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Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in chronic liver injury. Alcohol-induced fibrosis may develop into cirrhosis, one of the major causes of liver disease mortality. Previous studies have shown that alpha mangostin can decrease ratio of pSmad/Smad and pAkt/Akt in TGF-β-induced liver fibrosis model in vitro. Further investigation of the mechanism of action of alpha mangostin in liver fibrosis model still needs to be done. The present study aimed to analyze the mechanism of action of alpha mangostin on acetaldehyde induced liver fibrosis model on TGF-β and ERK 1/2 pathways. Immortalized HSCs, LX-2 cells, were incubated with acetaldehyde, acetaldehyde with alpha mangostin (10 and 20 μM), or alpha mangostin only (10 μM). Sorafenib 10 μM was used as positive control. LX-2 viability was counted using trypan blue exclusion method. The effect of alpha mangostin on hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation markers and its possible mechanism of action via TGF-β and ERK1/2 were studied. Acetaldehyde was shown to increase proliferation and expression of profibrogenic and migration markers on HSC, while alpha mangostin treatment resulted in a reduced proliferation and migration of HSC and decreased Ki-67 and pERK 1/2 expressions. These findings were followed with decreased expressions and concentrations of TGF-β; decreased expression of Col1A1, TIMP1, and TIMP3; increased expression of MnSOD and GPx; and reduction in intracellular reactive oxygen species. These effects were shown to be dose dependent. Therefore, we conclude that alpha mangostin inhibits hepatic stellate cells proliferation and activation through TGF-β and ERK 1/2 pathways.

The COVID-19 pandemic that occurred at the beginning of 2020 has caused economic growth to decline in many countries, including Indonesia. One of the steps taken with the aim of economic recovery is by increasing the consumption in credit channels or non-credit channels, such as social aid. This thesis discusses loan-to-value ratio effects on property loans, KPR, and KPA in Indonesia. Property loans, KPR and KPA, are included in consumer credits, and loan-to-value ratio is one of the macroprudential policy instruments. The method used in this thesis is Autoregressive Distributed Lag linear regression (ARDL) with property credit, KPR, and KPA as the dependent variable, the dummy variable of the loan-to-value ratio as the independent variables, and consumer credit interest rates, gross domestic product and inflation as the control variables. In addition, the interaction variable between the dummy variable of loan-to-value ratio and consumer credit interest rate is also used. The results showed that the interaction variable between the dummy variable of tightening in loan-to-value ratio and consumer credit interest rate is significant to property loans, KPR, and KPA in the long run. Furthermore, GDP and consumer credit interest rates, which are control variables, are also significant to property loans, KPR, and KPA in the long run

The emergence of regulations regarding personal data in 2022 is eagerly awaited and anticipated by consumers who feel aggrieved by online service managers, especially in the field of online-based loan financial services. The rules that specifically regulate the protection of personal data are Law no. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection, prior to the existence of special regulations regarding personal data, the ITE Law and other similar legal regulations were used as a reference for consumer protection. Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection was formed so that it does not overlap with other regulations that guarantee the protection of personal data in the community. In addition to these regulations, there are still several regulations governing this matter, namely Law Number 11 of 2016 on amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning ITE, provisions of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) Number 1/POJK.07/2013 concerning Consumer Protection and OJK Provisions Number 77/POJK.01/2016 concerning Online-Based Loan Services. The research method used to write this article is a normative research method which is defined as research that has basic material from data in similar journals, articles, theses, theses, and so on. Consumers who are harmed can act legally with two choices, namely arbitration and litigation channels, if arbitration has been carried out then there is no agreement between the two parties for peace then they can pursue litigation channels by reporting this matter to the local police or can file lawsuits against the law to local District Court.

