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This study calculates profitability and identifies the determinants influencing the profitability of enterprises engaged in growing cereals (except rice), leguminous crops and oilseeds in AP Vojvodina in 2022. The analysis is based on data from 320 small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises using multiple linear regression, with Return on Assets (ROA) as the dependent variable. Descriptive statistics showed a median ROA of 2.62%, indicating relatively low profitability. The regression model revealed that liquidity, indebtedness, asset structure, total asset turnover ratio and company size significantly impact profitability. Liquidity and indebtedness negatively affect profitability, suggesting unproductive resource use and high debt levels. Asset structure also negatively impacts profitability, indicating inefficient use of fixed assets. Conversely, the total asset turnover ratio and company size positively influence profitability, reflecting efficient asset use and better investment opportunities. The study recommends better liquidity management, debt reduction, optimizing asset structure, increasing asset turnover efficiency, and leveraging company size to improve profitability. These strategies can enhance financial performance and competitiveness, contributing to the sustainable growth of agricultural enterprises in Vojvodina.

The research analyzes the efficiency of investments in the agricultural sector of the Republic of Serbia. The data used in the research were sourced from the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia and the Directorate for Agrarian Payments. Over the period from 2012 to 2021, there was an increase in the efficiency of agricultural investments. The results point to a significant increase in investments per hectare compared to the previously analyzed period (1996-2005). The data were processed using standard statistical instruments of descriptive statistics. Additionally, regression analysis was employed to show the impact of investments on the gross value added in this sector. It was established that over the period from 2012 to 2021, the effect of investments on the gross value added in agriculture was not statistically significant.

The subject of this research study is the contractual property arrangement of unmarried partners according to the law of the Republic of Serbia. The Family Law (2005) allows the possibility for unmarried partners to arrange extramarital relations in a way that suits their interests. Our law has introduced the possibility of concluding extramarital contracts which allow that the regime of common property that had been compulsive until then and could not be changed, now can be excluded, changed or contracted by unmarried partners. The contractual property arrangement has significant legal and social consequences both for the relations of partners in the extramarital community, as well as regarding their relations with society. In this sense, the paper analyses the property relations in the extramarital community, the autonomy of the will in the regulation of property relations, the contractual property arrangement of unmarried partners, the characteristics of extramarital contracts and the social and legal justification of the contractual property arrangement of unmarried partners in regard to our law. The aim of the research was to introduce and explain the regulation of property relations of unmarried partners, from the legal and social aspect. In this article, a legal and sociological method was used when determining the content of the positive law and the effect of legal norms that regulate the property relations of unmarried partners. The understanding of legal science, which refers to this legal institute, is also exposed. In this article, the contracts of unmarried partners were considered as a model for regulating property relations in an extramarital community in genere.

This paper presents a research of the most important influences in wide format printing. The most important influences are substrate, printing machine and ink. In the experiment we used two basic substrates (backlite and frontilte). The test chart was printed with three different printing machines on the backlite (substrates used for outdoor large-format billboard with back lighted display) and the frontlite (substrates used for outdoor large-format billboard with front lighted display) substrate. The printing machines we based on Digital Ink Jet printing technique. The main goal of investigation was getting parameters that indicate the influence of substrates and printing machines on color range. The color range for different substrates and different printing machines were determined by spectrophotometric measurements. Model CIEDE 2000 was used for determining the color differences between different proofs. Reference points were the fields of 100 % cyan, magenta, yellow and black coverage. The analysis confirmed theoretical assumptions that the most important factors were substrate, printing machine and ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjects of this paper are the property and the property relations between unmarried partners during their co-existance. Our law recognizes two property regimes for unmarried partners in terms of property relations: specific and common property regime and contractual property regime. Scientifically, the paper analyses the following topics related to property regime: the concept, the formation, management and disposition of common property and contractual property regime of unmarried partners, as well as the legal aspects of property relations between them. Due to this fact, the method utilised for this research is a legal method. It is used for the analysis of the legal norms that regulate the legal matter. The paper refers to the positive law that regulates the abovementioned property (de lege lata) and the future law related to the property of unmarried partners (de lege ferenda). In addition to the positive legal norms, this paper presents the aspects of the science of law regarding the property of unmarried partners. Based on the research it has become evident that the positive law regulates only the basic provisions concerning this property, which raises a number of issues regarding the implementation of legal provisions on the property of unmarried partners in everyday life.

