Search

BackgroundRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) comprises of a spectrum of clinico-pathologically distinct entities thereby making it difficult to accurately predict the clinical outcome. Though many predictive factors have been described in literature, tumor stage and nuclear grade have been established to consistently correlate with the tumor behaviour. However, tumors in the same stage have shown to behave differently. Similarly subjectivity and lack of reproducibility in nuclear grade mandates use of more objective parameters such as digital nuclear morphometry which could provide consistent and more reliable results in predicting prognosis. The study was conducted with the main objective of comparing the histological grade and the nuclear morphometric variables in RCC for predicting the clinical outcome.Material and methodsA total of 219 cases of renal tumors in adults were retrieved retrospectively from the archives of pathology department in Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow and their clinical, gross and microscopic features were noted. Nuclear grading was done in 181 cases of clear cell and papillary RCC of which computer-assisted morphometry for various nuclear parameters was done in 100 cases where a follow-up data of at least 3 years was available. Nuclear grade and morphometric parameters were correlated statistically with the clinical outcome of the patients.ResultsHistological nuclear grade did not show statistically significant correlation with progression free survival (PFS). Higher values of mean nuclear area, mean nuclear circumference, mean nuclear major diameter and mean nuclear minor diameter were significant predictors of PFS with a strong inverse correlation.ConclusionNuclear morphometry is a more reliable predictor of clinical outcome in patients of RCC when compared to histological grade and should be included in predictive model with other clinical and pathological parameters to accurately determine tumor behaviour.

Background Although evaluation of nuclear morphology plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and categorisation of breast lesions, the criteria used to assess nuclear atypia rely on the subjective evaluation of several features that may result in inter- and intra-observer variation. This study aims to refine the definitions of cytonuclear features in various breast lesions. Methods ImageJ was used to assess the nuclear morphological features including nuclear diameter, axis length, perimeter, area, circularity, and roundness in 160 breast lesions comprising ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive breast carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST), tubular carcinoma, usual ductal hyperplasia (UDH), columnar cell change (CCC) and flat epithelial atypia (FEA). Reference cells included normal epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBCs) and lymphocytes. Results Reference cells showed size differences not only between normal epithelial cells and RBCs but also between RBCs in varied-sized blood vessels. Nottingham grade nuclear pleomorphism scores 1 and 3 cut-offs in IBC, compared to normal epithelial cells, were 1.4x that of mean maximum Feret's diameter and 2.4x that of mean nuclear area, respectively. Nuclear morphometrics were significantly different in low-grade IBC-NST vs. tubular carcinoma, low-grade DCIS vs. UDH, and in CCC vs. FEA. No differences in the nuclear features between grade matched DCIS and IBC were identified. Conclusion This study provides a guide for the assessment of nuclear atypia in breast lesions, refines the comparison with reference cells and highlights the potential diagnostic value of image analysis tools in the era of digital pathology.

This study was undertaken to compare Fuhrman grading with World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology (WHO/ISUP) grading and stereologically measured nuclear area in patients with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) or Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma (PRCC) and to evaluate the independent predictive value of Fuhrman, WHO/ISUP and stereologically measured nuclear area combined with necrosis in a series of patients with ccRCC in relation to cancer-specific survival. In all, 124 cases of ccRCC and PRCC were included. All slides were blindly scored by two trained pathologists according to the Fuhrman and WHO/ISUP grading systems. Nuclear measurements were performed on digitally scanned slides in Visiopharm® and correlated to survival. Analysis of ccRCC and PRCC cases showed that application of WHO/ISUP grading resulted in a significant downgrading of cases from G2 to G1, when comparing with Fuhrman grading. Neither of these patients experienced progression. Cancer specific survival estimates in 101 ccRCC patients showed that WHO/ISUP grading was slightly superior in predicting cancer-specific survival. Novel models included WHO/ISUP grading and mean nuclear area (MNA) each of which combined with necrosis. Both demonstrated an increased ability to predict cancer-specific survival. The study demonstrates that WHO/ISUP grading provides superior prognostic information compared to Fuhrman grading and stereologically measured nuclear area. Necrosis in combination with either WHO/ISUP grading or MNA adds additional prognostic information.