Bahan baku serat nenas merupakan salah satu jenis kekayaan sumber daya alam yang belum dapat di manfaatkan secara optimal, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian pengembangan teknologi komposit serat alam dengan memanfaatkan serat daun nenas dan resin polyester. Adapun tujuan penelitin ini adalah untuk mendapatkan pengaruh variasi karbon aktif terhadap kekuatan tarik dan bending pada material komposit serat daun nenas dan matriks polyester, untuk mendapatkan struktur mikro terhadap penambahan karbon aktif pada komposit serat daun nenas dan matriks polyester. Pada penelitian ini cetakan terbuat dari kaca dengan ketebalan 8mm, panjang 150 mm, dan lebar 100 mm, metode yang digunakan pada pembuatan sampel menggunakan metode lay out dengan temperature ruangan dan susunan serat searah, dengan variasi susunan 30% serat daun nenas + 69% matriks + 1% karbon aktif, 30% serat daun nenas + 68,5% matriks + 1,5% karbon aktif, 30% serat daun nenas + 68% matriks + 2% karbon aktif, dan 100% resin polyester. Hasil dari penelitian yang telah saya lakukan di dapat kekuatan bending yang tertinggi pada penambahan karbon aktif 1% dengan nilai 33,29 N/mm2, dan pada hasil uji tarik di dapat nilai tertinggi pada penambahan karbon aktif 1% dengan nilai 16,75 N/mm2. Sedangkan pada pengujian foto makro di dapatkan diameter dan jarak yang tertinggi pada penambahan karbon aktif sebesar 1,5%. Pengaplikasian pada penelitian adalah untuk pembuatan polytank air pada rumah tangga.

ABSTRACT Application Portfolio is a collection of information system needs that are applied and needed by organizations in the future by conducting a strategic mapping framework. Case study was conducted at the Kolaka District DIKBUD Office as One of the Work Activities (SKPD) of Kab. Kolaka. DIKBUD has formed an organization consisting of 1 Head of Office, 1 Secretary, 4 Head of Districts, and 12 UPTD Education Services. This study is based on the still not optimal utilization of applications in the SKPD. The IT Portfolio Design is expected to help align business strategies and IT strategies in the DIKBUD office with the use of John Ward and Joe Peppard's Information Systems Strategic Planning Method. Applications used by the Education and Culture office are 15 applications and proposed applications are 15 applications. The total number of Applications that can be used for the future is 30 Applications. Keywords: application portfolio, spis version john ward and joe peppard, the education and culture office ABSTRAK Portofolio Aplikasi merupakan Kumpulan kebutuhan sistem informasi yang diterapkan serta diperlukan organisasi dimasa mendatang dengan melakukan pemetaan strategik framework. Study kasus dilakukan pada Kantor DIKBUD kabupaten Kolaka sebagai Salah Satu Kegiatan Kerja (SKPD) Kab. Kolaka. DIKBUD telah membentuk organisasi yang terdiri dari 1 Kadis, 1 Sekdis, 4 Kabid, dan 12 UPTD Pelayanan Pendidikan. studi ini dilandasi oleh masih belum optimalnya pemanfaatan aplikasi di SKPD tersebut. Perancangan IT Portofolio ini diharapkan dapat membantu menyelaraskan Strategi bisnis dan Strategi IT Pada kantor DIKBUD dengan penggunaan Metode Perencanaan Strategik Sistem Informasi (SPIS) versi John Ward and Joe Peppard. Aplikasi yang digunakan kantor Dikbud berjumlah 15 Aplikasi dan Aplikasi usulan berjumlah 15 Aplikasi. Total Aplikasi keseluruhan yang dapat digunakan untuk masa mendatang adalah 30 Aplikasi. Kata Kunci: portofolio aplikasi, SPIS versi john ward dan joe peppard, DIKBUD kab. kolaka

In oil and gas drilling activities, drilling mud is one of the most important commodities. The main mineral used as a reactive solid that works to suck fresh water and form drilling mud is bentonite. Bentonite which is used as a drilling mud in the market is mostly imported from the United States. In Indonesia there are several areas that have enough potential for bentonite minerals, namely Java, Sumatra, parts of Kalimantan and Sulawesi with reserves estimated to be more than 380 million tons. (Riyanto A, 1994). This study uses bentonite in Kulim area, Tenayan Raya City, Pekanbaru, in hopes of providing useful information input, especially in the use of bentonite minerals in drilling mud. Using local bentonite the price is cheaper and more efficient. The object observed was the effect and number of bentonite mixed with fresh water so that the rheological properties of drilling mud such as viscosity, gel strength, mud cake and filtration loss were obtained and would be in accordance with API specification 13A standards. Whereas to find out the composition and structure of local mineral clay, SEM and EDX analyzes were performed to determine the characteristics and composition of these minerals. From these tests add additives NaCO3 and NaOH as ion exchangers and add the element Na to the sludge. From SEM and EDX analysis, two samples taken in central Sumatra Sumatra can be categorized as clay Illite fe-rich and Clay Illite Platty. Rheological testing of drilling mud and chemical composition analysis of clay Illite fe-rich minerals and Clay Illite Platty in Riau, Central Sumatra and with the addition of additives NaCO3 and NaOH to local Clay, Rheology in mud based on Clay Illite Platty is obtained with Bentonite. commonly used as a basic material for the manufacture of oil and gas drilling mud with API Spec13 A.