Measuring a value by definition seems to be the best solution for getting the most precise results. In this paper, it is shown that by changing the general definition of root mean square (RMS) and average value of a periodic signal, their measurement can be improved. When measuring RMS with asynchronous sampling, it was observed that results were scattered around two values, and it was found that the main cause for this was initial sampling time. Redefining the RMS value has been proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the asynchronous method. After comparing the results based on general and proposed definition for RMS value, it was observed that there was significantly less scattering of results and higher accuracy. The simulation proved that the application of the proposed definition of RMS gives more accurate and precise results than the general definition for analog to digital (AD) converters with both lower and higher resolution.

Multisensory signal acquisition represents one of the main concepts necessary to perform measurements in various industrial and consumer-oriented applications. This paper presents a development platform which provides a data acquisition from multiple sensors. The main module of the platform is the UNIDS-3 development board with PIC18F8520 microcontroller. Data acquisition from the sensors is performed on user demand by remote control. NEC protocol is implemented and IR receiver TSOP31238 is used. The measurement data are sent to a computer, which performs digital data processing, data visualization and data storage. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR32019]

This paper deals with one of the most complex legal issues of contemporary Serbian law. Since it is a complex legal work, in the first place we have specified the chronology of legal regulation of the contract of lifelong care, and dealt with this term as a contract of law of obligations. Conducting legal analysis of the term of the contract, we determined that it was a contract that was nominated, bilaterally obligated and onerous, that it was concluded with regard to the special properties of individuals, that it was the contract with the permanent execution of obligations and that it was formal contract. In doing so, we noted its specificity in relation to the above characteristics, and that was the objective of this paper. Also, we discussed about the lifelong care representing a specific obligation of the provider, while the dependents specific obligations relates to the obligation that ownership of certain matters or any other rights will be after his death transferred to the provider. Also, in this paper we discussed succession of rights to give and receive support in the event of death of the provider. In studying the meaning and scope of this legal institute legal method was used in the analysis of legal norms by which it was regulated. In interpreting the law, we applied the grammatical interpretation, historical interpretation and target interpretation. Examining the positive law (de lege lata) we dealed with future law (de ledge) of this legal institute. Results of the research lead to the conclusion that in this contract there are obligations of complex content, which are constantly changing, so to speak, from day to day, and so not even the greatest jurists - legislators, judges, legal writers, legal practitioners or contractors are able to predict them all.

Apple is an open pollinated entomofilic fruit species. For successful fruiting, it is necessary to provide two or more varieties which are good pollinators, in addition to being compatible with the main cultivar. The situation is similar with the artificial pollination of apples with the aim of obtaining hybrid seeds, the only difference is that for this kind of pollination insects do not have to be provided. In order to create new varieties of apples, we selected the varity Ajdared as the recipient of pollen (mother) and Topaz, Rubies and Pink Lady, as pollinators varieties for which we do not have data how they act as pollinators or what kind of impact they have on the production of hybrid seed. Based on the obtained data, we concluded that the varieties pollinators in all combinations have a high impact on the production of hybrid apple seeds.

Dijana Novakovic,1 Marco Feligioni,2 Sergio Scaccianoce,1 Alessandra Caruso,1 Sonia Piccinin,2 Chiara Schepisi,1,2 Francesco Errico,3 Nicola B Mercuri,4 Ferdinando Nicoletti,1,5 Robert Nisticò1,41Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy; 3Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; 4Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy; 5Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, Pozzilli, ItalyAbstract: Alzheimer's disease, which is characterized by gradual cognitive decline associated with deterioration of daily living activities and behavioral disturbances throughout the course of the disease, is estimated to affect 27 million people around the world. It is expected that the illness will affect about 63 million people by 2030, and 114 million by 2050, worldwide. Current Alzheimer's disease medications may ease symptoms for a time but are not capable of slowing down disease progression. Indeed, all currently available therapies, such as cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine), are primarily considered symptomatic therapies, although recent data also suggest possible disease-modifying effects. Gantenerumab is an investigational fully human anti-amyloid beta monoclonal antibody with a high capacity to bind and remove beta-amyloid plaques in the brain. This compound, currently undergoing Phase II and III clinical trials represents a promising agent with a disease-modifying potential in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we present an overview of gantenerumab ranging from preclinical studies to human clinical trials.Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, gantenerumab, monoclonal antibody, amyloid-β, clinical trialsCorrigendum for this paper has been published

