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Copyright of Logos: A Journal, of Religion, Philosophy Comparative Cultural Studies & Art (08687692) is the property of Logos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turcology Research is the property of Ataturk University Coordinatorship of Scientific Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction. In Komi-Permian linguistics, issues related to the functioning and degree of adaptation of foreign words remain insufficiently developed. The purpose of the work is to identify and describe the features of phonetic and grammatical mastering of borrowed Russian nouns pluralia tantum in the Komi-Permian language. Materials and Methods. The source of the research material was texts of various periods and genres included in the Corpus of the Komi-Permian language. The work was carried out in line with the system-descriptive method of linguistics. To determine the quantitative ratio of word variants, the continuous sampling method was used. Results and Discussion. The Russian borrowings pluralia tantum are studied from the point of view of phonetic and grammatical adaptation. Such characteristic features of the phonetic mastering of borrowings are determined as: the assimilation of the word without alteration, the truncation of the final vowel of the word and the replacement of individual sounds in accordance with the phonetic features of the Komi-Permian language. It is shown that in the written form of the language, the use of nouns in the plural and singular, as well as borrowings of the initial properties of the pluralia tantum substantives is observed. Depending on the degree of grammatical adaptation, nouns are characterized as adapted, unadapted and partially adapted. Semantically identical phonetic and grammatical variants of words are revealed, the main reasons for their appearance are determined. Conclusion. The conclusions made by the author contribute to the study of patterns and types of adaptation of foreign language lexical material in the Komi-Permian language.

Dilbilgisi çalışmalarında sözcük türleri ele alınırken genel olarak isim, sıfat, zamir, zarf, fiil, edat (çekim edatı), bağlaç (bağlama edatı) ünlem (ünlem edatı) başlıkları açılır ve dildeki sözcükler bu sekiz türe göre değerlendirilir. Bunların yanında bazı araştırmalarda pekiştirme edatına da yer verilir. Böylece sözcük türü sayısı dokuza çıkar. Edatlar hariç dildeki diğer sözcüklerin tür değerlendirmesi hem yapı hem de bağlam göz önünde bulundurularak yapılır. Edatlar, kalıplaşmış sözcükler olduğundan ilk değerlendirmeleri yapılarına göre değil bağlam ve anlam özelliklerine göre yapılır. Edatlar, dildeki sözcüklerin asıl, yan veya mecaz anlamlarının haricinde bir anlam kazanmasıyla oluştuklarından onların anlamsal özelliklerine dikkat etmek gerekir. Bu durum, göz önünde bulundurulmadığında hangi sözcüklerin edat olarak kabul edilmesi gerektiğinde de sıkıntılar yaşanır. Bu çerçevede, incelenen dilbilgisi çalışmalarının bazılarında özellikle çekim edatlarının ve ünlem edatlarının “edat gibi kullanılan isimler/adlar/sözcükler”, “ünlem gibi kullanılan isimler/adlar/sözcükler”, “edat olarak kullanılan isimler/adlar/sözcükler”, “ünlem olarak kullanılan isimler/adlar/sözcükler” biçimlerinde değerlendirildiği görülür. Bu da sözcüğün ait olduğu türle ilgili kafa karışıklıkları oluşturmaktadır. Aynı durum “adlaşmış sıfat” ifadesi için de geçerlidir. Bu da bir belirsizlik oluşturmaktadır. Halbuki, bir sözcük yapı, bağlam ve anlam özelliklerine göre değerlendirildiğinde dokuz sözcük grubundan birine dahil edilmelidir. Bu da herhangi bir sözcüğün “… gibi kullanılan isim/ad/sözcük”, “… olarak kullanılan isim/ad/sözcük” biçimlerinde değerlendirilmesiyle mümkün görünmemektedir. Çünkü bir sözcük çekim edatı veya ünlem edatı olduğunda dilbilgisel anlam kazandığından doğrudan isim olmaktan çıkar. “Adlaşmış sıfat” ifadesi de aynı anda iki sözcük türünü birden işaret etmesi bakımından sorunludur. Çünkü bir sözcük adlaştıktan sonra sıfatlığı zikredilmemelidir. Aynı biçimde sıfatlaştıktan sonra da adlığı zikredilmemelidir. Söz konusu çalışmada burada dikkat çekilen durumlara değinilmiş ve sözcük türleri ayrımı çerçevesinde bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.