Designing a slurry with adequate strength resistance is a major objective in oil and gas completion job. Various studies and research confirms that Compressive Strength (CS) and Shear Bond Strength (SBS) are two parameter which is imperative in describing cement strength in well cementing job. This experimental study introduces a Rice Husk Ash (RHA), an alternative cement additive derived from organic waste. RHA rich in silicon oxide (SiO2) and has a pozzolanic reaction, which is correlated in enhancing cement strength. Serial cement samples with various concentration of RHA were prepared to investigate the effect of RHA concentration to CS and SBS. All samples were then Dried for 24 hours in room condition after completing mixing and molding process. A Biaxial Loading test was then performed to all samples to determine the CS and SBS values by using hydraulic press apparatus. Results from the loading test generally indicate an enhancement of CS and SBS for samples with 31%, 32%, 33%, and 34% RHA. An indication of higher CS and SBS is not found for sample with 35% RHA, comparing with 34% RHA. Thus, 34% RHA is the optimum concentration for theses study, which yield 1312. psi of CS and 158.16 psi of SBS. Through this study, there is an opportunity for transforming waste material into alternative additive with higher economic value.

Meningkatnya water cut pada sumur MY05 menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan produksi minyak. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut, perlu dilakukan pekerjaan squeeze off pada zona perforasi yang mempunyai kontribusi produksi minyak yang rendah dan potensi produksi air yang tinggi. Setelah pekerjaan squeeze off selesai, selanjut dapat dilakukan pekerjaan shot top perforation (STP) untuk membuka zona produksi supaya produksi minyak dapat produksi. Pemilihan lapisan sand 1440’ sebagai target perkerjaan squeeze off dan STP berdasarkan jumlah cadangan minyak yang tersisa (remaining oil reserve). Selain itu studi keekonomian juga dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat kelayakan proyek. Hasil kedua pekerjaan tersebut mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan produksi minyak sebesar 405 BOPD dan berkurang nya nilai water cut menjadi 76%. Hasil analisa keekonomian menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaan tersebut sangat ekonomis untuk dilakukan.

Well X is a development well which is directionally drilled. Directional drilling is choosen because the coordinate target of Well X is above the buffer zone. The directional track plan needs accurate survey calculation in order to make the righ track for directional drilling. There are many survey calculation in directional drilling such as tangential, underbalance, average angle, radius of curvature, and mercury method. Minimum curvature method is used in this directional track plan calculation. This method is used because it gives less error than other method. Kick-Off Point (KOP) and End of Buildup (EOB) analysis is done at 200 ft, 400 ft, and 600 ft depth to determine the trajectory design and optimal inclination. The hole problem is also determined in this trajectory track design. Optimal trajectory design determined at 200 ft depth because the inclination below 35º and also already reach the target quite well at 1632.28 ft TVD and 408.16 AHD. The optimal inclination at 200 ft KOP depth because the maximum inclination is 18.87º which is below 35º. Hole problem will occur if the trajectory designed at 600 ft. The problems are stuck pipe and the casing or tubing will not able to bend.

The cementing process can determine successful oil well when producing oil to the surface. Planning the time required for the cement suspension to achieve consistency of 100 UC (unit of consistency) or thickening time and the maximum limit of water content used is the nature of cement slurry that affect the quality of cement. The addition of coconut shell charcoal with variation of heating temperature 400 0C, 500 0C, 600 0C, 700 0C, 800 0C, 900 0C to the basic cement was done in this study to determine the effect of heating temperature of coconut shell charcoal to thickening time and free water cement drilling. This experimental study uses an additive material derived from coconut shell charcoal. This experiment begins by preparing a cement sample with a coconut shell charcoal concentration of 1%. The coconut shell charcoal used has different heating temperatures of 400 0C, 500 0C, 600 0C, 700 0C, 800 0C, 900 0C. Suspense cement is made by mixing G grade cement, water, bentonite, CaCl2 and coconut shell charcoal. Thickening time test using atmospheric equipment consistometer and measuring cups used to determine the value of free water. The results showed that the thickening time and free water values ​​were influenced by the heating temperature of coconut shell charcoal. The higher coconut shell charcoal temperature used in the cement suspension make thickening time of the cement suspension becomes shorter. The optimum heating temperature of coconut shell charcoal is 700 0C with thickening time of 1 hour 38 seconds 52 seconds and free water 1.2 mL.

