setting: This a cross sectional pilot study performed in the Univresity Medical Center using standard inferior views of unilateral cleft patients which were compared to non-cleft neonates., Patients: Photographs of 71 neonates with unilateral complete and incomplete cleft lip and 30 neonates without facial cleft, which were born at the university medical center, Beer Sheba, Israel, were analyzed in a standard manner to determine nasal symmetry., Main Measures: the novel method proposed produced a nominal value for percentage of symmetry., Results: Using Pearson's correlation test we found intra-rater reliability of 91.2% (p < 0.001) and Inter-rater reliability of 82.9% (p < 0.001). The analysis correlated with the surgeons subjective scores in both the numerical ranking method at 73% (p < 0.001) and 72.6% (p < 0.001) and the Ordinal ranking method at 87.6% (p < 0.001) and 77.7% (p < 0.001). The ability of the method to discriminate healthy from Cleft Lip patients overall was 92.3% With high sensitivity and specificity., Conclusions: This method accurately distinguishes healthy patients from cleft lip patients. We have achieved High levels of inter and intra-rater reliability. Significant correlations were found between our semiobjective method and the subjective scores., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Background: Rhinoplasty requires balanced consideration of function and aesthetics, necessitating a precise evaluation tool. A reliable and validated patient-reported measure, the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS) evaluates both aspects but was previously unavailable in Chinese. This study fills that gap by providing a Chinese version., Objectives: In this study we aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Chinese iteration of the SCHNOS (C-SCHNOS) for appraising the functional and aesthetic outcomes among Chinese patients following rhinoplasty, furnishing a reliable and efficacious assessment tool for Chinese users., Methods: Following international guidelines, the SCHNOS questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted for Chinese use. Its psychometric properties, including internal consistency, correlations, and reproducibility, were evaluated among Chinese natives in Sichuan Province from March 2022 to January 2023., Results: The C-SCHNOS was administered to 110 Chinese natives, showing high internal consistency, with Cronbach's α of 0.81 for SCHNOS-O (obstructive domain) and 0.92 for SCHNOS-C (cosmetic domain). Spearman correlations for SCHNOS-O (0.36-0.65) and SCHNOS-C (0.51-0.74) were positive and significant. Test-retest reliability analyses revealed strong Spearman correlations for SCHNOS-O (r = 0.87) and SCHNOS-C (r = 0.90). Responsiveness was statistically significant for SCHNOS-O (P < .001) but not for SCHNOS-C (P = .222). Exploratory factor analysis and parallel tests indicated that C-SCHNOS maintained a single-factor structure, with eigenvalues exceeding the critical values (2.55 for SCHNOS-O and 4.35 for SCHNOS-C), reflecting excellent unidimensionality., Conclusions: The SCHNOS questionnaire was successfully translated into Chinese and culturally adapted. The C-SCHNOS is a dependable and valid instrument for utilization in the Chinese population in patients undergoing functional or cosmetic rhinoplasty., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

In modern rhinoplasty, two foundational approaches for modifying the nasal dorsum developed in the beginning of the 20th century: -preservation and structural techniques. Preservation involves -maintaining the nasal structure by displacing the hump into the nose without directly resecting it. This method preserves structural integrity and avoids nasal valve collapse but can lead to mid-vault widening and hump recurrence. In contrast, structural rhinoplasty entails -directly removing bone and cartilage, offering precise hump reduction but risks over-resection, dorsal irregularities, and mid-vault collapse. The patient's individual anatomical factors guide the practitioner in choosing the most suitable -approach for correcting the nasal dorsum., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.

Purpose: This study aimed to elucidate the positions of the extended fibers of the alar part of the nasalis (Na), and their connections to the levator labii superioris (LLS), zygomaticus minor (Zmi), and adjacent skin near the nasal ala., Methods: The extended fibers of the Na were investigated in 54 specimens obtained from 27 embalmed adult South Korean cadavers., Results: In 51.9% of the specimens, some fibers of the Na extended over the alar facial crease, intermingling or blending with the LLS or Zmi, and attached to the skin lateral to the nasal ala. The quantity and distribution of these extended fibers varied: some fibers of the Na extended and intermingled or blended with the LLS in 25.9%, while another 25.9% exhibited the Na extending in a distinctive fan shape with longer fibers, and combining with both the LLS and Zmi. However, the Na had no extended fibers that reached the LLS, Zmi, or skin near the nasal ala in 48.1%., Conclusion: Contraction of the Na and its extended fibers can influence the nasal ala and also the laterally located skin and muscles, directing them inferomedially toward the incisive fossa of the maxilla, which is the origin of the nasalis. These insights offer a deeper understanding of the role and actions of facial muscles in facial expression. They will be instrumental in the comprehension and analysis of nose and mouth movements, and in conducting electromyographic analyses in this region., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: Hump reduction with traditional ostectomy is an invasive procedure performed in aesthetic rhinoplasty. Natural and flawless nasal dorsum can be obtained with wedge ostectomy (WO) technique., Objective: The objective of this study is to describe the nasal dorsum WO technique and examine its effectiveness in correcting nasal dorsum with absent and minor humps in patients undergoing aesthetic rhinoplasty., Materials and Methods: Senior author performed 488 rhinoplasty and septorhinoplasty operations from April 2009 to April 2021. After exclusion of major hump patients, the remaining 312 patients had a secondary evaluation for suitability for wedge ostectomy. After secondary examination, 87 patients, including 19 with absent humps (0 mm) and 68 with small humps (1-3 mm) were operated., Results: Nasal bone hump reduction with WO has proven satisfactory results in majority of patients, minimal revision in done in five patients but no complications were occurred related to this method., Conclusions: Nasal dorsum WO provides lesser invasive approach to bony hump reduction in selected patients, ensuring bone cortex continuity in nasal dorsum. It decreases possible dorsal nasal irregularities associated with conventional coronal plane ostectomies. At the same time, it provides a natural and anatomically accurate nasal dorsum., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Annals of African Medicine.)