This article presents the results of a study on the process and outcome of the stepwise adverbialization of the instrumental case of nouns in the Russian. The relevance of this work is underscored by the attention to the interaction between grammatical and semantic aspects within lexical units subject to transposition at the level of parts of speech. The aim of the article is to elucidate the specifics of hybrid structures formed as a result of the functional adverbialization of nouns in the instrumental case. The material used consists of contexts from the Russian National Corpus featuring substantive word forms like ‘sledom’, demonstrating various stages of adverbialization. An interdisciplinary approach is employed, utilizing methods of oppositional analysis, indexing, linguistic experimentation, as well as elements of componential and distributional analysis. Using the word form ‘sledom’ as a case study, the primary stages of adverbial transposition of nouns in Russian are identified. The analysis reveals that within the hybrid zone, the word form ‘sledom’ exhibits 55 % correspondence with the features of its original noun (‘sled’) and 60 % correspondence with the characteristics of a core adverb (‘sledom’). Lexicalization of the word form at this stage of adverbialization is not observed; it continues to function within the semantic domain of the original substantive lexeme. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to the development of a general theory of transitivity and syncretism in the grammatical structure of language, as well as the potential application of the proposed methods of oppositional analysis and indexing in studying other types of transpositional transformations within the system of parts of speech in the Russian.

The relevance of this study is due to the lack of development of the problem of studying morphology based on the axiological approach and, as a result, the insufficient use of the value potential of morphology for the development of personal qualities of students, subject and meta-subject skills. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the expediency of using axiological linguistic methods in morphology lessons and, in particular, when studying the topic “Noun as a part of speech”. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were identified: firstly, to analyze the sources and substantiate the presence in the pedagogical and methodological literature of scientific prerequisites for the implementation of the axiological approach in the study of morphology; secondly, to prove the expediency of the axiological approach as a meta-approach that ensures the achievement of personal, meta-subject and subject goals in teaching the Russian (native) language; thirdly, to substantiate the axiological nature of linguistic knowledge on the topic “Noun as a part of speech” and the need to rely on it in the process of teaching the Russian (native) language. In the process of studying the problem posed, theoretical methods and analysis of empirically obtained data on the formation of students' morphological skills were used. The article proves the pedagogical and methodological expediency of updating the axiological linguistic methodology in the study of the morphology and axiological nature of morphological knowledge on the topic "Noun as a part of speech" for the development of the student's personality and the formation of meta-subject and subject skills.

This study analyzed issues surrounding the concept of "stem" in Turkish linguistics. It began by establishing a general framework based on existing definitions of "root" and "stem" in the literature. Subsequently, it analyzed the treatment and examples of "stem" presented in Turkish grammar books published from 1940 to the present. The analysis revealed inconsistencies in the scope and definition of "stem," with terms like "root," "base," "derived root," "closed stem" and "closed form unit" often used interchangeably in examples. These inconsistencies stem not only from varying terminological preferences but also from the challenge of handling words derived from roots that do not exist independently. While some researchers propose adopting the term "base" to address these limitations, modern linguists increasingly favor terms like "form unit" and "word unit."