Oil rate will be decline at production time in a well. So, we have to produce in another layer who assume have a potential. Before we produce another layer who assumed have a potential, we need to predict oil rate to known how much oil gain. In this field research oil rate prediction in new productive zone was determine following by analogical data and near well references. In this method there is a difference determine of oil rate for each people. Cause of that, in this research using analysis statistical for oil rate predicting in new productive zone based on linear function for Productivity Index (PI) and polynomial function for watercut. Determining equation of linear and polynomial functions for oil rate prediction measuring by production and logging data for each well who assumed productive zone in area X field RMT. Based of statistically analysis for linear function known that coefficient determination (r2) = 0.9964 and polynomial function known that coefficient determination (r2) = 0.9993. This result indicated that we can use both of the functions for oil rate prediction in new productive zone in area X field RMT. After that, based on both of functions calculate oil rate prediction each wells in area X field RMT. So, known differences in oil rate prediction between oil rate data in area X field Y known is 28.13 BOPD or 0.78%.

Enhancing the cement strength through attaching chemical additive has been popular to meet the required condition for a particular well-cementing job. However, due to a low oil-price phenomenon, pouring and additive should be reconsidered because it can raise the cost and make the project become uneconomic. Another additive material in nanocomposite form will be introduced through this experimental study. The nanocomposite material consist of silica nanoparticle, known as “Nanosilica” and a palm-shell-waste, which is abundant in Indonesia. Before making a nanocomposite, the palm-shell should be burned to obtain a charcoal form, ground and sieved to attain a uniform size. The study focuses on the two parameters, compressive strength and shear bond strength, which can reflect the strength of the cement. These values are obtained by performing a biaxial loading test to the cement sample. Various samples with different concentration of nanocomposite should be prepared and following the mixing, drying, and hardening process before the loading test is carried out. The result from the test shows a positive indication for compressive strength and shear bond strength values, according to the representative well cementing standards. Increasing the nanocomposite concentration on the cement will increase these values. Furthermore, an investigation on the temperature effect confirms that the sample with 700oC burning temperature have highest compressive-strength and shear-bond-strength values. This is a potential opportunity utilizing a waste-based material to produce another product with higher economic value.

The number of production wells refers to the performance of the well, which is shown in the graph of inflow performance relationship (IPR). Reservoir characteristics influence on performance of the well, type of welltest and methods that be used in the determination of IPR. By using the IPR curves, maximum flow rate and the optimal flow rate of the well will be known. Pressure Build Up test is used to know performance and a maximum flow rate of the X well. Well test conducted for 15 hours. The well produced at a constant flow rate than close the wellhead. The Pressure data and time data obtained from the well test. The result of Pressure build-up testing analysis among permeability, skin and flow efficiency. After analyzing the Pressure build-up testing permeability obtained 190 mD, skin + 1,68 and 0,83 flow efficiency. Based on the value of flow efficiency Standing method is the most appropriate method is used to analyze the productivity of X well. Standing appropriate method for wells with skin ≠ 0 and flow efficiency ≠ 1. The maximum flow rate of the X well using Standing Method on the 0,83 flow efficiency was 13,91 MMSCFD