Background: The heterogeneity of nasal features across different racial and ethnic groups is evident. This large-scale multicenter study was performed to evaluate the dorsal keystone area and its relation to superficial nasal anatomy through computed tomography (CT) scans., Methods: Six populations were included: South Caucasian, Middle Eastern, Black South African, Eastern Asian, Mestizo, and Eastern European. Each center obtained CT scans performed between January of 2020 and December of 2022 from patients presenting a nasal hump and from an age- and sex-matched control group. Osteocartilaginous measurements in relation to ethmoidal point and to rhinion, as well as their relation to superficial nasal anatomy, were collected from nasal CT scans in midsagittal view. These were compared between populations and, in each center, between patient groups (nasal hump versus no nasal hump)., Results: The study population included 600 patients (254 with nasal hump) with a mean age of 33.98 years (range, 18 to 59 years); 55.6% were women. Average distances from the ethmoidal point were 10.1 ± 3.5 mm to the rhinion and 1.68 ± 0.23 mm to the beginning point of the nasal hump. In 96% of cases, the ethmoidal point was cranial or no more than 5 mm caudal to the beginning of the nasal hump. S-shaped nasal bones were associated with nasal hump, but angulation (kyphion angle) did not correlate with nasal hump height., Conclusions: In most patients, the nasal hump has no ethmoid bone underneath it, and the apex is located over the septal cartilage. The ethmoidal point is a reliable landmark and should be considered when evaluating established and new preservation and structural rhinoplasty approaches., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Introduction: The present study aimed to identify the morphological differences in cranial and dentofacial structures between individuals with mouth-breathing and nasal-breathing., Materials and Methods: The study included 120 individuals, 60 each in the nasal breathing (NB) and mouth breathing (MB) groups. 3D stereophotogrammetry, lateral cephalometric radiographs, and intraoral examination results were recorded by the researchers to determine the morphological differences between the MB group and the NB group. The study utilized cephalometric radiographs for 2D hard tissue measurements and 3D stereophotogrammetric records for linear and angular measurements., Results: Statistically significant differences were found between the NB and MB groups' SNB angles (respectively, 79.3 ± 3.04, 76.6 ± 4.24, and p=0.002). Also, the NB group's SN-GoGn angle was lower than the MB group's (respectively, 31.5 ± 5.12, 36.0 ± 5.55, and p=0.002). Considering the Jarabak ratio, the NB group's Jarabak ratio was higher than the MB group (respectively,65.7 ± 4.16, 62.6 ± 4.10, and p=0.014). In 3D stereophotogrammetry measurements, increased Li-Me' was detected in the MB group than in NB group., Conclusion: Mouth breathing results in significant morphological differences that affect the development of both soft tissues and skeletal structures. Orthodontists utilize these characteristic features observed in mouth-breathing anomalies for early diagnosis and consider referring their patients for medical treatment of mouth breathing., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Epilepsy is a frequent chronic and genetic brain disease. In diagnose of genetic and craniofacial disease, the face is one of the gold standard phenotypic features. This study was carried out to determine the angle and linear measurements of face region in Turkish healthy and epilepsy subjects, and to apply a feature selection method to identify the most important attributes that affect epilepsy decision. The retrospective and observational study was conducted with 120 subjects with epilepsy aged between 18 to 60 years (56 males; 64 females) and 60 healthy subjects aged between 18 and 55 years (29 males, 31 females). Pyramidal angle performed from 3 reference points, nasal bone length, the width of piriform aperture, nasofrontal angle, nasolabial angle, distance between glabella and nasion were measured on computed tomography. Also, we used supervised machine learning to learn classification models to detect epilepsy as our dataset has class label where 1 means epilepsy, 2 means healthy. The well-known classification model learning algorithms implemented in Weka (with version 3.8.6) machine learning toolkit were applied. All parameters excluding nasal bone length were higher in epilepsy patients than in healthy subjects. Also, there was a significant difference in nasal pyramidal angle nasal bone, nasal pyramidal angle nasal tip, piriform aperture, and nasal bone lengths between epilepsy and healthy subjects. However, age related changes for healthy subjects were no seen in healthy subjects. In epilepsy subjects there was a significant difference in 6 measurements all nasal pyramidal angles, piriform aperture width, nasofrontal angle, and nasolabial angle. Gender related changes were found in only nasal pyramidal angle nasal root and nasal bone of healthy subjects, in nasal pyramidal angle nasal bone, nasal bone length, nasofrontal angle of epilepsy subjects. We can say epilepsy may affect the some facial parameters and these, although anthropometric measurements are affected by age and gender parameters. Comprehensive knowledge of this region's normal references ranges is essential for planning, proper selection of silicone implants or osteotomy determining the limitations of the surgical field and minimizing the risk of complication and performing aesthetic facial surgery or rhinoplasty in epilepsy patients., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Rodents have received substantial attention in the study of olfaction. However, the rhinarium, the naked part of the nose, which plays an important role in chemical, tactile, and thermal perception, has been relatively overlooked. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the rhinarium morphology and spatially associated structures (i.e., upper lip, and philtrum) in sigmodontines, a diverse group within the Cricetidae rodents. The research covers 483 specimens representing 145 species, accounting for 74% of genera in the clade, including all 13 recognized tribes, three incertae sedis genera, and the murid representatives Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. The inconsistent use of terminology in describing rhinarium traits across the literature poses a challenge for comparative analyzes. To address this issue, a standardized terminology was proposed to characterize the rhinarium. A paired complex protuberance typically with epidermal ridges (i.e., rhinoglyphics), termed here the tubercle of Hill, was identified as a distinctive feature in muroid rhinaria. Comparative assessments among tribes revealed unique sets of features defining each major clade, encompassing variations in hairiness, dorsum nasi complexity, size and positioning of the tubercle of Hill, and other key attributes. Two primary rhinarium configurations were discerned: one shared by Oryzomyalia and Sigmodontini and another specific to Ichthyomyini. The former groups display a ventrally positioned rhinarium prominently featuring the tubercle of Hill and sculptured areola circularis. In contrast, Ichthyomyini exhibit a frontally directed rhinarium characterized by an enlarged dorsum nasi fused to the tubercle of Hill, resulting in a distinctive "cherry" appearance. Convergent rhinarium structures observed in fossorial species, characterized by well-developed plica alaris and hair fringes, are presumed to mitigate potential damage during digging. Conversely, semiaquatic carnivorous sigmodontines showcase an integrated apical structure in their rhinarium, facilitating enhanced somatosensory capabilities crucial for predation activities during diving expeditions., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: The thickness of the nasal soft tissue envelope (STE) plays a crucial role in the final rhinoplasty results. The Asian nasal contour is typically characterized by a thicker STE and broader nasal tip, but objective data are lacking. The purpose of this study was to objectively measure nasal dermal thickness and overall STE thickness and to determine any demographic differences., Methods: From July to September 2023, 110 patients presenting for consultation underwent ultrasound evaluation of their nasal STE. STE thickness was measured at predetermined subsites and compared with published data on white patients., Results: The thickness of the STE in Asian patients was greater than that in white patients. The STE was thickest at the supratip (mean [SD]), (4.88 [0.74] mm) rather than at the nasion and thinnest at the rhinion (2.25 [0.51] mm). The nasal tip (4.07 [0.72] mm) showed comparable STE thickness with the nasion (4.13 [0.72] mm) but had a significantly thicker dermis than the nasion (2.35 ± 0.49 mm vs. 1.35 ± 0.35 mm, P < 0.05). Male sex and higher BMI tended to be correlated with a thicker nasal STE, but age did not show any relationship. A thicker nasal tip STE showed significantly greater nasal tip width and nasal alar thickness., Conclusion: STE thickness at different nasal subsites varies and affects external nasal contour and rhinoplasty outcomes., Level of Evidence Iv: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 ., (© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.)