Abstract In New Western Iranian languages, plurality is an obligatory category, and it is marked both morphologically and syntactically; however, Bâdrudi, as a central Iranian language, has a special status among Iranian languages. Insofar as the plural number is not an obligatory category and only appears alongside the plural suffix and verb agreement, this language uses other ways to mark plurality. This article examines some features of plurality in the Bâdrudi. Findings indicate that in Bâdrudi, the plurality is marked by the suffix -u, but mostly noun plurality is marked syntactically by verb agreement and pronominal agreement. The reduplication of noun stem is another way to mark plurality in animate nouns. In all the ways through which the plural number of nouns is marked, the verb agreement is always obligatory. This is but the use of the plural suffix, pronominal agreement, and reduplication are optional. There are also cases where the noun is not plurally marked in any way. This means that the distinction of number is not an obligatory category in Bâdrudi. Keywords: number, plurality, noun, Bâdrudi, Iranian languages Introduction Number is one of the most common features of nouns in world’s languages. For example, English makes a semantic and a formal distinction between, for instance, dog and dogs, or child and children. In English, the number feature can also be realized on verbs and pronouns through agreement with a subject, as in: ‘these children were playing together’. In this example, the verb and the demonstrative pronoun are plural and indicate the number of children. This is by no means to state that they point to the number of ‘playing’ events. While Number is an obligatory category in English, there are many other languages in which the use of the plural marker is called upon only when it is important to mark number. Unlike English, and similar languages in which the majority of nouns, from the personal pronouns and nouns denoting persons to those inanimate objects and abstract entities, can mark number, there are many languages that restrict the number opposition to fewer situations, namely those which are high in animacy. In terms of the number values, most number systems have only the two singular and plural polarities. But there are other degrees of numerosity that occur in different languages. The most frequent form of such number system is duality, which designates only two instances of one thing. Another one is the trial system which refers to three distinct real-world entities. Finally, ‘paucal’ stands for a small number of distinct real-world entities. Given the different ways that the number is expressed, some languages have special ‘number words’ which are employed merely for the purpose of indicating number. This includes morphological expression of number which manifests widely in terms of affixes. Stems can show changes from minor stress alternations to major restructuring to show number. The way in which number is marked syntactically is through agreement. Agreement is often in addition to other morphological means of marking plurality. Demonstratives and verbs are relatively frequent agreement targets, showing agreement in number either uniquely or combined with other categories, notably gender. Reduplication is a frequent and iconic way of indicating plurality. This may involve the whole stem, more frequently, or part of the stem; the relevant part may appear at beginning, or end of the noun. Materials and Methods This article examines some features of plurality in the Bâdrudi language, a central Iranian language spoken in central Iran. Part of the data used in this article are taken from Bâdrudi and Arismani corpuses, archived at ‘Corpus of Iranian Languages’. It is to note that another part of the data is collected by the author from the Fami village, where a variety of Badrudi is spoken. The data are transcribed based on the APA phonetic transcription and glossed in a semi-Persian way of glossing. Through this approach, the meanings are in Persian but the grammatical features are shown in English. Discussion of results and Conclusion The analyses suggest that Bâdrudi uses three methods to mark plurality: 1. Morphological Marking: In this marking system, the plural number is indicated by adding the plural suffix ‘–u’ to the noun stem, which is not obligatory and can be used along with the syntactic ways of verb agreement and pronominal agreement. Verb agreement: Through such a strategy, the plurality is shown by the agreement between the plural noun and the verb. In this connection, the noun can also have a plural suffix: jen-u vo mir-u ru kade de âx-en “Men and women are sitting at home”. Verb agreement marks the noun that is a subject or an agent: sang baalaa cinu de darkat-en “The stones fell from the wall”. But in the sentences with ergative structure, it marks a noun that serves as an object: ču-šun ataš xossen “They burned the wood”. Pronominal agreement: In this way, the plural number is marked on the demonstrative pronouns and comes in a noun phrase. In this case, the verb of the sentence is also used in plural form: nome izom bâ tabar amariy-en “these woods are broken by an ax”. reduplicating: This involves the use of material from the noun stem and suffixing it at the end of the noun, like dot ‘girl’ > dotmot ‘girls’ in nin dotmot čerâ namden? “Why did not these girls come?” It can be said that in Bâdrudi while the use of morphological suffix is not obligatory to indicate the plurality of noun, the use of pronominal agreement is also not obligatory as long as there is a verb agreement. On the other hand, in all the examined examples, the use of verb agreement is an obligatory way of marking plurality. The results show that in Bâdrudi, the verb agreement is a necessary and imperative way of marking the plurality of nouns. It is interesting to note that other markers are compulsory to be used. There are also cases where the plurality is not marked in any way. Considering that the verb agreement generally marks subject or agent, a noun serving as an indirect object, is not marked by any of the morphological or syntactical ways. In general, it can be said that although Bâdrudi marks plurality morphologically and syntactically, plurality is not an obligatory category in Bâdrudi, and there are still degrees of splitness in marking the plurality.

Background. In modern conditions, one of the requirements for successful communication, including professional one, is its conciseness and capacity, thus, the advantages of linguistic economy come first. One of the most productive means of linguistic economy in French has recently become the ellipsis of prepositions, as a result of which a lot of uncomplicated non-prepositional constructions appear. Given that French is considered a nominative language, it becomes obvious that non-prepositional nominative constructions are of greatest interest for research. Purpose. The article examines the use of non-prepositional nominative phrases in special texts of the customs press, in order to increase linguistic competence in professional customs discourse. Materials and methods. The material for the study was 19 issues of Francophone industry customs publications: the magazine Douane. Magazine, the publication of the General Directorate of Customs and Indirect Duties of France, and OMD Actualités (No. 102) (News of the World Customs Organization). A functional-semantic research method was used in the analysis of the material. Results. The results of the study showed that the prepositional nominative constructions that appeared as a result of the ellipsis of prepositions are quite frequently used in customs discourse. The structures discovered during the study were divided into three main groups. In addition, cases of the use of non-prepositional phraseological units in the texts were identified, as well as cases of the use of a noun with conjugation, with a missing conjunction of components. It is noted that the most well-established and productive structures are those with the defining component clé, phare, pilote, moteur. At the same time, there are cases of misinterpretation and labile use of the construction both with and without a preposition, which indicates that such type of word formation is not fully established and remains innovative. The scope of the results. The results of the study can be used to teach students French in the "Customs" academic discipline.

This paper examines how the lexicon is organized in a typical South Central language. Items like nouns, verbs, and adverbial expressions belong to open classes; pronominals, demonstratives, numerals, quantifiers, interjections, onomatopoetic words, and case markers form closed classes. Directionals, tense/aspect markers, valence-changing elements, verbal classifiers, elaborate expressions, and reduplicative patterns are treated as bound elements.