The role of imagery in advertising is in shaping consumers' response. They convey certain connotations which could be used to appeal to our innate instincts, the prominent one being our sexual instinct. The purpose of this research is to analyze the semiotic codes of the types of sexual appeal and to measure the consumer's emotional response to such stimuli. The emotional response was measured to ads with sex appeal where the iconic, iconographic and tropological content were applied. The findings indicate that both genders respond similarly to the iconic level but differently to the iconographic and tropological levels of the visual code.

The paper presents research related to thermochromic inks printed on textile materials. These types of materials are smart materials, they act as packaging indicators, and we use them to develop a software application on mobile devices. That application identifies the most significant changes in parameters of the goods contained in the packaging, such as temperature changes during the storage and transport (goods packaged in packaging that is sensitive to heat), or such as pharmaceuticals and frozen food, etc. This paper aims to demonstrate the possibility of connecting thermochromic materials and Augmented Reality technology through the development of an application for identifying thermochromic materials changes. The tested samples were printed on the textile with a screen printing technique with conventional and thermochromic leuco inks on various textile materials. The Augmented Reality platform Vuforia was used for developing a software application for mobile devices. The application was developed for the iOS mobile platform. The result of the research is the functional application that actively monitors and displays changes in thermochromic materials due to temperature changes, which identifies the effect of heat on the goods in textile packaging.

The paper presents the distance learning concept development by visualizing the work process of graphics machines. The basic goal is realized through the application development that includes machines simulations and their elements. A large number of simulations and explanations of the work process are included in the knowledge base. The concept is expanded to learning how to program machines so that the future operator can master significant knowledge that will enable him to engage in the production process quickly. The paper presents concrete types of machines for different printing techniques and machines for making packaging prototypes. For the realization of objects visualizations, modern software tools were used, which finally provided good quality.

Used and discarded packaging represents a significant environmental problem. In addition to the impact of used and discarded packaging, the entire lifecycle of packaging can affect the environmental disruption. Llifecycle begins with the production of packaging materials and packaging, continues throw the packing process, after which packaging protects product to consumption, and then continues its lifecycle as discarded packaging… In all stages of its lifecycle packaging has an impact on the environment, through the exhaustion of natural resources, energy consumption and pollution of air, water and land. To evaluate environmental suitability of each packaging material, balanced approach is required. Definitions and different models of lifecycle analysis as well as the procedure of evaluating the obtained data are given in the paper.

Introduction Most children undergoing surgery can benefit from regional anesthetic techniques, either as the sole anesthetic regimen or, as usual in pediatric practice, in combination with general anesthesia. The use of peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) in pediatric anesthesia is an effective way to decrease the side-effects and complications associated with central blocks. In spite of their many advantages, including easy performance end efficacy, peripheral nerve blocks are still underused. Objective This article discusses a general approach to PNBs in children and provides data concerning the practice of this regional technique in different age groups. Methods Data from 1,650 procedures were prospectively collected during the period from March 1, 2007 to February 29, 2008. The type of PNB, if any, as well as the patient age were noted. Our patients were divided into four groups: 0-3 years, 4-7 years, 8-12 years and 13-18 years. Results During the investigated period, PNBs as a sole technique or in anesthetized children were performed in 7.45% of cases. Ilioingunal/iliohypogastric nerve block and penile block were the most common (70% of all PNBs) distributed mainly among the children between 4-7 years of age (p