A area nuclear brasileira e competencia da Uniao, monopolio constitucional. Duas empresas atuam no programa nuclear brasileiro alem do orgao regulador, as Industrias Nucleares do Brasil S.A. - INB responsavel por produzir os EC - Elementos Combustiveis nucleares e a Eletronuclear responsavel em opera-los. Os EC atendem a demanda das usinas de Angra 1 e Angra 2. Os EC sao estruturas formadas de material nuclear e componentes estruturais para sustentacao e resistencia do EC. Os componentes estruturais sao bocais, grades espacadoras, tubos guia, etc. Observando os bocais, esses sao montados e soldados a partir de placas de aco por EBW– Electron Beam Welding e as soldas sao ensaiadas tambem por LP – Liquido Penetrante para verificacao de descontinuidades, com o padrao ASME V. Neste estudo foram investigados ensaios de LP para placas de bocais soldadas, visando o controle de processo e niveis de qualidade. Os resultados por LP demonstram que os ensaios sao validos como ferramenta de avaliacao da fabricacao.

Introduction: Incidence of oral epithelial dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is very high in south Asian countries as compared to western population owing to a greater use of tobacco in these regions. While visual examination and exfoliative cytology are the most common screening and diagnostic modalities at present, it is a subjective analysis. Quantitative analyses such as nuclear size, cell size, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio may provide an accurate diagnosis and improve reproducibility. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of morphometry as a diagnostic adjunct to exfoliative cytology and to derive a significant cutoff to identify the population at risk for development of SCC among chronic tobacco users. Material and Methods: This was an outpatient-based prospective study done in a tertiary hospital over a period of 2 years. Hundred and fifty cases with a history of chronic tobacco use for a minimum period of 5 years were evaluated. Visual inspection using acetic acid was done. Oral scrapes were taken for cytological and morphometric analysis followed by incision biopsy for histopathological evaluation, wherever possible. Results: On morphometrical analysis, mean nuclear area and nuclear:cytoplasmic (N:C) ratio increased, while the cytoplasmic area decreased from smears with normal cytology to oral dysplasia to SCC. Analysis of variance and post hoc Tukey’s honest significant difference test showed a statistically significant difference among the 3 groups (p value Conclusion: In high-risk cases, morphometry can be a useful adjunct to exfoliative cytology and visual examination for an early and accurate diagnosis and timely intervention in oral potentially malignant and malignant lesions, thereby improving the prognosis.

Breast carcinoma ranks one among the leading causes of cancer related morbidity and mortality in Indian women closely following carcinoma cervix in order of incidence. Fine needle aspiration cytology has emerged as one of the preliminary investigations besides mammography and clinical examination for the initial assessment of breast masses. Nuclear morphometry can be used as a quantitative adjuvant to FNAC in diagnosing breast lesions, especially the ones in the “gray zone”. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of nuclear morphometry as an adjuvant in the cytological diagnosis, categorization of breast lesions and grading of malignant lesions. Materials and Methods: Nuclear parameters were assessed in fine needle aspirates of 49 cases, for which histopathological correlation was available. Morphometric parameters analyzed were nuclear area, nuclear perimeter, minimal nuclear diameter, maximum nuclear diameter, axis ratio, nuclear shape factor and nuclear compactness. Results: Morphometric parameters showed progressive and significant increase in nuclear size parameters from benign to malignant lesions. Nuclear shape parameters also showed a significant increase from grade I to grade III malignant lesions. However these shape factors could not be used to differentiate benign and malignant lesions in our study. Conclusion: Nuclear morphometry is a valuable tool in diagnosis of breast masses. It provides data in a more objective and reproducible form unlike the conventional cytological analysis. Keywords: Breast lesions, FNAC, Nuclear morphometry.