Natural language processing (NLP) has witnessed significant advancements in recent decades. Automatically classifying parts of speech, like nouns and verbs, from textual input has transformed text analysis and language understanding. Using natural language processing techniques, we explore various methods for identifying noun and verb phrases automatically, with an emphasis on high accuracy. Our study explores rule-based, statistical, and Machine Learning (ML) approaches for determining the nouns and verbs from sentences. The effectiveness of these approaches is clearly evident, especially when NLP libraries such as SpaCy and the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) are used. As well as demonstrating their potential applications across diverse language processing tasks and industries, we conduct comparative research to showcase their advantages and disadvantages. The performance of these methods is also examined in terms of retrieving subject and action terms. SpaCy achieves an impressive accuracy of 95% in noun and verb extraction, while Part-Of-Speech (POS) technology tagging delivers an even higher accuracy of 96%. The results obtained with these methods illustrate how nouns, verbs, and names can be classified in text successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In New Western Iranian languages, plurality is an obligatory category, and it is marked both morphologically and syntactically; however, Bâdrudi, as a central Iranian language, has a special status among Iranian languages. Insofar as the plural number is not an obligatory category and only appears alongside the plural suffix and verb agreement, this language uses other ways to mark plurality. This article examines some features of plurality in the Bâdrudi. Findings indicate that in Bâdrudi, the plurality is marked by the suffix -u, but mostly noun plurality is marked syntactically by verb agreement and pronominal agreement. The reduplication of noun stem is another way to mark plurality in animate nouns. In all the ways through which the plural number of nouns is marked, the verb agreement is always obligatory. This is but the use of the plural suffix, pronominal agreement, and reduplication are optional. There are also cases where the noun is not plurally marked in any way. This means that the distinction of number is not an obligatory category in Bâdrudi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The researcher developed a 15-item scale with the use of documented literature. In establishing the psychometric properties of the scale, sample of 49 males and 49 females Study Centres staff from three North-west Centres of NOUN participated in the study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the preliminary data, while Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to determine the psychometric properties of the scale. Results of the EFA revealed that the scale measures four distinct dimensions: Behaviour trait for managing staff/students (BTMS/S), Behaviour trait for financial prudent (BTFP), Behaviour trait for community advocacy (BTCA) and Behaviour trait for managing self/university dictates (BTMS/UD), with four sub-scale (4-3 items) which demonstrates good psychometric properties. Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.88 to 0.80 across the four sub-scales. Criterion-related validity was demonstrated for each sub-scale. BTMS/S for those who reported ‘’yes’’ had a higher mean than those who responded with ‘’no’’ or ‘’don’t know’’ (3.44 vs. 2.43). For BTFP and BTCA, samples with desire to involve in monetary activities and advocacy of the centres had a higher mean score than respondents without desire to involve (3.83 vs. 2.41), and for BTMS/UD, samples who reported to centre directors having the behaviour trait obtained a lower mean score than samples who reported ‘’no’’ or ‘’don’t know’’ (2.59 vs. 3.43). Based on the findings therefore, the study conclude that centre directors behaviour trait for managing staff/ students is related to trait for mobilizing the community and essential for successful management of study centre. Likewise, ability to be prudent in financial management is also related to individual self-control which assists the individual to abide by university dictates. Résumé : Le chercheur a construit une échelle de 15 questions à l'aide d’une documentation. Pour établir les propriétés psychométriques de l'échelle, un échantillon de 49 hommes et 49 femmes du personnel de trois centres d’études de NOUN dans la région du nord-ouest du Nigeria a participé à l'étude. Des statistiques descriptives ont été utilisées pour analyser les données préliminaires, tandis que l'analyse factorielle exploratoire (AFE) a servi à déterminer les propriétés psychométriques de l'échelle. Les résultats de l'AFE ont révélé que l'échelle mesure quatre dimensions distinctes : Trait de comportement pour la gestion du personnel/étudiants (TCGP /E) ; trait de comportement pour la prudence financière (TCPF) ; trait de comportement pour le plaidoyer communautaire (TCPC) et trait de comportement pour la gestion des dictats de l'auto/université (TCPGDL/U), avec quatre sous-échelles (4-3 indices) qui démontrent de bonnes propriétés psychométriques. L'alpha de Cronbach variait de 0,88 à 0,80 sur les quatre sous-échelles. La validité liée aux critères a été démontrée pour chaque sous-échelle. Les TCGP /E pour ceux qui ont répondu " oui " avaient une moyenne plus élevée que ceux qui ont répondu " non " ou "je ne sais pas ". (3,44 contre 2,43). Pour les TCPF et les TCPC, les échantillons désireux de participer aux activités monétaires et de plaidoyer des centres ont obtenu une moyen note plus élevé que les répondants qui ne souhaitaient pas participer (3,83 vs 2,41), et pour les TCPGDL/U, les échantillons qui ont déclaré aux directeurs de centres ayant le trait de comportement ont obtenu une moyen note inférieur à ceux qui ont déclaré " non " ou " ne sais pas ". (2,59 contre 3,43). Basant sur les résultats, l'étude conclut donc que le trait de comportement des directeurs de centre pour la gestion du personnel et des élèves est lié au trait pour la mobilisation de la communauté et ceci est essentiel pour une gestion effective du centre d'étude. De même, la capacité d'être prudent dans la gestion financière est également liée à la maîtrise de soi qui aide l'individu à se conformer aux exigences de l'université.