Key Points: A convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model can accurately localize and segment turbinates in images obtained during nasal endoscopy (NE). This model represents a starting point for algorithms that comprehensively interpret NE findings., (© 2024 The Author(s). International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy and American Rhinologic Society.)

Background and Objective: Although the mouse is a widely used animal model in biomedical research, there are few published studies on its nasal aerodynamics, potentially due to its small size. It is not appropriate to assume that mice and rats' nasal structure and airflow characteristics are the same because the ratio of nasal surface area to nasal volume and body weight is much higher in a mouse than in a rat. The aim of this work is to use anatomically accurate image-based computational fluid dynamic modeling to quantitatively reveal the characteristics of mouse nasal airflow and mass transport that haven't been detailed before and find key differences to that of rat nose, which will deepen our understanding of the mouse's physiological functions., Methods: We created an anatomically accurate 3D computational nasal model of a B6 mouse using postmortem high-resolution micro-CT scans and simulated the airflow distribution and odor transport patterns under restful breathing conditions. The deposition pattern of airborne particles was also simulated and validated against experimental data. In addition, we calculated the gas chromatograph efficiency of odor transport in the mouse employing the theoretical plate concept and compared it with previous studies involving cat and rat models., Results: Similar to the published rat model, respiratory and olfactory flow regimes are clearly separated in the mouse nasal cavity. A high-speed dorsal medial (DM) stream was observed, which enhances the delivery speed and efficiency of odor to the ethmoid (olfactory) recess (ER). The DM stream split into axial and secondary paths in the ER. However, the secondary flow in the mouse is less extensive than in the rat. The gas chromatograph efficiency calculations suggest that the rat may possess a moderately higher odorant transport efficiency than that of the mouse due to its more complex ethmoid recess structure and extensive secondary flow. However, the mouse's nasal structure seems to adapt better to varying airflow velocity., Conclusions: Due to the inherent structural disparities, the rat and mouse models exhibit moderate differences in airflow and mass transport patterns, potentially impacting their olfaction and other behavioral habits., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To compare the soft tissue measurements of the upper lip and the nose on the cleft side and the noncleft side before surgery, immediately after cheiloplasty and two months after surgery., Design: Descriptive clinical study with one group, prospective., Setting: Department of Odonto-Stomatology, Children's Hospital 1, at Ho Chi Minh City - Vietnam., Patients: 31 patients with a unilateral complete cleft lip participated in this study, 30 patients were evaluated at the time two months after surgery., Interventions: Interventions include PNAM and cheiloplasty by modified Millard technique., Main Outcome Measures: Patients proceed to acquire 3D images of lips and nose, define landmarks and measure dimensions. There are 11 evaluators to be compared, p < 0.05 was considered statictical significance., Results: After two months of surgery, on cleft side and noncleft side, the lengths of the upper lip were 10.87 ± 0.80 and 11.92 ± 0.78 (mm), the widths of the upper lip were 16.06 ± 1.10 and 16.40 ± 1.02 (mm), the heights of the nostril were 4.85 ± 0.44 and 5.93 ± 0.43 (mm), the lengths of columella were 4.08 ± 0.37 and 4.93 ± 0.38 (mm), and the widths of the nostril were 9.07 ± 0.37 and 8.37 ± 0.40 (mm)., Conclusion: Cheiloplasty by modified Millard technique on the patients who used PNAM showed that after two months of surgery, the morphology of the upper lip and nose has a slight disproportion with the nasolabial measurements of the cleft side being smaller than on the noncleft side., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Introduction: The nasal region plays a pivotal role in both facial esthetics and functionality. The use of volumizing fillers has emerged as a potential means to enhance nasal appearance. Preliminary findings from cadaveric studies have highlighted potential risks associated with deeper needle injection, leading to cartilage damage and lateral migration of filler material. Understanding the subcutaneous tissue depth is crucial to prevent such complications and ensure safe filler placement guided by anatomical knowledge., Methods: This study aimed to employ ultrasonographic assessment to precisely measure the depth of soft tissue in the nasal area. Fifty-two participants without prior nasal surgery or filler injections underwent detailed ultrasonographic evaluation, focusing on seven key anatomical points: Glabellar, Sellion, Rhinion, between Rhinion and Pronasal, Pronasal, between Pronasal and Subnasal, and Subnasal., Results: The ultrasonographic observation revealed varying depths of subcutaneous tissue across these points: Glabellar (4.11 ± 0.79), Sellion (5.21 ± 0.97), Rhinion (2.02 ± 0.74), Rhinion to Pronasal midpoint (6.45 ± 3.1), Pronasal (9.5 ± 2.2), between Pronasal and Subnasal (8.8 ± 0.8), and Subnasal (8.5 ± 0.5)., Discussion: The discussion underscores the significance of understanding subcutaneous tissue depth in guiding needle length and approach angles during filler injections. This knowledge aids in achieving effective filling while ensuring safe placement within the subcutaneous tissue., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: Non-surgical rhinoplasty has evolved with the introduction of volumizing threads, which offer a less invasive alternative to traditional methods by enhancing nasal contours while minimizing filler use. This technique is gaining popularity, particularly in Southeast Asia, due to its shorter recovery time, reduced risk profile, and ability to prevent the 'Avatar nose' effect. However, there is limited anatomical guidance available for its application, especially in the Asian population., Materials and Methods: This study analyzes the anatomical layers of the nose to guide the proper placement of volumizing threads. Three cases are presented, highlighting different approaches to nasal bridge enhancement, nasal tip augmentation, and combined use of threads and fillers. The placement of threads in the deep fat layer beneath the fibromuscular layer was emphasized to avoid vascular complications., Results: The cases demonstrated with mesh thread (Tess Inc., Korea) successful outcomes with well-defined nasal contours and patient satisfaction. The techniques used allowed for precise enhancements while minimizing risks associated with superficial thread placement and vascular injury., Conclusion: Volumizing threads provide an effective and safe method for non-surgical rhinoplasty, particularly when informed by a thorough understanding of nasal anatomy. The results support the growing use of this technique in esthetic practice, especially in regions like Southeast Asia.