In this paper, a review of radioactive wastes treatment using thermal plasma technology is presented as a treatment method for radioactive waste management. Virtually all waste streams can be treated by the thermal plasma technologies, resulting in a conditioned product, free from organics and liquids, definitely meeting the acceptance criteria for safe storage and disposal. The application of the thermal plasma system in the nuclear area is still one of the current research topics due to the theoretical and practical complexity of the treatment. This paper discusses the performance of the thermal plasma systems, addressing the advantages and limitations of the method.

Objectives. Tobacco use is one of the most critical risk factors for different oral diseases. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of tobacco on oral mucosa by cytomorphometric analysis of cells with the help of exfoliative cytology and to find out the improvement in diagnostic sensitivity of exfoliative cytology in the detection of dysplastic changes and early oral malignancy. Methods. The nuclear area (NA) and cytoplasmic area (CA) of cells were measured within cytological smear obtained from leukoplakia lesions of buccal mucosa of 90 tobacco users, 30 smokers (TS), 30 chewers (TC) and 30 with combined habit of smoking and chewing (TSC)] and from normal buccal mucosa of 30 non users (NU) of tobacco. Each habit group consisted of 30 tobacco users with oral leukoplakia lesion with mild epithelial dysplasia only. The 30 non-users of tobacco served as controls. The mean values of the CA and NA were obtained for each case, and the nuclear/cytoplasmic area (NA/CA) ratio was calculated. Results. The results showed a statistically significant increase (P

Background: Tobacco consumption is the major cause of oral cancer. Early detection of cytomorphometrical changes in the buccal mucosa of smoker by the use of exfoliative cytology could help in picking early premalignant changes and thereby reduce morbidity in oral cancer patients. Aim: To assess and compare the cytomorphometrical changes in the buccal mucosa cells among smoker and nonsmoker group and assess these findings in smokers with a duration of exposure to smoking by dividing them as per pack year groups. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 51 male cases (Cigarette or Bidi smoking) and 51 controls as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria. For finding the effect of smoking exposure severity, smokers were divided into three groups based on pack year like Group 1 with pack year 10. Sample was taken from the buccal mucosa and stained with Papnicoalaou stain. Images were analyzed by Image J software and nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area, and nuclear/cellular ratio (N/C ratio) data collected and analyzed. Results: There was a significant difference for the mean values of NA and N/C ratio in the buccal mucosa of smokers. Significantly increased NA and N/C ratio were found with increased pack year. Conclusion: Cytomorphometrical findings such as NA and N/C ratio are observed in increased severity in premalignant conditions such as leukoplakia. Hence, it is possible to pick up these findings earlier by noninvasive method such as exfoliative cytology, and it can be used as an adjunct tool for mass screening.

The 2014 Bethesda System diagnostic criteria for atypical glandular cells (AGC) aid in the classification of atypical cells in cervical cytology. Anyway, AGC diagnosis remains challenging, due to low frequencies of this finding (approximately 0.5%-1% of Pap test results), abundance of AGC mimics, and significant interobserver variability. We developed an algorithm based on nuclear areas parameter that can help to differentiate AGC from Normal and Reactive glandular cells. Nuclear areas and perimeters were measured on 16 Pap smears with AGC and 18 with Reactive glandular cells of women aged between 30 and 77. Glandular cells from nonpathological Pap smears were used as controls. For each case, the means, medians, standard deviations, and the minimum and maximum values of both nuclear areas and perimeters of the cells of interest were calculated. The nuclear area analysis showed a 100% specificity in discriminating Normal from Altered cells (either Reactive or AGC), whereas the nuclear perimeter analysis showed a lower specificity (87.5%). Both nuclear area and perimeter variability analysis resulted in high specificity values in distinguishing Reactive cells from AGC. Therefore, a stepwise two-step algorithm using nuclear areas to discriminate Normal from Altered cells, and nuclear area variability to distinguish Reactive from AGC, allowed us to reliably classify the cells into these three categories. The morphometric analysis of nuclear area is a valuable and reliable aid in AGC diagnosis and standardization, easily integrable into common automatic algorithms.