In this article the author investigates the main codified (prescriptive) and non-codified (descriptive) changes in the use of case endings of nouns that occurred in the Ukrainian literary language during the first two decades of the 21st century. The tendencies in the observance of morphological norms, witnessed in different functional and stylistic spheres of modern Ukrainian language practice of the professional community, are singled out and analyzed. They are compared with norms codified in the Ukrainian Orthography of 2019. The correlation of tendencies of modern professional language practice and codified orthography changes in the use of case endings of nouns is traced: some tendencies are proved in language practice before their codification in the new Ukrainian Orthography, others are currently not supported by the philologically prepared part of Ukrainian society, and others still are represented in the language practice of Ukrainians more widely than those reflected in the main orthography code of Ukraine.

The purpose of the current report is to study the effects of language distance on noun and verb processing in bilingual speakers. We recruited two groups of bilingual speakers: one group spoke two typologically distant languages (Cantonese and English) and the other group spoke two typologically similar languages (Mandarin and Cantonese). Participants named object and action pictures in their first language. We controlled psycholinguistic properties of words such as frequency, AoA, imageability, name agreement, visual complexity, familiarity, and participants' bilingual language experiences. Our findings revealed a significant role for language distance. We observed a difference between noun and verb processing in the similar language pair (Mandarin–Cantonese) due to interference induced by language similarity. However, in the distant language pair (Cantonese–English), the difference disappeared because of the lack of cross-language interference. Our findings support that current and future models of bilingual language processing should take into account the effects of language distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the central debates in current Linguistics revolves around the consideration of the grammatical categories of noun and verb as discrete or gradual categories. In this work, I start from the evidence on the acquisition, processing, and production of these two lexical classes in healthy speakers and speakers with language or cognitive impairments to argue that, from a neurocognitive perspective, they are discrete. Additionally, I analyze the type of conditioning of categorical dissociation in order to argue that the proceduralization of linguistic function during the lifespan leads to the generation of the grammatical-semantic nature of lexical classes. In doing so, I review and analyze the results of a series of experimental studies, mainly neurofunctional and neurocognitive in nature, which allow me to compare categorical dissociation and its causative dissociation in children, adults, and elderly individuals with both healthy and different types of cognitive disorders (SLI, ASD; aphasias; SD, and AD). The main conclusion of my work is that, in neurocognitive terms, nouns and verbs are discrete grammatical categories, which develop grammatical-semantic graduality with the proceduralization of language function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavistična Revija is the property of Slavisticno Drustvo Slovenije and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the present study, we reported two experiments that examined how syntactic category information affects the acquisition of ambiguous words in second language (L2). Chinese-English bilinguals were instructed to learn a set of English pseudowords to simulate ambiguous words' learning process. Each ambiguous pseudoword was paired with two unrelated Chinese meanings, which either belonged to the same syntactic category (i.e., both were nouns or both were verbs) or belonged to different syntactic categories (i.e., one was a noun and the other one was a verb or vice versa). The results from translation recognition and L2-L1 production tasks showed that ambiguous words with two noun meanings were easier to learn than ambiguous words with one noun meaning and one verb meaning (Experiment 1). Ambiguous words with one verb meaning and one noun meaning were easier to learn than those with two verb meanings (Experiment 2). These results suggest that the syntactic categorical structure of an L2 ambiguous word impacts the whole word's learning efficiency, and noun meanings facilitate the learning performance of L2 ambiguous words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the history of religious style formation in the Russian language. In the article carried out a comprehensive linguistic analysis of the names of nouns of religious semantics on -nik, recorded in the XVIII century Russian lexicographic works of civil press, which provide detailed representation of confessional vocabulary. The relevance of the study is due to the absence to date of special linguistic studies related to the study of the names of nouns of religious semantics on -nik, as well as functional significance of this class of words for the formation of religious style of the Russian language of the XVIII century. The work used methods of stylistic, morpheme-word-forming, grammatical, thematic, etymological and definition analysis, as well as the method of semantic field and statistical one. In the course of the study, the word-forming and semantic features of religious entities on the -nik were analyzed, their lexical and grammatical categories and thematic groups were described, within these groups neoplasms of the XVIII century were identified. It has been established that substance religionists are characterized by a system of complex word-forming relations, correlating with derogatory or verbal basic foundations, and for the most part are monosemantic specific names denoting male persons. It is shown that derivatives on the -nik having a verbal base as a basic base are mainly designated persons by action or professional functions performed, and derivatives with a basic base are called persons by rank, position or characteristic, and also indicate an object having a certain purpose. It is noted that the nouns of religious semantics in -nik firmly took their place in the lexical system of the religious style of the Russian language of the XVIII century, forming in it a special layer of a specific confessional vocabulary.