The foundation of the Theological College in Belgrade is viewed in the context of complex political circumstances which followed the restoration of the Serbian state and the efforts of the Serbian church to gain autonomy and the right to elect bishops independently from the Universal Patriarchate. Once having achieved these goals, and with a conviction that the achieved must be defended and maintained by knowledge and education, the state authorities founded a seminary for education of priests and teachers capable to carry out national and spiritual reformation. The accord between the state and the Church regarding the strategic aims enabled the very first vocational school in Serbia to develop continuously its curricula and hire better and better teaching staff each year. However, due to the change of circumstances, the state passed the laws by which it enforced its dominance and showed a clear intent to subordinate theological education to its control. Yet, by its continuous activity during two crucial centuries, the Seminary became a part of collective consciousness, and its cadres contributed actively to the creation of original cultural and value patterns and preservation of national identity of the Serbian nation. The brilliant history of this school and its precious experience can be of great encouragement not only to the researchers of our pedagogical inheritance but also to all those who are engaged in reforming and adjusting education in Serbia to the European standards. .

Transverse testicular ectopia is an extremely rare anomaly, characterized by migration of one testis towards the opposite inguinal canal, usually associated with inguinal hernia. Spermatic cord of the ectopic testis originates from the appropriate side. In most reported cases, the accurate diagnosis has not been made before surgery. This is a case report of transverse testicular ectopia in eleven-year-old boy who had undergone an operation for the left inguinal hernia in age often months. At the time of herniorrhaphy, the right testis was absent. Ten years later, during re-operation of the left inguinal hernia, both testis were found in left inguinal canal and easily brought down sequentially through the left groin into the scrotum. The right testis was fixed in the left hemiscrotum, due to shorter funicular elements, and the left was trans-septally moved to the right hemiscrotum (a modified Ombrédanne operation). Ultrasonography and voiding cystoureterography showed no associated genitourinary anomalies and no Mülerian duct remnants. The rupture of gubernaculum and dysfunction of the genito-femoral nerve could explain the etiology of crossed testis ectopia. Although ectopic testis could be localized preoperatively by ultrasonography, CT, MRI, arteriography and venography, correct diagnosis was made intraoperatively in the majority of cases. Treatment modalities include laparoscopic and surgical procedures. Atrophie testis should be removed. If testes are fused, they have to be brought into one hemiscrotum. In cases where testes are completely separated with individual funicular elements and vas deferens, an ipsilateral or contralateral orchiopexy should be performed depending on the length of funicular elements.

Novakovic D, Feligioni M, Scaccianoce S, et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2013;7:1359–1364.On page 1362, left hand column, last sentence under Functional studies:The effects of gantenerumab on cognitive assessment in the Morris water maze test were inconclusive, as both wild-type and transgenic AD mice injected with vehicle displayed impairment of learning, which might be ascribed to stress conditions caused by weekly intracerebroventricular injections. Importantly, neurological or motor impairments were not detected even after 5 months of treatment.24Should read as:The effects of gantenerumab on cognitive assessment in the Morris water maze test were inconclusive, as both wild-type and transgenic AD mice injected with vehicle displayed impairment of learning, which might be ascribed to stress conditions caused by weekly intravenous injections. Importantly, neurological or motor impairments were not detected even after 5 months of treatment.24Read the original article

Background/Objectives: As adults spend about 30% of each day asleep, having a sleep disorder can negatively affect their functioning. The study objective was to determine the factors that influence sleep quality among patients and healthcare providers in the primary healthcare setting. Methods: This study included respondents of both sexes aged 18-90 years, comprising outpatients and the healthcare providers working in the General Medicine Service at the "Liman" Department of the "Novi Sad" Health Center in Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia. Demographic data along with factors related to lifestyle and sleep habits were collected using a demographic questionnaire specifically designed for this research. The standardized Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire, Serbian version (PSQI), was used to assess sleep quality. Results: The study sample comprised 92 respondents (42 healthcare providers and 50 patients), 73.9% of whom were female, with an average age of 50.0 years. Although 50% of healthcare providers reported sleeping only 3-6 h the previous night, according to the PSQI results, patients had lower overall sleep quality (54.0% vs. 33.3%; p = 0.046) and achieved lower scores in the DISTB (sleep disturbances, p = 0.001), SLPQUAL (subjective sleep quality, p = 0.013) and MEDS (use of sleeping medication, p = 0.003) PSQI domains. Conclusions: Sleep quality is impaired in more than half of patients and more than a third of healthcare providers. By detecting and acting on the factors in the home and work environment that affect quality of sleep, and by changing lifestyle habits, sleep quality in adults can be improved.