Background. Urine cytology is deemed a sensitive method in detection of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. In contrast, detection of low-grade urothelial carcinoma (LGUC) and its differentiation from reactive lesions is difficult with urinary cytology. Objective. Our study aims to determine the effectiveness of morphometric parameters in differentiating reactive urothelial cells from LGUC by cytological examination of urine specimens. Methods. Voided urine samples were used for the study, while the cases were randomized into two groups: those diagnosed with LGUC (first group; N=10) and those which were not diagnosed with LGUC (second group; N=10). The morphometric parameters of major nuclear diameter (MaND), minor nuclear diameter (MiND), mean nuclear area (MNA), cell diameter (CD), mean cell area (MCA), as well as MaND/CD, MiND/CD, MiND/MaND and MNA/MCA ratios were measured on 100 urothelial cells for each case through ScopeImage® 9.0 software. Results. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean values of MiND/CD (p=0.017) and MNA/MCA (p=0.002) ratios of groups. The mean value of both parameters in the first group constituted 0.2 and higher, and below 0.2 in the second group. Conclusion. The ratios of MiND/CD and MNA/MCA in urothelial cells proved significantly higher in patients with LGUC than benign/reactive cases. The reliability of these findings in differentiating LGUC from benign/reactive lesions needs to be verified through studies examining a large number of cases. These parameters can be assessed much faster through a special software enabling an automatic measurement and thus can be used in routine cytological examination., Актуальность. Цитологическое исследование мочи считается чувствительным методом выявления уротелиальной карциномы высокой степени злокачественности. В отличие от этого, выявление уротелиальной карциномы низкой степени злокачественности (УКНС) и ее дифференциация от реактивных поражений затруднено с помощью цитологического исследования мочи. Цель. Наше исследование направлено на определение эффективности морфометрических параметров в дифференцировке реактивных уротелиальных клеток от УКНС путем цитологического исследования образцов мочи. Методы. Для исследования использовались образцы мочи с мочеиспусканием, а пациенты были рандомизированы на две группы: те, у которых был диагностирован УКНС (первая группа), и те, которым не был диагностирован УКНС (вторая группа). Морфометрические параметры: большой диаметр ядра, малый диаметр ядра, средняя площадь ядра, диаметр клетки, средняя площадь клетки, а также их соотношения измеряли на 100 уротелиальных клетках для каждого случая с помощью программного обеспечения ScopeImage® 9.0. Результаты. Статистически значимая разница была обнаружена между средними значениями отношений малый диаметр ядра / диаметр клетки (p=0,017) и средняя площадь ядра / средняя площадь клетки (p=0,002) для групп. Среднее значение обоих показателей в первой группе составило 0,2 и выше, во второй - ниже 0,2. Заключение. Соотношения малый диаметр ядра / диаметр клетки и средняя площадь ядра / средняя площадь клетки в уротелиальных клетках оказались значительно выше у пациентов с УКНС, чем у доброкачественных/реактивных случаев. Надежность этих результатов в дифференциации УКНС от доброкачественных/реактивных поражений должна быть подтверждена исследованиями, изучающими большое количество случаев. Эти параметры могут быть оценены намного быстрее с помощью специального программного обеспечения, обеспечивающего автоматическое измерение, и, таким образом, могут использоваться при рутинном цитологическом исследовании., Актуальність. Цитологічне дослідження сечі вважається чутливим методом виявлення уротеліальної карциноми високого ступеня злоякісності. На відміну від цього, виявлення уротеліальної карциноми низького ступеня злоякісності (УКНС) і її диференціація від реактивних уражень утруднено за допомогою цитологічного дослідження сечі. Мета. Наше дослідження спрямоване на визначення ефективності морфометричних параметрів у диференціюванні реактивних уротеліальних клітин від УКНС шляхом цитологічного дослідження зразків сечі. Методи. Для дослідження використовувалися зразки сечі з сечовипусканням, а пацієнти були рандомізовані на дві групи: ті, у яких був діагностований УКНС (перша група), і ті, яким не був діагностований УКНС (друга група). Морфометричні параметри: великий діаметр ядра, малий діаметр ядра, середня площа ядра, діаметр клітини, середня площа клітини, а також їх співвідношення вимірювали на 100 уротеліальних клітинах для кожного випадку за допомогою програмного забезпечення ScopeImage® 9.0. Результати. Статистично значуща різниця була виявлена між середніми значеннями відносин малий діаметр ядра / діаметр клітини (p = 0,017) і середня площа ядра / середня площа клітини (p = 0,002) для груп. Середнє значення обох показників в першій групі склало 0,2 і вище, у другій - нижче 0,2. Підсумок. Співвідношення малий діаметр ядра / діаметр клітини і середня площа ядра / середня площа клітини в уротеліальних клітинах виявилися значно вище у пацієнтів з УКНС, ніж у доброякісних/реактивних випадків. Надійність цих результатів в диференціації УКНС від доброякісних/реактивних уражень повинна бути підтверджена дослідженнями, що вивчають велику кількість випадків. Ці параметри можуть бути оцінені набагато швидше за допомогою спеціального програмного забезпечення, що забезпечує автоматичне вимірювання, і, таким чином, можуть використовуватися при рутинному цитологічному дослідженні.