National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) has taken university education to the door-step of Nigeria Correctional Service (NCS). The hitherto marginalised prison inmates have been provided with opportunity to have access to university education within the confine of correctional facilities in the country. The study explores inclusion and impact of Nigerian correctional inmates to university education in Nigeria. The study is located within the pedestal of qualitative method. In line with qualitative approach adopted, interpretive paradigm was employed to make sense of the inmates’ narrative. The researcher purposively selected twenty-one inmates for the study. Due to the sensitive nature of the study, all ethical issues were adhered to. Semi-structured interview was developed and administered on the participants. The information gathered were transcribed, coded, categorised and emerging themes analysed using narrative analysis. Findings indicated that inmates perceived university education as human development, and crime prevention and control strategies. Furthermore, the inmates stated that the acquisition of university degree has impacted their self-actualisation and offered them various opportunities for employment after jail term. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Federal Government should focus on supporting rehabilitation through provision of secondary and university education in order to reduce recidivism. Résumé : La National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) a étendu l'éducation universitaire aux portes du Nigeria Correctional Service (NCS) <>. Les détenus, autrefois marginalisés, ont désormais la possibilité d'accéder à l'enseignement universitaire dans les établissements correctionnels du pays. L'étude explore l'inclusion et l'impact des détenus nigérians sur l'enseignement universitaire au Nigeria. L'étude s'inscrit dans le cadre de la méthode qualitative. Conformément à l'approche qualitative adoptée, un paradigme interprétatif a été utilisé pour donner du sens au récit des détenus. Le chercheur a sélectionné délibérément vingt et un détenus pour l'étude. En raison de la nature sensible de l'étude, toutes les questions éthiques ont été respectées. Un entretien semi-structuré a été élaboré et administré aux participants. Les informations recueillies ont été transcrites, codées, catégorisées et les thèmes émergents ont été analysés à l'aide de l'analyse narrative. Les résultats indiquent que les détenus considèrent l'éducation universitaire comme un développement humain, ainsi que des stratégies de prévention et de contrôle du crime. De plus, les détenus ont déclaré que l'obtention d'un diplôme universitaire a eu un impact sur leur auto-réalisation et leur a offert diverses opportunités d'emploi après leur peine. Sur la base des résultats, il a été recommandé, entre autres, que le Gouvernement Fédéral se concentre sur le soutien à la réhabilitation en fournissant une éducation secondaire et universitaire afin de réduire la récidive. Mots-clés : Inclusion, Détenus du Service Correctionnel, NOUN, Enseignement Universitaire