Area X merupakan salah satu area yang terdapat di Lapangan Y PT. Chevron Pacific Indonesia, dimana area X terdiri dari 563 sumur. Pada Area X ini dilakukan pekerjaan tes terhadap sumur sebanyak 2 kali per bulan, sehingga untuk 563 sumur diperlukan 1126 kali tes perbulan. Fasilitas yang tersedia untuk production well test pada Area X hanya mampu 960 kali tes per bulan. Sehingga 116 sumur tidak akan mendapatkan jadwal tes pada setiap bulannya. Apabila prosedur seperti ini tetap dilakukan secara terus menerus maka akan selalu terdapat sisa sumur yang belum terpenuhi untuk dilakukan tes di setiap bulannya. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini dilakukan Tiering system. Tiering system adalah suatu metode dalam proses pengujian sumur dimana dalam metode ini sumur-sumur akan dikelompokkan berdasarkan produksi terbesar hingga terkecil. Sumur yang tergolong big production akan berada pada urutan teratas untuk dilakukan Well Testing (Tier #1) dan diikuti Tier #2, Tier #3 dan Tier #4 (Tiering System merupakan metode atau proses yang digunakan untuk mengelompokan data-data production well testing sumur yang banyak menjadi kelompok kelompak kecil, yang bertujuan untuk membantu mengoptimalisasi proses pekerjaan well test di Lapangan (Human Resources Sumatra Operation, 2012).. Kuantitas test sumur setiap bulan akan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan data dan kategori Tier, hal ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data yang valid secara continue pada sumur, sehingga cepat diketahui dan di follow up jika terjadi permasalahan penurunan produksi pada sumur-sumur tersebut. Dengan Tiering System, maka 563 sumur yang harus dilakukan well testing setiap bulannya di Area X jadi terpenuhi karena hanya membutuhkan 777 kali tes perbulan. Bahkan waktu pelaksanaan well test masih tersisa untuk 183 kali tes, hal ini juga berdampak pada kenaikan produksi sebesar 5441 bbl per hari dengan keuntungan sebesar US$ 217.621,75.

Semen merupakan salah satu parameter penting dalam proses pemboran. Parameter keberhasilan penyemenan sumur migas antara lain

Salah satu upaya stimulasi sumur yang dilakukan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas sumur yang mengalami penurunan produksi karena menurunnya permeabilitas akibat kerusakan formasi adalah dengan pengasaman matriks. Pengasaman matriks dapat dilakukan pada formasi sandstone menggunakan fluida stimulasi berbahan dasar asam Hydrofloric (HF) yang dicampur dengan asam Hydrochlorid (HCl). Dalam pelaksanaannya perlu dilakukan perencanaan desain pengasaman matriks serta mengevaluasi hasil sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan stimulasi pengasaman matriks. Penggunaan Asam Hydrofloric pada batuan sandstone karena dapat melarutkan Silikat. Asam Hydrofloric bereaksi dengan Calsium (Ca) dan Mangan (Mg) membentuk endapan. Pencampuran asam Hydrofloric dan Hydrochlorid akan dapat menghilangkan scale karena sementasi sandstone terdiri dari Ca dan Mg. Evaluasi keberhasilan stimulasi dilakukan pada sumur #H dan #P yang didasarkan pada laju produksi harian sumur, productivity index, kurva IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship) Wiggins serta harga permeabilitas sumur. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan pada sumur #H mengalami peningkatan produksi dari 81.125 BOPD menjadi 121.365 BOPD dengan kenaikan harga productivity index dari 0.12 bbl/day/psi menjadi 0.2 bbl/day/psi dan kenaikan harga permeabilitas dari 11.65 mDarcy menjadi 17.79 mDarcy. Hasil pengamatan yang dilakukan pada sumur #P mengalami penurunan produksi dari 40.89 BOPD menjadi 34.94 BOPD dengan penurunan harga productivity index dari 0.10 bbl/day/psi menjadi 0.09 bbl/day/psi dan penurunan harga permeabilitas dari 10.76 mDarcy menjadi 9.42 mDarcy.