The distribution of nasal types has been reported to be influenced by climatic adaptation as the nose is involved in conditioning inhaled air. Previous studies have reported differential nasal types and dimensions among varying populations which is very beneficial in planning for rhinoplasty and in forensic identification. However, there is inadequate data on nasal types and dimensions of the various ethnic groups in the Ghanaian population. Since it is inappropriate to apply nasal dimensions of one ethnic group to another, the current study sought to assess the nasal types and dimensions of Akans and Ewes in the Ghanaian population. Nasal height, nasal length, nasal tip protrusion, morphological nose width, and anatomical nose width were measured from 202 participants (116 Akans and 86 Ewes) aged 18-27 years belonging to the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. Nasal index was calculated, and the frequencies of the nasal types among the two ethnic groups were determined. Ewe significantly had greater nasal length and nasal tip protrusion than the Akans. For both ethnic groups, sexual dimorphism was observed in morphological nose width and anatomical nose width, with males having greater values than females. The platyrrhine (broad nose) nasal type was predominant among the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups. The average nasal dimensions of the Akan and Ewe ethnic groups for the Ghanaian population have been reported in the present study, which will be useful in rhinoplasty intended for individuals belonging to these ethnic groups and in identification., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Juliet Robertson et al.)

Objective: This study used three-dimensional measurements to provide a nasolabial analysis of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP), and controls across different races and ethnicities., Design: A retrospective comparative study., Setting: Tertiary care pediatric institution., Patients, Participants: The study included 90 patients with UCLP, 43 patients with BCLP, and 90 matched controls. Patients are separated as self-identified Caucasian, Hispanic, or African American., Main Outcome Measure(s): Nasal length, nasal protrusion, columellar height, columellar width, tip width, alar width, alar base width, nasolabial angle, upper lip length, philtrum length, nostril height, and nostril width., Results: All UCLP groups had significantly greater columella and tip widths and decreased nasolabial angles than controls. All BCLP groups had significantly greater columella width, tip width, nasolabial angle, and nostril widths. Upper lip length, philtrum length, and nostril height were significantly decreased in BCLP compared to controls. Across UCLP groups, African Americans had significantly decreased nasal protrusion and columella height and a significantly increased columella width compared to Caucasians and Hispanics. Alar and alar base widths were significantly different between all groups. Across BCLP groups, the Caucasian nostril width was significantly less than the African Americans., Conclusions: These findings suggest that when correcting nasolabial characteristics in patients with cleft lip, it is important to consider racial and ethnic differences to achieve a normal appearance. Specifically, goals for alar width, alar base width, nasal tip, and projection should be tailored to the patient's race and ethnicity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of changes in upper incisor inclination and position on the alteration of the nasolabial angle (NLA) in a series of cases involving the extraction of four first premolars., Materials and Methods: The study included 41 patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions. The patients were divided into two groups based on their pretreatment NLA values: Group 1 (NLA ≤ 100°) and Group 2 (NLA > 100°). Measurements of NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA were obtained before and after treatment and U1-Ls pretreatment measure was registered. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the differences in NLA, U1.NA and U1-NA between the two groups and to evaluate the influence of these variables added to U1-Ls (T1) on NLA changes., Results: The results showed that Group 1 exhibited significant changes in NLA, while Group 2 did not. However, both groups showed significant changes in U1.NA and U1-NA. In Group 1, 80% of the individuals presented an increase in NLA and 20% no changes. In Group 2, 10% presented a decrease, 57% no changes and 33% an increase in NLA values. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the group factor had a statistically significant influence on NLA variation. Additionally, in Group 2, a negative correlation was observed between changes in U1.NA and NLA., Conclusions: The findings suggest that individuals with higher pretreatment NLA values tend to maintain their NLA values even after the correction of upper incisor inclination., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Using visual spectrographic examination of vowel nasalization to diagnose the syllabic affiliation of phonologically ambisyllabic nasal consonants (e.g., gamma), Durvasula and Huang [(2017). Lang. Sci. 62, 17-36] argued that anticipatory vowel nasalization in these words patterns with word-medial codas. Using nasometry, the current study finds that anticipatory nasalization before monomorphemic and multimorphemic (scammer) ambisyllabic nasals differ from word-medial coda (gamble) and word-final nasals (scam), but not from other intervocalic nasals. Additionally, vowel nasalization is sensitive to the manner of the preceding phoneme. These findings demonstrate that quantifying anticipatory nasalization using nasometry differs from visual spectrographic criteria., (© 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).)