Introduction: Liquid-based cytology (LBC) is increasingly used for nongynecologic applications. However, the cytological preparation of LBC specimens is influenced by the processing technique and the preservative used. In this study, the influence of the processing techniques and preservatives on cell morphology was examined mathematically and statistically. Methods: Cytological specimens were prepared using the ThinPrep (TP), SurePath (SP), and AutoSmear methods, with 5 different preservative solutions. The cytoplasmic and nuclear areas of Papanicolaou-stained specimens were measured for all samples. Results: The cytoplasmic and nuclear areas were smaller in cells prepared using the 2 LBC methods, compared to that prepared using the AutoSmear method, irrespective of the preservative used. The cytoplasmic and nuclear areas of cells prepared using the SP method were smaller than those of cells prepared using the TP method, irrespective of the preservative used. There were fewer differences among the cytoplasmic areas of cells prepared with different preservative solutions using the TP method; however, the cytoplasmic areas of cells prepared using the SP method changed with the preservative solution used. Conclusions: The most significant difference affecting the cytoplasmic and nuclear areas was the processing technique. The TP method increased the cytoplasmic and nuclear areas, while the methanol-based PreservCyt solution enabled the highest enlargement of the cell. LBC is a superior preparation technique for standardization of the specimens. Our results offer a better understanding of methods suitable for specimen preparation for developing precision AI-based diagnosis in cytology.