Salah satu faktor utama yang perlu diperhatikan dalam keberhasilan suatu operasi pemboran adalah pembersihan lubang bor dari serbuk bor selama proses pemboran berlangsung. Perencanaan dan kontrol yang baik dapat mempercepat operasi pemboran dan secara keseluruhan dapat menghemat biaya. Sistem hidrolika lumpur pemboran berpengaruh terhadap pembersihan lubang bor, lumpur yang keluar dari nozzle dengan kecepatan tinggi membantu pahat menembus batuan serta mengangkat cutting ke permukaan. Analisis hidrolika lumpur dan hidrolika pahat pada sumur X dilakukan pada pelaksanaan pengeboran hole 8½dimulai dari kedalaman 2093 ft – 5555 ft. Analisis ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kehilangan tekanan sirkulasi lumpur pemboran serta untuk mengoptimalkan laju alir sirkulasi dan diameter nozzle pahat untuk mengoptimalkan pengangkatan cutting. Metode yang dipergunakan dalam analisis lumpur pemboran adalah metode API modified power law dimana metode tersebut merupakan penyempurnaan dari metode power law dan direkomendasikan untuk dipergunakan oleh API. Sedangkan metode yang digunakan dalam mengevaluasi keberhasilan hidrolika pahat dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Bit Hydraulic Horse Power (BHHP). Metode BHHP sesuai digunakan untuk pemboran vertical dengan pertimbangan gaya gravitasi dan cenderung aliran yang digunakan laminer. Berdasarkan hasil studi kasus diperoleh bahwa pengangkatan cutting akan sempurna apabila aliran di annulus laminar, total kehilangan tekanan adalah 842.08 psi dimana kehilangan tekanan yang terjadi pada Surface Connection 6.312 psi, Pada Drill String 523.191 psi, Pada Annulus 169.305 psi, Pada Bit 136.955 psi. Laju alir aktual 502 gpm dengan diameter nozzle 6x15 tidak optimal, maka laju alir dioptimasikan menjadi 440 gpm dengan diameter nozzle 6x10.

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan produk pelaksanaan evaluasi ber­ban­tuan komputer atau computer based testing (CBT) sesuai kriteria kelayakan media dan materi melalui validasi beberapa ahli dan uji coba produk. Model penelitian pengembangan ini adalah model prosedural dengan subjek penelitian 4 respon­den yang terdiri dari dua orang validator ahli media dan dua orang validator ahli materi dan 1 orang guru. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dokumentasi, format penilaian dengan kriteria yang meliputi penilaian aspek isi materi berupa tes pilihan ganda dan penilaian aspek media. Angket diguna­kan dalam pelaksanaan uji coba untuk melihat kemudahan bagi subjek coba meng­gu­na­kan produk CBT. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif kuantitatif untuk menge­ta­hui kualitas produk CBT. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa produk CBT berada pada kategori sangat baik (89%), untuk aspek ini termasuk dalam kategori sangat baik, dan dari aspek media termasuk kategori juga sangat baik. Hasil analisis berdasarkan uji coba produk juga berada pada kategori sangat baik. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa produk CBT ini layak digunakan sebagai media alternatif untuk memecahkan permasalahan pelaksa­naan evaluasi pem­be­lajaran. Abstract: This research aimed at creating a product for conducting evaluation using com­puter or it is called computer based testing (CBT). It was made based on the appropriate characteristics of media and material, and was validated by some experts and by conducting a product trial. The model of this developmental research was a procedural model with 4 respondent, two experts of media validator, two experts of material validator, and one teacher. The instruments used in this research were documentation, evaluation format with the chriteria consisted of material content assessment in the form of multiple choice and assessment of media aspect. The questionnaire used in the trial is to see the easiness of the subjek to use CBT product. The data were analized quatitatively descriptive to find out the quality of the CBT product. The result showed that the CBT product was at the level of very good cathegory (89%), and the media aspect was also in the very good cathegory. The result of the analysis on the product trial showed that CBT product was appropriate to be used as an alternatif media to solve the problem of conducting learning evaluation.