One of the most important indicators of rhinoplasty success is nasal skin thickness. Nasal thickness can lead to irregularities over the osseocartilaginous framework among patients with thin nasal skin and difficulty making tip work changes in patients with thick nasal skin. This study aimed to compare different objective methods. These include computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) techniques, and report the relationship between nasal skin thickness and body mass index (BMI). A prospective cross-sectional study that included all patients at the rhinoplasty clinic (King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, between December 2022 and March 2023. Age, sex, and Fitzpatrick skin type were collected from the patients' histories and physical examinations. Body mass index was calculated for the subjects. The study sample included 29 patients. The median age of the patients was 25 years (interquartile range: 20-32 y). Most of the included patients were Saudi (89.7%, n = 26). Females represented 62.1% of the study sample. The average BMI was 25.6 ± 4.95 kg/m 2 . The highest correlation was observed between the US and CT tip ( r = 0.544, P < 0.01) and rhinion ( r = 0.525, P < 0.01) measurements. Body mass index was not associated with any US or CT measurements when BMI was used as a continuous or ordinal variable. The correlation between the US and CT measurements was highest for rhinoin and tip measurements, whereas supratip measurements were not correlated ( r = -0.029, P = 0.88). The correlation between mid-dorsum and nasion measurements was low (~0.3). The correlation between nasal skin thickness using CT and US varies depending on the nasal point and location. Body mass index was not associated with nasal skin thickness., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Background: An enduringly stable tip graft is the key to achieve successful rhinoplasty cases. However, the intrinsic nature of rib graft warping renders major unpredictability for the long-term outcome. The objective of this study was to detail and validate the use of a radix graft design that is characterized by the dual curved surfaces and beveled margin, which consequently renders a shape similar to a saddle., Methods: Twenty-three female patients, ranging in age from 22 to 31 years, completed the study. In all cases, the saddle-shaped radix graft was applied as the essential element for enhancing radix region profile. The complications that arose were collected retrospectively. Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetric evaluations of patients were performed. Anthropometric points were analyzed in a blinded fashion. Outcome variables were tip projection, nasal length, radix height, and the radius of curvature., Results: Postoperative analysis suggested significant improvement on the aesthetics of the radix region over time, evidenced by the significant increase of radix height (4.33 ± 1.21 mm versus 7.08 ± 1.00 mm), and the reduction of radius of curvature at nasofrontal break over the long term (22.63 ± 2.24 mm versus 13.94 ± 0.98 mm). Other postoperative evaluations, including radix height, tip projection, and nasal length, had significant improvement., Conclusions: The saddle-shaped radix graft effectively augments the radix area and creates an aesthetically pleasant nasofrontal break without causing the elevated radix deformity. It has the merits of anatomical compliance and flexibility when it comes to concomitantly improving the glabella-radix profile for those East Asians with extremely low radix., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Objective: This study evaluated the reliability of a face scanner in measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO)., Methods: Fully dentate volunteers (n = 20; mean-age = 30.0 ± 10.7 years) were recruited. Clinical facial measurements were obtained using a digital caliper and a face scanner (Obiscanner, Fifthingenium, Italy). The scans were imported into a mesh-processing software, and the distances were measured digitally. Measurements were obtained for each participant with the jaws positioned in maximal intercuspation (MI) and with increased vertical distances of 2, 4, and 6 mm. Vertical and horizontal measures were obtained using facial anatomical landmarks: Glabella (GL), Pronasale (PrN), Subnasale (SbN), inferior border of the right and left Alare, Labiale superius (Ls), right and left Cheilion (Ch), Soft Pogonion (SPg), right and left Tragus of the ear (Tr), for all selected vertical positions. Data analysis included intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), pairwise comparison tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Passing-Bablok regression., Results: 120 VDO measurements (clinical=60, digital=60) were recorded by two independent evaluators. Mean differences between digital and clinical measurements ranged from 0.054 ± 0.14 mm to 0.203 ± 0.13 mm. All parameters were strongly correlated (r > 0.93; p < 0.001). ICC estimates revealed excellent reliability, and the measuring procedure yielded the same results on repeated trials irrespective of the raters and measurement methods. Bland-Altman plots revealed a difference, between digital and clinical measurements, of 1.7 % for the vertical measurements. Regression analysis revealed no significant proportional difference between the two methods, so both can be used interchangeably., Conclusions: The findings of this study demonstrate that VDO can be measured accurately from face scans using 3D mesh-processing software and that even small changes in the VDO could be detected using the digital methods., Clinical Significance: Findings provide evidence about the reliability of a digital method for jaw relation registrations and may be applied towards incorporating this method into clinical workflows for computer-aided-design/ computer-assisted-manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dentures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interests., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Forensic facial reconstruction is the last recourse to establish the identity of an unknown skull. The facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) is required to reconstruct various facial features on a skull. Unlike other facial features, the nose is made of cartilaginous tissue except for a small nasal bone. A large cavity (pyriform aperture) exists on the skull in place of the nose, which makes it a challenging job for reconstruction. The nose is a vital feature for the recognition of a face. Any change in the shape or size of the nose can alter the original aesthetic of the face. The present study proposes angles and regression functions on the bony structure to predict the various parts of the soft nose. A sample of computed tomography (CT) images of 100 males and 100 females aged between 18 and 45 years were included in the study. Apart from measuring fourteen linear parameters with three angles, simple linear regression models were derived for five pairs of parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficients for most of the parameters ranging between 0.221 and 0.872 were found to be significant at p ≤ 0.05 level. FSTT at three anatomical landmarks of the nose was also measured. A morphological observation study was undertaken to find the most frequent direction of the bony anterior nasal spine (ans) and its relation with the position of the pronasale (prn) on the soft nose. The devised parameters proposed in the study may also prove useful for reconstructing the nose in other populations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.)