The nee mouse model exhibits characteristic features of congenital glaucoma, a common cause of childhood blindness. The current study of nee mice had two components. First, the time course of neurodegeneration in nee retinal flat-mounts was studied over time using a retinal ganglion cell (RGC)-marker, BRN3A; a pan-nuclear marker, TO-PRO-3; and H&E staining. Based on segmentation of nuclei using ImageJ and RetFM-J, this analysis identified a rapid loss of BRN3A+ nuclei from 4–15 weeks of age, with the first statistically significant difference in average density compared to age-matched controls detected in 8-week-old cohorts (49% reduction in nee). Consistent with a model of glaucoma, no reductions in BRN3A− nuclei were detected, but the combined analysis indicated that some RGCs lost BRN3A marker expression prior to actual cell loss. These results have a practical application in the design of experiments using nee mice to study mechanisms or potential therapies for congenital glaucoma. The second component of the study pertains to a discovery-based analysis of the large amount of image data with 748,782 segmented retinal nuclei. Using the automatedly collected region of interest feature data captured by ImageJ, we tested whether RGC density of glaucomatous mice was significantly correlated to average nuclear area, perimeter, Feret diameter, or MinFeret diameter. These results pointed to two events influencing nuclear size. For variations in RGC density above approximately 3,000 nuclei/mm2 apparent spreading was observed, in which BRN3A− nuclei—regardless of genotype—became slightly larger as RGC density decreased. This same spreading occurred in BRN3A+ nuclei of wild-type mice. For variation in RGC density below 3,000 nuclei/mm2, which only occurred in glaucomatous nee mutants, BRN3A+ nuclei became smaller as disease was progressively severe. These observations have relevance to defining RGCs of relatively higher sensitivity to glaucomatous cell death and the nuclear dynamics occurring during their demise.

Se presenta una nueva propuesta sobre la dimensión espacial y temporal de los inicios del grupo argárico, a partir de los datos aportados por las actuaciones arqueológicas realizadas en el ámbito del Bajo Segura y Bajo Vinalopó durante esta última década, y de la evaluación de materiales arqueológicos y secuencias estratigráficas obtenidas en yacimientos excavados en la zona entre los años 1980 y 1990. Las dataciones radiocarbónicas y el análisis detenido del registro cerámico correspondiente a los estratos basales de yacimientos como Laderas del Castillo, Tabayá, Cabezo Pardo y Caramoro I nos permiten plantear la conformación de las bases materiales de la sociedad argárica en un territorio más amplio que el hasta ahora considerado como “área nuclear” de El Argar, en la que quedarían incluidas no solo la cuenca de Vera y el valle del Guadalentín, sino también la Vega Baja del Segura y el Bajo Vinalopó. We suggest a new approach to the spatial and temporal dimensions of the beginnings of the Argaric group. This is based on the data provided by the archaeological work carried out during the last decade in the lower Segura and lower Vinalopó basins, and from the study of the archaeological materials and stratigraphic sequences obtained at sites in the area excavated in the 1980s and 1990s. Radiocarbon dating and careful analysis of the ceramic record from the basal strata of Argaric sites such as Laderas del Castillo, Tabayá, Cabezo Pardo and Caramoro I allow us to consider the formation of the material bases of the Argaric society in a wider territory than the one until now considered its “nuclear area”. This would now include not only the Vera Basin and the Guadalentín Valley, but also the lower Segura and lower Vinalopó basins. El presente trabajo ha sido realizado en el marco del proyecto de investigación “Espacios sociales y espacios de frontera durante el Calcolítico y la Edad del Bronce en el Levante de la península ibérica” (HAR2016-76586-P), financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad del Gobierno de España.

A precise diagnostic of precursor dysplastic urothelial lesions is critical for patients but it can be a challenge for pathologists. Multiple immunohistologic markers (panel) improve ambiguous diagnostics but results are subjective, with a high degree of observational variability. Our research objective was to evaluate how a classification algorithm may help morphology diagnostic. Data coming from 45 unequivocal cases of flat urothelial lesions (“training set”: 20 carcinomas in situ, 8 dysplastic and 17 reactive lesions) were used as ground truth in training a random tree classification algorithm. 50 “atypia of unknown significance” diagnostics (diagnostic set) were digitally re-classified based on morphological and immunohistochemical features as possible carcinoma in situ (20), dysplastic (17) and reactive atypia cases (13). The main sorting criterium was morphologic (nuclear area). A four-markers panel was used for a precise classification (74% correctly classified, 93% accuracy, 76% precision, averaged ROC=0.828). 3 cases were “false negative”. The performance of the immunohistologic panel was evaluated based on a stain index, calculated for CD20, p53, Ki67 and observed for CD44. Within training set, the immunohistologic performance was high. In the diagnostic set both the percentage of high stain index for each marker and the percentage of cases with 2-3 strong markers were low, explaining the initial high number of equivocal cases. In conclusion, digital analysis of morphologic and immunohistologic features may bring clarification in classification of equivocal urothelial lesions. Computational pathology supports diagnostic process as it can measure features and handle data in a precise, reproducible and objective way. In our proof of concept study, a low number of cases and the (deliberate) absence of clinical data were main limitations. Validation of the method on a high number of cases, use of genomics and clinical data are essential for improving the reliability of machine learning classification