Penentuan laju alir plateau dan lama waktu plateau adalah syarat utama dalam proses bisnis lapangan gas yang di tentukan oleh hasil evaluasi keekonomian. Penelitian ini untuk menentukan besarnya laju alir produksi gas ( Absolute Open Flow ) pada reservoir gas dengan tenaga dorong air dengan menggunakan simulator. Laju alir produksi gas diperoleh dari model reservoir 2- D untuk aliran dua fasa ( air dan gas ) dan melakukan analisa sensitivitas permeabilitas absolute ( k), rasio permeabilitas vertical dengan permeabilitas horizontal ( kv/ kh), ketebalan aquifer dan radius aquifer. Semakin kecil permeabilitas batuan maka AOF yang diperoleh juga berharga kecil. Untuk permeabilitas rendah kenaikan permeabilitas dari 10 mD menjadi 30 mD akan mengakibatkan AOF naik sebesar 23.201 MMscf/d sedangkan kenaikan permeabilitas dari 100 mD menjadi 300 mD akan mengakibatkan AOF naik sebesar 216.821 MMscf/d. Pada permeabilitas rendah yaitu 10 mD, perubahan rasio kv/kh dari 0.1 menjadi rasio kv/kh 0.3 akan mengakibatkan kenaikan AOF sebesar 0.894 MMscf/d sedangkan pada permeabilitas tinggi yaitu 500 mD perubahan rasio kv/kh dari 0.1 menjadi rasio kv/kh 0.3 akan mengakibatkan kenaikan AOF sebesar 35.346 MMscf/d. Untuk permeabilitas 10 mD dan rasio kv/kh 1 perubahan ketebalan 50 ft menjadi 250 ft akan mengakibatkan perubahan AOF sebesar 0.065 MMscf/d dan perubahan ketebalan 250 ft menjadi 500 ft akan mengakibatkan perubahan AOF sebesar 0.887MMscf/d. Perbedaan radius aquifer tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai AOF.

Water Influx adalah air yang merembes ke dalam reservoir. Water Influx terjadi untuk mengimbangi gejala penurunan tekanan yang terjadi di reservoir karena masuknya air berfungsi untuk menggantikan minyak yang diproduksikan. Water Influx perlu diperhatikan untuk mengetahui luas aquifer serta pengaruhnya terhadap tingkat perolehan ( recovery factor). Lapangan X mulai produksi tahun 1955 dan injeksi air mulai dilakukan tahun 1974. Estimasi perhitungan Water influx pada lapangan X dilakukan dengan menggunakan persamaan material balance dan metode Hurst – Van Everdingen. Selain menentukan Water influx metode Hurst – Van Everdingen juga berfungsi untuk menentukan bentuk dan luas aquifer. Kumulatif water influx yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan Metode Material Balance adalah 30 MMMSTB sedangkan dengan metode Hurst – Van Everdingen adalah 32 MMMSTB. Bentuk aquifer lapangan X adalah finite aquifer dengan rD = 8 dan Luas aquifer lapangan X adalah 241016,62 ft.

This experimental study introduces an organic wasted material, which hopefully can be another solution besides other expensive chemical-based additives. The study intends to investigate the effect heating temperature on charcoal powder, which is originated from the coconut-shell waste material, related to its ability in enhancing cement strength. Six samples with different additive concentration should be prepared before initiating the strength test. the strength test principally follows the bi-axial loading test procedure, where each sample will be burdened by a certain amount of the load force until failure condition was reached. The recorded pressure where the failure occurs will be treated as maximum load, which is needed for determining compressive strength and shear-bond-strength values. Those parameters should be in refer to respectable standard in the oil and gas industry. Results from the strength test clearly indicate that higher heating temperature yields to a cement with a high strength. The optimal heating temperature has reached for a sample with 700°C charcoal powder. It is a potential opportunity in increasing the economic value of the waste material.

The time-global unique classical positive solutions to the reaction-diffusion equations for prey-predator models with dormancy of predators are constructed. The feature appears on the nonlinear terms of Holling type II functional response. The crucial step is to establish time-local positive classical solutions by using a new approximation associated with time-evolution operators. Although the system does not equip usual comparison principle for solutions to partial differential equation, a priori bounds are derived by enclosing and renormalising arguments of solutions to the corresponding ordinary differential equations. Furthermore, time-global existence, invariant regions and asymptotic behaviours of solutions follow from such a priori bounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. One of the factors that influence the success of the implementation of learning programs is the teacher, the teacher is believed to be one of the dominant factors that determine the level of student success in achieving results in the learning process Purpose. This study aims to develop Edpuzzle as an interactive media that matches the eligibility criteria of media and materials to improve students' muraja'ah abilities. Method. This type of research is R&D with a 4D development model whose stages are. Define, Design, Development and Disseminate. Results. Overall, the interactive learning video media product tawaasilul aayat method in middle class tahfizh subjects at SMPs IT Tahfizh Adzikra Padang is "Very Valid" so it deserves to be tested in tahfizh learning, especially in the field of muraja'ah. Conclusion. Based on the data processing process carried out, this study showed the results obtained by 3.62 or 72.3% of the first stage of media experts with the category "Valid", 4.15 or 83% of the second media experts of the first stage with the category "Very Valid". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]