The case category is a grammatical category that exists in most of the world's languages, but it is not a single system for all languages, it is a grammatical category that appears with its own characteristics due to the laws of development of each language. Although there are several types of case in world languages, for Turkish languages there is one type is characteristic. In the Orkhon-Yenisei monuments, there were nine cases of the noun, the ninth case was called the instrumental-joint case. The same situation can also be found in Uighur written monuments. In modern times, the joint case in the Kazakh, Karachay-Balkar, Karaim, Khakas, Shor, Chuvash, and Yakut languages existed as the seventh case in the grammar books of the Azerbaijani language until 1939, but later it was removed from the textbooks and only six cases were preserved. Methods: Since the case category exists historically in world languages, including Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, diachronic, synchronic, as well as comparative-historical and comparative-typological methods were used in the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the known truths that the arabic syntax had passed through several stages, many skillful proficient grammatical scientists had appeared during a long historic voyage. Abu Ali al-farisy was one of these, and accordingly this research came to introduce the most important issues concerning the (sentence) has as one of the most prominent topics dealt with by the grammar studying. it was from these issues is a sentence authored and a coalition of their parts, classified into types, get to know the foundations of this classification, addressed to reference the time to it, sites which the sentences is fill, and their meanings, and studying the positions which had al-farisy special effort in directing and interpretation of the problem of them to agree to rules enacted by grammarians for the sentence construction, or depart from these rules sometimes, and taking a new unique opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pronouns are words that replace nouns, represent them by person, sign or question, and can be used like nouns. It is known that personal pronouns, which are used as substitutes for the names of persons, are not as suitable for word formation by taking derivationality as nouns, and these pronouns are evaluated in traditional grammar books in two groups: I, you, he (singular); we, you, they (plural). It is also explained by researchers that possessive morphemes, which are known to occur after the plurality morpheme and before case morphemes, form some structures that change the general morpheme order of Turkish (root + derivational suffix + inflectional suffix). In this study, it is aimed to examine the structures in which possessive morphemes, which differ from the general order, appear before the +{lI4K} morpheme, which is one of the busiest derivational morphemes of Turkish and is included under the heading of morphemes deriving names from nouns; the function of this morpheme +(A) göre (according to) in its use with personal nouns and the pronoun/noun (+possesive) + {lI4K} structure that comes to some species names and proper names with the same function. The examples in the written language were determined using the Turkish National Corpus (TUD), the Turkish Lexicography Corpus (TSD) and e-books. The sentences in which the constructions derived with this morpheme, which function +(A) göre (according to) and are used as determiners, are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The importance of collocations in language learning cannot be overstated, particularly with successful academic writing. Previous research on collocation compilation has focused on identifying and compiling lists of general multiword expressions (MWEs) found in academic genres for pedagogical purposes. However, the wide-angle approach employed by these studies may be insufficient for English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses, given certain formalities and conventions associated with academic texts, which are often demonstrated through MWEs unique to each field or domain of study. This paper presents a corpus-based investigation to develop a list of commonly and pedagogically useful noun collocations specific to the Geographical Information System (GIS). The research used a corpus containing 1.5 million words from GIS research articles. An innovative four-step selection process was used to compile this list. The outcomes of this study are twofold. First, the collocations associated with the 20 most frequently encountered nouns (including noun + noun, noun + verb, verb + noun, and adjective + noun combinations) within the GIS research articles were identified. Second, this investigation presented fresh insights into the different categories of noun collocations. The research provides important pedagogical implications for ESP instruction, particularly on how collocations might be better understood and taught. The findings emphasise the necessity of focusing on domain-specific collocations, underscoring the role of context in language learning and teaching. The results are expected to help shape effective instructional strategies and material development in ESP classrooms, particularly in GIS-related contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the criteria used in the delimitation of the noun gender, the most effective in teaching Romanian as a non-maternal language is that of the desinences. The present study aims to investigate the category of gender in the field of Romanian as a non-native language, exploiting some grammatical theories in order to facilitate the recognition of the noun by non-native speakers. In my teaching practice, during the lesson on the gender of nouns, foreign students most often asked me for a pattern, a pattern in which to place the noun in order to inflect it. Reviewing several approaches, we stopped on how Paula Diaconescu’s structural classification into types and classes of inflection can be applied in teaching Romanian as a non-native language. The presence of the graphic scheme as a “drawing from the carpet” in the stages of noun teaching dynamizes the integration of inventories into the speaker’s linguistic competence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contributes to the study of conversion in Czech, which in the literature on Czech is rarely understood as an independent word-formation process and therefore not much attention has been paid to its semantics (only as part of research on derivation). An annotation experiment is presented in which semantic relations in 800 conversion pairs are assessed on the basis of corpus concordances by two human raters in parallel. The annotation experiment provides evidence of the applicability of semantic classification of conversion based on meaning paraphrases on large-scale linguistic data, showing that it is possible to reach reasonable inter-annotator agreement. The sources of disagreement, as well as the patterns of polysemy found in the data, provide information about the conceptual relationships between the semantic categories in conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is comprised of Professor Nicolau Bălășescu's work, written in the transitional Cyrillic alphabet, published in 1850 in Bucharest and printed at Iosef Kopainig's Typography. In the first part of this article I began with a description of the phonetic system as a representation of this grammar's structure with an emphasis on Professor Bălășescu's explanations regarding the classification of three parts of speech: the noun, the article, the adjective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Lingüística y Literatura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research is based on the phenomenon of language development. This development results in language changes both in terms of words and meanings. This study aims to explain Indonesian nouns that experience meaning expansion in novels and explain the factors that cause the expansion of the meaning of Indonesian nouns in novels. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The data source of this research is novels from several authors, namely "Bilangan Fu" by Ayu Utami, "Ayah dan Laskar Pelangi" by Andrea Hirata, "Sedang Tuhan pun Cemburu" by Emha Ainun Nadjib, "Ranah 3 Warna" by A. Fuadi, "Yang Fana adalah Waktu" by Sapardi Djoko Damono, "Laut Bercerita" by Leila S. Chudori, "Autumn in Paris" by Ilana Tan, "Cantik itu Luka" by Eka Kurniawan, and "Supernova" by Dea Lestari. This research results in the discovery of 15 basic nouns and 12 derivative nouns that experience the expansion of meaning in Indonesian. Meanwhile, the factors that cause the expansion of meaning are the development of science and technology, socio-cultural development, differences in the field of use, association, and term development.

The text focuses on Serbian nouns motivated by the form дете (деца) ‘child’ (‘children’) which belong to the standard language. The starting point is the dictionary definition of the Serbian lexeme дете (деца). The current state of etymological research on the general original meaning of the word ‘child’ in Slavic and other European languages is also analyzed. Next, the motivated words are finally divided into diminutive and augmentative, as well as compound derivatives, their dictionary definitions are provided, and they are examined from the word-formation perspective. The Serbian word дечак (дечкo) is also included in the analysis. The extracted linguistic material comes from Речник српскога језика (Dictionary of the Serbian Language), published by Matica Srpska – the most comprehensive lexicographic work on contemporary standard Serbian language to date. Therefore, the text also contains an analytical outline of this publication. The analysis of the collected linguistic material showed that in the Serbian standard language the derivatives and noun compounds motivated by the lexeme дете (деца) form a significantly large group. The study also proves that both the basic motivating word дете and its variant – which functions as the plural form – the collective noun деца, could participate in the motivation of the formed diminutive, augmentative, compound forms and the form дечак (дечкo). At the same time, a broader etymological introduction to the word дете (деца) against the Slavic and European background showed that the word originally had a much lower social status than it has today. This may be indicated by the analyzed augmentative (and pejorative) derivatives. On the other hand, diminutives and pejoratives will constitute a primary ‘product’ created within the close family, which later became the lexemes of the standard language (although it should be borne in mind that they can also take a disparaging or ironic meaning in a specific communicative con-text). The analyzed compounds, on the other hand, could originally belong to legal discourse, and then, as they began to be used more and more widely, they found themselves within the Serbian standard lexicon. In the case of compounds, a curious phenomenon is their ‘double’ motivation, which may stem either from the form дете, or from the form деца, carrying the same meaning.