Background: There is a paucity of research on nonsurgical rhinoplasty in the population of African descent. In this group, underlying anatomy and aesthetic ideals vary, necessitating differences in the consultation process and in treatment. The authors present a case series from a single clinician's practice performing nonsurgical rhinoplasty on patients of African descent., Methods: A retrospective chart review was completed on eligible patients who underwent nonsurgical rhinoplasty treatment with hyaluronic acid filler injections performed by the first author (A.H.) from March of 2018 to February of 2021. Demographic variables, indications for treatment, patient-reported outcomes, and adverse events were reviewed. The authors also share the first author's technique for nonsurgical rhinoplasty in this patient cohort., Results: A total of 487 patients of African descent or mixed race including African descent were included in this study. The most common indications for treatment were lack of bridge definition (63.9%), excessive alar width (61.6%), and a bulbous tip (61.6%). Median filler volume was 0.6 mL (range, 0.3 to 2.1 mL) at the initial treatment visit. There were no reported cases of infection, vascular occlusion, or necrosis., Conclusions: This study is the first to illustrate the effectiveness and safety profile of nonsurgical rhinoplasty in a population of African descent. Anatomical variations and the desire for racially congruent results must be acknowledged to ensure satisfactory outcomes., Clinical Question/level of Evidence: Therapeutic, IV., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Objective: To examine the patterns of pretreatment facial soft tissue shape in orthodontic cases with premolar extraction using artificial intelligence (AI) and to investigate the corresponding changes., Methods: One hundred and fifty-two patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction were enrolled. Lateral cephalograms were obtained before and after the treatment. For each record, the outlines of the nose-lip-chin profile and corresponding 21 cephalometric variables were extracted. The AI method classified pretreatment records into three subject groups based on the feature variables extracted from the outline. Dentoskeletal and soft tissue facial form changes observed after treatment were compared statistically (P < 0.05) between the groups using ANOVA. Multivariate regression models were used for each group., Results: Group 1 (n = 59) was characterized by Class II high-angle retrognathic mandible with an incompetent lip, group 2 (n = 55) by Class I malocclusion with retruded and thin lips, and group 3 (n = 38) by Class I malocclusion with an everted superior lip before treatment. The ratios of anteroposterior soft tissue to hard tissue movements in Group 1 were 56% (r = 0.64) and 83% (r = 0.75) for the superior and inferior lips, respectively, whereas those in Group 2 were 49% (r = 0.78) and 91% (r = 0.80), and 40% (r = 0.54) and 79% (r = 0.70), respectively, in Group 3., Conclusions: The modes of facial form changes differed depending on the pre-treatment profile patterns classified by the AI. This indicates that the determination of the pre-treatment profile pattern can help in the selection of soft tissue to hard tissue movement ratios, which helps estimate the post-treatment facial profile with a moderate to high correlation., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Preservation rhinoplasty is a novel and increasingly utilized method in nasal plastic surgery., Objectives: The study aimed to compare the functional and aesthetic outcomes of dorsal preservation rhinoplasty, a new and interesting method, with conventional hump resection., Methods: A total of 84 rhinoplasty applicants were randomly assigned to 2 groups. The first group underwent convention dorsal hump resection with spreader flap midvault reconstruction and the second group underwent dorsal preservation rhinoplasty with the modified subdorsal strip method. Aesthetic and functional outcomes, including residual hump, nasal width, projection, and rotation, were evaluated after 1 year with the Standardized Cosmesis and Health Nasal Outcomes Survey (SCHNOS), visual analog scale (VAS), and image analysis., Results: Eighty-four patients with a mean age of 30.96 ± 6.75 years were recruited, of whom 15 (17.6%) were male. There were no significant differences in confounding variables between the 2 groups. There were no significant differences in residual hump (P = .11), nasal width (P = .37), projection (P = .70), rotation (P = .79), VAS (P = .81), or SCHNOS (P = .90) between the 2 groups., Conclusions: Dorsal preservation rhinoplasty with the modified subdorsal strip method may have comparable aesthetic and functional outcomes to spreader flaps midvault reconstruction., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The nose has several important functions including inspiration, humidification of air, and filtering of allergens. The nose also has a major role in facial harmony as the central focal point. Patients will present to the rhinoplasty surgeon in an effort to fix the inability to breathe through the nose or correct a perceived nasal deformity in the shape of the nose. Choosing the optimal techniques to effectively change the nose requires a thorough understanding of nasal anatomy and nasal mechanics. Ultimately, a complete nasal evaluation is essential in identifying what corresponds to a patient's complaints and how those issues can be addressed surgically or perhaps nonsurgically. When the nose is divided into subunits, and a systematic nasal analysis is performed, one can be confident that all components of the nasal skeleton have been assessed., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: It is important to generate predictable statistical models by increasing the number of variables on the human skeletal and soft tissue structures on the face to increase the accuracy of human facial reconstructions. The purpose of this study was to determine mouth width 3-dimensionally based on statistical regression model., Material and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scan data from 130 individuals were used to measure the horizontal and vertical dimensions of orbital and nasal structures and intercanine width. The correlation between these hard tissue variables and the mouth width was evaluated using the statistical regression model., Results: Orbital width, nasal width, and intercanine width were found to be strong predictors of the mouth width determination and were used to generate the regression formulae to find the most approximate position of the mouth., Conclusion: These specific variables may contribute to improving the accuracy of mouth width determination for oral and maxillofacial reconstructions., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Objectives: Ecogeographic variation in human nasal anatomy has historically been analyzed on skeletal morphology and interpreted in the context of climatic adaptations to respiratory air-conditioning. Only a few studies have analyzed nasal soft tissue morphology, actively involved in air-conditioning physiology., Materials and Methods: We used in vivo computer tomographic scans of (N = 146) adult individuals from Cambodia, Chile, Russia, and Spain. We conducted (N = 438) airflow simulations during inspiration using computational fluid dynamics to analyze the air-conditioning capacities of the nasal soft tissue in the inflow, functional, and outflow tract, under three different environmental conditions: cold-dry; hot-dry; and hot-humid. We performed statistical comparisons between populations and sexes., Results: Subjects from hot-humid regions showed significantly lower air-conditioning capacities than subjects from colder regions in all the three conditions, specifically within the isthmus region in the inflow tract, and the anterior part of the internal functional tract. Posterior to the functional tract, no differences were detected. No differences between sexes were found in any of the tracts and under any of the conditions., Discussion: Our statistical analyses support models of climatic adaptations of anterior nasal soft tissue morphology that fit with, and complement, previous research on dry skulls. However, our results challenge a morpho-functional model that attributes air-conditioning capacities exclusively to the functional tract located within the nasal cavity. Instead, our findings support studies that have suggested that both, the external nose and the intra-facial soft tissue airways contribute to efficiently warming and humidifying air during inspiration. This supports functional interpretations in modern midfacial variation and evolution., (© 2024 The Authors. American Journal of Biological Anthropology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

An objective assessment of nasal breathing is currently insufficiently achievable. The application of computational fluid dynamics for this purpose is increasingly gaining attention. However, the suggested specific frameworks can differ considerably. To the best of our knowledge, there is not yet a widely accepted clinical usage of computational fluid dynamics. In this article, selected aspects are addressed that might be crucial for future development and possible implementation of computational fluid dynamics in rhinology., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Facial anatomy is highly individual in each patient. Anthropometric measurements can be a useful tool to objectively analyze individual facial anatomy to allow for better comparability before and after treatments to ultimately improve standardization of facial procedures, both nonsurgical and surgical. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview over clinically relevant and feasible facial anthropometric measurements and principles for aesthetic medicine. A literature review was conducted to describe the most important and clinically relevant anthropometric measurements and principles for both the entire face and for three aesthetically relevant facial regions: the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. A multitude of different anthropometric measurements and principles have been described in the literature for both the overall facial appearance and specific facial regions. Certain generally accepted anthropometric principles and proportions need to be respected to achieve aesthetic and harmonious results. For the overall facial appearance, a focus on symmetry, certain proportions, facial angles, and indices has been described. Principles and measurements were also described for the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. Although attractiveness and aesthetic perception are subjective, objective evaluation of facial surface anatomy via anthropometric measurements can improve pre- and postinterventional analysis of the face and help the treating physician to individualize treatments, both nonsurgical and surgical., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Measuring nasal airflow and nasal breathing has been a major goal of rhinology. Many objective methods for measuring nasal airflow or nasal airway resistance or dimensions provide valuable data but are time-consuming and require expensive equipment and trained technicians, thus making these methods less practical for clinical practice. Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurement is fast, unexpensive, noninvasive, and able to provide an objective evaluation of nasal airflow in real-time. Unilateral PNIF measurements allow separated evaluation of each side of the nasal airway and may prove particularly useful when clinical assessment detects significant asymmetry between both nasal cavities.PNIF measurements are most useful for assessing changes in nasal airflow achieved by any form of therapy, including surgical treatment of the nasal airway. These measurements generally correlate with other objective methods for nasal airway evaluation, but not unequivocally with patient-reported evaluation of nasal breathing. Nevertheless, as low PNIF values prevent the sensation of a suitable nasal breathing, PNIF measurement may also prove useful to optimize the decision of how to best address patients with complaints of nasal airway obstruction., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Designing nasal prostheses can be challenging because of the unpaired nature of the facial feature, especially in patients lacking preoperative information. Various nose model databases have been developed as a helpful starting point for the computer-aided design of nasal prostheses, but these do not appear to be readily accessible. Therefore, an open-access digital database of nose models has been generated based on a 3-dimensional (3D) morphable face model approach. This article describes the generation of the database, highlights steps for designing a nasal prosthesis, and points readers to the database for future clinical application and research., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Several methods are available for evaluating nasal breathing and nasal airflow, as this evaluation may be made from several different perspectives.Physiologic methods for nasal airway evaluation directly measure nasal airflow or nasal airway resistance, while anatomical methods measure nasal airway dimensions. Subjective methods evaluate nasal breathing through several validated patient-reported scales assessing nasal breathing. Computational fluid dynamics evaluates nasal airflow through the analysis of several physics' variables of the nasal airway.Being familiar to these methods is of utmost importance for the nasal surgeon to be able to understand data provided by the different methods and to be able to choose the combination of evaluation methods that will provide the information most relevant to each clinical situation., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

This retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed adult patients with operated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) and normal control, and performed comprehensive craniofacial and nasal morphological analyses based on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient assessed intraclass correlation. Seven hundred fifty-seven operated patients with CL/P, and 165 noncleft normal controls were enrolled. Among the normal and CL/P groups, S-N-A angle registered positive correlations with nasal base prominence (S-N'-Sn, degrees). Upper facial height (N-ANS, mm) had positive correlations with nasal dorsum length (N'-Prn, mm) and nasal bone length (N-Na, mm). Although in patients with bilateral cleft lip and palate, there were moderate negative correlations ( r =-0.541, P <0.05) with soft tissue facial profile angle (FH-N'Pog', degree) and nasolabial angle (Cm-Sn-ULA, degree). Correlation exists between the morphology of jaw bones and external nose among patients with CL/P. Maxillary sagittal insufficiency is associated with concave nasal profile, and maxilla height is associated with nasal length., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Background: To quantify the accuracy of Dolphin Imaging software in predicting soft tissue changes of Class II Division 1 incisor relationship treated by all first premolar extraction compared with actual changes., Methods: Pretreatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms of 30 young adult subjects (25 females and 5 males; age range of 16 to 21 years) were imported and traced in Dolphin Imaging software (version 11.95). Tracings of actual treatment results and the Dolphin predicted treatment outcome were superimposed to calculate the prediction errors. The mean difference for the Holdaway soft tissue analysis and at each landmark was measured in both the X and Y axes. Paired t test was used to compare the statistical differences in Holdaway soft tissue analysis parameters., Results: There were significant differences between the predicted and actual values in three parameters of the Holdaway soft tissue analysis (P < 0.05). The overall accuracy of estimation was better in vertical direction than horizontal. Prediction of upper and lower lip landmarks was overestimated horizontally and underestimated vertically, whereas that belonging to chin was underestimated horizontally and overestimated vertically. Soft tissue nasion and soft tissue A-point were most accurately predicted, whereas the least accuracy was found in soft tissue chin region., Conclusions: Dolphin Imaging Software (version 11.95) can be accurate enough for use in patient communication and education but should be used with caution. It is most accurate in predicting soft tissue changes in the nasion and A-point regions, but least accurate in chin region., (Copyright © 2024 World Federation of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The large nose adorned by adult male proboscis monkeys is hypothesised to serve as an audiovisual signal of sexual selection. It serves as a visual signal of male quality and social status, and as an acoustic signal, through the expression of loud, low-formant nasalised calls in dense rainforests, where visibility is poor. However, it is unclear how the male proboscis monkey nasal complex, including the internal structure of the nose, plays a role in visual or acoustic signalling. Here, we use cranionasal data to assess whether large noses found in male proboscis monkeys serve visual and/or acoustic signalling functions. Our findings support a visual signalling function for male nasal enlargement through a relatively high degree of nasal aperture sexual size dimorphism, the craniofacial region to which nasal soft tissue attaches. We additionally find nasal aperture size increases beyond dental maturity among male proboscis monkeys, consistent with the visual signalling hypothesis. We show that the cranionasal region has an acoustic signalling role through pronounced nasal cavity sexual shape dimorphism, wherein male nasal cavity shape allows the expression of loud, low-formant nasalised calls. Our findings provide robust support for the male proboscis monkey nasal complex serving both visual and acoustic functions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Secondary rhinoplasty in patients with bilateral cleft lip poses ongoing challenges and requires a reliable method for achieving optimal outcomes., Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish a safe and effective method for secondary bilateral cleft rhinoplasty., Methods: A consecutive series of 92 skeletally matured patients with bilateral cleft lip and nasal deformity were included. All had undergone secondary open rhinoplasty, performed by a single surgeon with a bilateral reverse-U flap and septal extension graft, between 2013 and 2021. Medical records of these 92 patients were reviewed to assess the clinical course. A 3-dimensional (3D) anthropometric analysis and panel assessment of 32 patients were performed to evaluate the aesthetic improvement, with an age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched normal control group for comparisons., Results: The methods showed statistically significant improvement in addressing a short columella (columellar height), short nasal bridge (nasal bridge length), de-projected nasal tip (nasal tip projection, nasal dorsum angle), poorly defined nasal tip (nasal tip angle, dome height, and panel assessment), and transversely oriented nostrils (columellar height, alar width, nostril type). Importantly, these improvements were accompanied by a low complication rate of 4%. However, upper lip deficiency over the upper lip angle and labial-columellar angle remained without significant improvement., Conclusions: In this study we described effective secondary rhinoplasty, which was composed of a bilateral reverse-U flap and septal extension graft, with acceptable outcome. The 3D anthropometric analysis and panel assessment clarified that our rhinoplasty procedure could bring the nasal morphology in these patients closer to the normal data., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Aesthetic Society. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Nasal chemosensation is considered the evolutionarily oldest mammalian sense and, together with somatosensation, is crucial for neonatal well-being before auditory and visual pathways start engaging the brain. Using anatomical and functional approaches in mice, we reveal that odor-driven activity propagates to a large part of the cortex during the first postnatal week and enhances whisker-evoked activation of primary whisker somatosensory cortex (wS1). This effect disappears in adult animals, in line with the loss of excitatory connectivity from olfactory cortex to wS1. By performing neonatal odor deprivation, followed by electrophysiological and behavioral work in adult animals, we identify a key transient regulation of nasal chemosensory information necessary for the development of wS1 sensory-driven dynamics and somatosensation. Our work uncovers a cross-modal critical window for nasal chemosensation-dependent somatosensory functional maturation.