Why does coffee wake us up? Is it because it contains caffeine, or because we are used to it waking us up after drinking it? To answer this question, we recruited twenty habitual coffee drinkers who received either caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee (placebo) in a double-blind, randomized fashion. The two substances were identical except for the presence of caffeine. We measured cognitive performance, cardiovascular responses, and whole-head EEG during rest and during an auditory-oddball task. The same measurements were done before and after ingestion. We expected to find significant differences between caffeine and placebo groups across the outcome measures. However, except for the resting-state alpha power, changes due to ingestion in physiological responses and in cognitive functioning were not significantly different between the two groups. Actually, only one of the three cognitive measures was found to be significantly altered by the ingestion. These findings suggest that regular coffee consumers respond to coffee-like beverages independently of the presence of caffeine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2025 The Authors.)

With the growing global pet population and increased spending on veterinary care, compounded medications offer customized, often more suitable and affordable treatment options compared to the limited available veterinary medications. This research aims to understand pet owners' attitudes towards compounded medications, focusing on their challenges and needs. A total of 300 respondents from the territory of Novi Sad, province of Vojvodina, Republic of Serbia completed the questionnaire, through face-to-face interviews at veterinary clinics. Pet owners stated that the majority of companion animals were dogs (66.7%), followed by cats (22.8%). A significant portion of them received medication in the past five years (70.7%), while nearly half of them were human-approved (47.9%) out of which more than half (55%) of the pets received antimicrobials for systemic use. Although the majority of pets did not receive compounded medication (79.8%), respondents believed that both they and their pets would benefit from it. Only small fraction of respondents knew that local pharmacies had the ability to compound medications for pets (14.5%). In the era of personalized medicine, compounded medication for specialized needs play an important role providing optimum therapy for veterinary patients. However, limitations persist, including variability in formulation quality, limited regulatory oversight, and challenges in ensuring consistency in potency and stability, as well as decreased efficacy for certain drugs and the challenges related to the lack of pharmacokinetic data for some administration routes. By customizing treatments for individual veterinary patients, we can optimize antimicrobial use, reduce the selective pressure that drives resistance, and enhance patient outcomes, while acknowledging the need for careful oversight and quality control in compounding practices to ensure safety and efficacy., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Ethics approval: The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad (approval number 9000–104/1). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study., (© 2025. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

The sorption and photocatalytic activity of pharmaceutical torasemide using an immobilized TiO 2 photocatalyst were investigate. The experimental design included optimization of reaction conditions such as pH and initial pharmaceutical concentration in aqueous solution using the response surface modeling approach, scavenger tests to gain insight into the photocatalysis mechanism, and application of the process to more complex water matrices. TiO 2 in the role of sorbent showed a low capacity for torasemide (12.23-29.83 μg/g within 24 h of contact), making this type of removal inefficient on its own. Investigating the sorption process influenced by different process parameters such as pH, temperature, ionic strength, and dosage of TiO 2 applied, the low tendency to this kind of material was affirmed by low K d values (0.70 to 6.78 mL/g) obtained by linear isotherms. Photocatalysis proved to be the better choice for the removal of torasemide from water, with the best kinetics at pH 4 and concentration of 5 mg/L with half-time for degradation of 34.83 min. Computational DFT analysis identified the zwitterionic torasemide structure as predominant under neutral and acidic conditions. It also showed that negatively charged areas around nitrogen-containing fragments probably have the highest potential to promote the TiO 2 sorption at low pH conditions, where it is highest, through electrostatic attractions and N-H∙∙∙∙∙OTiO 2 hydrogen-bonding contacts., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