Introduction. The article deals with lexical means of expressing the category of locativity, the latter to serve a basic concept of space. Descriptions of locative parts of speech in typological works analyzing different languages make it possible to consider lexical semantic groups of locative nouns in Mongolian, Buryat, Oirat and Kalmyk. Goals. So, the study aims at describing lexical semantic groups of locative nouns in the mentioned Mongolic languages. Materials. The work examines various dictionaries of the Mongolic languages, literary and journalistic texts included into the available corpora of the languages. Results. Our insights show that Mongolic nouns may serve as various tools to express locativity meanings. The paper distinguishes a total of four key lexical semantic groups of the considered nouns: 1) types of surface, cardinal points, types of landscape; 2) names of countries, regions, cities, streets, squares; 3) structures, buildings, dwellings; 4) transport. In Mongolic languages, the analyzed vocabulary is represented by a wide range of lexemes. Different use patterns, absence or presence of certain lexemes in the languages under consideration has been noted. Conclusions. Analysis of the identified lexical semantic groups of locative nouns shows a variety of meanings in different combinations, as well as peculiarities of their use in related Mongolic languages. Nouns employed to refer to parts of the world, types of landscape, earth’s surface, countries and cities constitute quite a diverse layer of vocabulary too.

morphological purposes. Reduplication is divided into two main types in most languages: total reduplication and partial reduplication. The present study aims to describe this process, classify different types and patterns of total reduplication, and explore its semantic functions in Tati language (the Rudbari dialect) within the framework of Morphological Doubling Theory (MDT) (Inkelas & Zoll, 2005). The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and the data, which consist of about 150 reduplication constructions in Tati, have been collected from written texts, and based on one of the author’s language intuition. Among the most important findings of this study, the followings are worth mentioning: there are two main types of total reduplication in Tati, pure total reduplication and added total reduplication and each of them has some subcategories. In this language, the elements engaged in total reduplication can belong to different grammatical categories, such as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, phrases, sounds, or onomatopoeia. The semantic functions of reduplication in Tati can range from clear meanings to iconic and idiomatic meanings expressing continuation, abundancy, hesitation, increasing and decreasing the intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Complex systems of inflectional morphology provide a useful testing ground for input-based language acquisition theories. Two analyses were performed on a high-density (12%) naturalistic sample of two Polish-English children's (2;0 and 3;11) and their parents' use of Polish noun inflection: first, each child's use of inflectional affixes and their lexical restrictedness was compared with their father's equalised sample. Second, the children's spontaneous case-marking errors were analysed in context and measured against type and token frequencies in both parents' data and the child-directed speech (CDS) corpus. Findings in both analyses accord with constructivist theory: near adult-like knowledge of Polish inflections hiding a range of use that is more lexically restricted than in their caregivers' speech; low error rates hiding much higher 'pockets of ignorance' for specific inflectional contexts; and patterns of error that correspond closely to token/type frequencies in the CDS, though with the older sibling making some errors that were not frequency-based. Potential effects of syncretism, case ambiguity and semantics are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antisthenes and Ortega analyzed the relationship between language, reality and truth. Our aim here is first to prove certain provocative ideas of Antisthenes, if we fit them onto the ontological plane, find their correlate in Ortega's thought, and second to show that there is a partial match between the antisthenic thesis that it is impossible to define things and the Ortegian affirmation that the man has no nature. In the third place, to point out the amazing resemblance between the antisthenic conception of the "proper name" of things and the "authentic names" that Ortega postulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cataphoresis contravenes the principle of linguistic economy and implies a high cognitive cost, which leads us to question the conditions of its appearance. Using a corpus from the Frantext database (19th and 20th century), we examine how the SN une chose in cataphoric use contributes to discourse cohesion. The statements are based on various syntactic constructions and discourse break effects, and in a series of uses une chose is subject to restrictive modalization. The fact that the statements are rooted in the expression of intensity and subjectivity would explain the use of an uneconomic structure which is semantically linked to both the previous and the subsequent context, ensuring textual continuity through this tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of College of Languages is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)