Summary: Preservation rhinoplasty is a growing area of interest among rhinoplasty surgeons. Dorsal preservation-a tenet of preservation rhinoplasty-is predicated on maintaining the integrity of the nasal midvault and effecting aesthetic change through alterations to the bony nasal pyramid and underlying septum. A challenge that is unique to dorsal preservation is the phenomenon of hump recurrence, because of the existence of anatomical blocking points. Blocking points are resistant tensile forces that either impede dorsal lowering intraoperatively or push the dorsum back to its native convexity over time. Five anatomical blocking points have previously been described, which the authors expand on and include an additional two. The seven anatomical blocking points are as follows: the cartilaginous septum, the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, the lateral osteotomy site, the Webster triangle, the internal mucoperiosteum of the maxillary bone, the medial canthal ligament, and the lateral keystone area. It is critical that the surgeon be aware of the particular blocking points relevant to his or her chosen technique, and to appropriately and methodically address them to ensure consistent long-term results., (Copyright © 2023 by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons.)

Background: There are several factors affecting the results of rhinoplasty, and the predictability of outcomes still remains insufficient. Objective: To associate the rhinoplasty results with patients' age by anthropometric measurements. Methods: Retrospective chart review of patients undergoing rhinoplasty who were divided into decades of age. Anthropometric measurements were carried out using Rhinobase ® Software. Wilcoxon t test was used for the postoperative 3 months and 2 years analysis. p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 243 patients (median age: 37.1; M:F = 68:175) were included in the study: group I (19-29 years) n : 80; group II (30-39 years) n :71; group III (40-49 years) n : 48; and group IV (50-61 years) n : 44. In group IV, the highest value of difference (Δ) was seen in the midfacial height with the number of 5.5 ± 1.1 (mm) (<0.001). The values of nasal length, tip projection, and midfacial height parameters showed significant differences in both group III and group IV. Conclusions: Unfavorable age-related changes in long-term postoperative period following rhinoplasty can occur in patients above 40 years of age.

Owing to the complex, multilayered anatomy of the nose in the central face, major nasal reconstruction can pose a significant challenge for reconstructive surgeons. It is the responsibility of reconstructive surgeons to have an understanding of the most common cutaneous malignancies and excisional techniques that may lead to complex nasal defects. The purpose of this article is to discuss these malignancies, excisional techniques, and impacts of radiation on tissue that has implications for reconstructive surgeons., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study aimed to describe gender-specific three-dimensional morphology of the soft-tissue nose in Lebanese young adults and to explore the associations between nasal morphology with age and body mass index (BMI)., Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional photographs were captured for 176 young healthy Lebanese adults (75 males and 101 females) aged 18.1-37.68 years. Linear and angular nasal measurements were computed and compared between genders, in addition to other established norms. Associations with age and BMI were also assessed., Results: All linear measurements were greater in males than in females, and only the nasolabial angle was significantly larger in females by 2.97 degrees on average. Most of the measurements were found to be larger than the Caucasian norms. A few significant correlations were found between the measurements and age or BMI., Conclusion: This study is the first to present the sex-specific norms for nasal morphology in the Lebanese population and highlights the presence of gender dimorphism in the majority of measurements. Additional studies are needed to validate our data and expand the associations with age and BMI., Clinical Significance: The data offered in this study could help enhance the accuracy of facial reconstructive surgery and aid in personalized treatment planning for both medical and cosmetic nasal interventions. How to cite this article: Saadeh M, Shamseddine L, Fayyad-Kazan H, et al . Nasal Morphology in a Young Adult Middle-Eastern Population: A Stereophotogrammetric Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(3):199-206.

Introduction: This study aimed to longitudinally examine the changes in craniofacial and dentoalveolar regions during the third and fourth decades of life., Methods: The data from this study constitute the cephalometric films and plaster models of 8 female and 8 male dental students or dentists. The mean chronological ages of the subjects at the first observation period was 22.09 years for females and 22.64 years for males. The material was collected over 3 intervals: 1985-1989, 1998-2000, and 2016-2017. The observation period was approximately 28 years. Acquired cephalometric recordings and dental models were assessed for subjects in their 20s (baseline), 30s, and 40s. Maxillary, mandibular, maxillomandibular, soft-tissue, and dentoalveolar cephalometric variables were measured with a cephalometric analysis software, and dental cast measurements were made with a digital caliper. Changes in the cephalometric films and dental casts were evaluated statistically., Results: Statistical analysis showed that the length of the midfacial region increased with age. The height of the lower face increased significantly in females and the mandible can be seen mildly rotating to the posterior as it increased in length. The nose moved slightly forward and downward in males and females. Upper lip height was significantly increased in females; however, there was a significant reduction in upper lip thickness for males and females. Soft-tissue pogonion measurements showed a significant forward and downward chin movement in females. Overjet was significantly increased in females, whereas the mandibular arch length was significantly decreased for both sexes, although it was more prominent in females. There was a loss of space in the anterior segments of males and females, resulting in increased crowding. However, the loss of space was only significant in the mandible., Conclusions: We observed significant changes in skeletal, soft-tissue, and dentoalveolar variables of subjects in their third and fourth decades of life. The fact that many changes have occurred throughout this study demonstrates that the process of maturation and aging is ongoing., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Orthodontists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The nose is a prominent feature for facial recognition and reconstruction. To investigate the relationship of the nasal shape with the piriform aperture in Korean adults and juveniles, we performed regression analysis. By regression analysis, prediction equations for nasal shape were obtained in relation to the shape of the piriform aperture considering sex and age groups. Three-dimensional skull and face models, rendered from computed tomography images, were assessed (331 males and 334 females). Juveniles (<20 years) were divided into three age groups according to the development of the dentition. Adults were divided into three age groups of two decades each, according to their age. To measure the nasal area, nine landmarks and nine measurements were chosen, while seven landmarks and five measurements were selected to measure the piriform aperture area. Four measurements were defined to explain the direct relationship between the nasal aperture and nasal shape. First, descriptive statistical analyses were performed according to sex and age groups. Subsequently, the correlation of nasal soft tissue measurements with piriform measurements was analyzed. Last, we performed a linear regression analysis of the measurements with higher correlations, considering sex and age groups as variables. Prediction equations were used to estimate the nasal bridge length, height, protrusion, and width. Equations considering sex and age groups showed better explanation ability. Measurements related to the height of the nasal bridge presented improvement. This study may assist in the more accurate approximation of nasal shape in facial reconstruction., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)