(1) Background: The influence of different factors on balance in adolescence is assessed by conducting functional balance tests that examine its different components. (2) Materials and methods: The study sample comprised 110 healthy adolescents of both sexes, aged 12-18 years. Single Leg Stance with Eyes Open (SLS-EO) and Eyes Closed (SLS-EC) tests were conducted to evaluate static balance, whereas the Functional Reach Test (FRT) and Lateral Reach Test (LRT) were performed to establish functional stability limits. The influence of sex, age, demographic factors, anthropometric characteristics, participation in sports activities, and trunk extensor muscle endurance (Biering-Sorensen test) on balance performance was determined through correlational and univariate linear regression analyses. (3) Results: Older age (Beta [β] = 0.247; 95% CI [0.75, 5.20]; p < 0.01) and better trunk extensor muscle endurance (β = 0.224; 95% CI [0.015, 0.13]; p < 0.05) were significant predictors of the SLS-EO results, while younger age (β = -0.219; 95% CI [-1.32, -0.11]; p < 0.05) and higher muscle percentage (β = 0.237; 95% CI [0.06, 0.48]; p < 0.05) emerged as significant predictors of LRT performance, and greater bone mass was a significant predictor of FRT results (β = 0.444; 95% CI [3.62, 8.17]; p < 0.01). However, none of the independent variables was a statistically significant predictor of the SLS-EC results. (4) Conclusions: The current study found that age, trunk extensor muscle endurance, muscle percentage, and bone mass are significant predictors of different balance components, suggesting that balance is task-specific., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Objectives: We aimed to identify characteristics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients associated with good self-management skills in the transition readiness process and to investigate the readiness of JIA patients and their families for the transition into the adult healthcare system., Patients and Methods: Between March 2021 and June 2021, a total of 44 JIA patients (9 males, 35 females; median age: 15.1 years; range, 12.3 to 19.3 years) admitted to the pediatric rheumatology outpatient and inpatient clinics and their parents were included. Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire (TRAQ) was cross-culturally adapted. The TRAQ was administered to all JIA patients and their parents at one point. Demographic and clinical data were collected., Results: Fourteen (31.8%) of 44 JIA patients had a concomitant disease, while 10 (22.7%) of them had uveitis. Eleven (25%) of them had a family history of autoimmune diseases. In total, 21 (47.7%) of JIA patients were receiving biologics. There was a strong correlation between older age and total TRAQ scores among patients (ρ=0.799, p<0.001) and a moderate correlation between older patient age and total TRAQ scores among parents (ρ=0.522, p<0.001). Patient and parent total TRAQ scores were strongly correlated (ρ=0.653, p<0.001). There was no significant association of JIA patient characteristics (JIA disease subtypes, disease duration, gender, concomitant diseases, uveitis, family history of autoimmune diseases, number of hospitalizations, and treatment with biologics) with TRAQ scores and JIA patients' and parents' readiness for transition., Conclusion: Transition readiness of JIA patients increases with advancing age. There is no significant difference between transition readiness for JIA patients and their parents., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article., (Copyright © 2022, Turkish League Against Rheumatism.)

Aim of this study was to determine the probability of occurrence of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder- ADHD in children of preschool age and early school age, and to identify differences in the assessment of children identified with high probability for the disorder with regard to assessment by parents and teachers, and with respect on age and sex of children. Total of 107 children were included in the study: 51 girls and 56 boys. The study employed two questionnaires: Questionnaire for Analysis at School for teachers and Questionnaire for Analysis at Home for parents. Both questionnaires contained 39 statements which covered three dimensions of child's behavior needed for ADHD diagnosis. Raw data in each questionnaire were converted according to the standard norms of Guide to Standard Scores (SS) and Total Standard Scores (TSS) and as such were used for statistical analysis. It was found that a considerable number of children demonstrated high probability for ADHD disorder in assessments done by both parents and teachers. Parents recognize probability of ADHD presence more frequently among male children, while teachers recognize this probability more often among female children. Research shows that a significant percentage of children from the entire sample have been labeled with significant ADHD symptoms. Given the age of the child both parents and teachers recognize similar levels of high ADHD probability. Future studies should be directed toward early detection and recognition of children with ADHD syndrome, and clinical evaluation as a first step toward successful treatment and prevention of additional psychological and other problems in an adult.

Background: Tubular proteinuria and enzymuria are hallmarks of endemic nephropathy (EN). The role of I/D angiotensin convertase (ACE) gene polymorphism has not yet been elucidated in this peculiar chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis, and our aim was to investigate the role of this polymorphism in EN focusing on the urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion, a biomarker of proximal tubular damage., Methods: ACE genotype and allele frequencies were determined in 229 farmers (147 women and 82 men) from an endemic Croatian village. The farmers were stratified according to the WHO criteria into the following subgroups: those 'at risk' for EN (n = 37), 'suspected of having EN' (n = 57), and 'others' (n = 135)., Results: There were 74 (32.3%) subjects homozygous for the D allele, 99 (43.2%) heterozygous (ID genotype) and 56 (24.4%) homozygous for the I allele. No differences in allele frequency were found between the established WHO subgroups (p > 0.05). In the whole group, DD subjects had significantly higher values of diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.003) and urinary NAG than subjects with ID and II genotype (5.5 ± 1.2 vs. 4.0 ± 3.0 vs. 3.8 ± 4.2, respectively; p = 0.023). The highest values of serum creatinine (p = 0.02), proteinuria (p = 0.03) and urinary NAG (6.0 ± 3.7 vs. 3.7 ± 2.1 vs. 3.0 ± 1.6, respectively; p = 0.008) were observed in those suspected of having EN group with the DD genotype., Conclusion: ACE gene polymorphism is not a risk factor for EN. However, it might influence the clinical course of EN, and increased excretion of NAG might be a prognostic marker of this chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis., (2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Aim: To determine the number of "frequent attenders" in family practice offices in Croatia according to the number and proportion of frequent attender visits in the total number of visits, and to follow up the frequent attenders and the number of visits they made over a period of three years., Methods: The retrospective study involved 8 family practice offices in Northern Croatia. The number of visits to family practice was determined for 4,312 patients aged over 18 years. There were 1,826 men (42.3%) and 2,486 (57.7%) women. The follow up period lasted from January 1, 1997 to December 31, 1999. The borderline value that divided the frequent from non-frequent attenders was the value at the third quartile of the number of visits in a single age-sex group of patients., Results: We recorded a total of 58,088 visits of patients older than 18 years to 8 family practice offices in the three-year period. In 1997, out of 4,312 patients who made a total of 17,938 visits, 944 (22%) frequent attenders made 11,257 (63%) visits. In 1998, there were a total of 20,350 visits made, with 966 (22%) frequent attenders making 12,145 (60%) visits. In 1999, a total of 20,725 visits were made, with 988 (23%) frequent attenders making 12,259 (59%) visits. The differences in the distribution of frequent vs non-frequent attenders according to age and sex were not statistically significant in any of the three study years (chi-square, p=0.727). Older men and older women were not more often frequent attenders than younger men and younger women, respectively. Out of 4,312 patients, 1,714 (40%) were frequent attenders in one of the three study years. Of these, 884 (21%) were frequent attenders in one year, 476 (11%) in two years, and 354 (8%) in all three subsequent study years. Out of 4,312 patients, 1,762 (41%) patients in 1997, 1,139 (26%) in 1998, and 1,116 (26%) patients in 1999 did not make a single visit to a family physician., Conclusion: Frequent attender visits make a great proportion of the total number of visits to family practice offices in Croatia, a country with a health care system in transition. Eight percent of patients remained being frequent attenders during all three study years.

During the period of 1970--1979 there were 303 patients sterilized by the Madlener method. Out of the them number. The highest number was delivered by caesarean section (182, 60%), and the highest number of the sterilized in the group of caesarean, section were multiparae with seven and more living children (102, 89.5%), then those with the third caesarean section (38, 76%), the fourth (3, 75%), the second (22, 10%), and the first caesarean section (17, 3.42%). Special conditions for sterilization were age, more than 30 years old, with three and more children with medical and socio-economic indications. In 21 women (40%) sterilization was performed as an additional intervention to the other laparatomies, when there was a special care about the number of living children (above three), age and medical indications. There were 3 (0,99%) failed sterilisations (one ectopic pregnancy and two in utero). The authors advocate women's free declaration for sterilization and respective legal acts.