Objective Inhalational drugs used in treating asthma have several side effects including those on oral tissues. We therefore designed a study to analyze the effects of inhalational drugs on the buccal mucosal cells of the oral cavity. Methods Smears were obtained from clinically normal buccal mucosa of 20 randomly selected asthmatic patients who had been under inhalational therapy for at least 6 months. The Papanicolaou-stained smears were then analyzed for average nuclear area, average cytoplasmic area, and average nuclear area:cytoplasmic area ratio for each patient, and the values were compared with those of 10 healthy controls. Results A statistically significant decrease in cytoplasmic area (P

Presentamos en este artículo el estudio tecno-tipológico de las cerámicas pintadas romanas de tradición indígena de época tardoantigua aparecidas en las campañas de excavación realizadas en la villa de El Saucedo (Talavera la Nueva, Toledo). A través de su análisis y caracterización arqueométrica hemos podido determinar la existencia de dos grupos diferenciables. El primero integrado por producciones que debieron de realizarse en algún taller de la submeseta sur y el segundo por aquellas otras que presentan entre sus desgrasantes abundante mica de color dorado, además de otros componentes. Dichas cerámicas quizá fueron elaboradas en un alfar ubicado en la vecina civitas de Caesarobriga (Talavera de la Reina). El análisis arqueométrico se ha realizado mediante Microscopía Óptica (MO), microanálisis SEM-EDX y análisis DRX.

Several interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) including hypersensitivity pneumonia (HP), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP), collagen vascular disease-related ILD (CVD-ILD), drug-induced ILD (DILD) and sarcoidosis shows increase of lymphocyte fraction in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We performed the morphometric analysis in order to differentiate the BALF lymphocyte nuclear shape between sarcoidosis and the other ILDs. We recruited 68 patients with ILDs (16 of CHP, 5 of NSIP, 5 of COP, 10 of CVD-ILD, 14 of DILD and 18 of sarcoidosis) who showed 20% or more of lymphocyte fraction in BALF and measured the area, perimeter, radius ratio and roundness of the BALF lymphocyte nuclear by using the commercially available image analyzing software. As a result, among those with sarcoidosis, lymphocyte nuclear area was significantly smaller (p Based on these findings, we consider that the fraction of srLYM in BALF can be useful for the differential diagnosis of ILDs.

En este ensayo se enfoca la evidencia documental y arqueológica de la comunicación andino-mesoamericana, a través de la navegación oceánica en el Pacifico ecuatorial, que en la conquista española será la principal vía de ingreso al imperio de los incas. De forma complementaria navegación oceánica y las comunicaciones terrestres con el área nuclear del imperio de los incas, nos ayuda a reinterpretar el nivel de organización política de los señoríos prehispánicos, para entender mejor su participación en el entramado de poder del imperio del inca antes y durante la conquista española., This essay focuses on the documentary and archaeological evidence of Andean-Mesoamerican communication, through oceanic navigation in the equatorial Pacific, which in the Spanish conquest will be the main way to enter the empire of the Incas. As a complement to ocean navigation and land communications with the nuclear area of the Inca empire, it helps us to reinterpret the level of political organization of the pre-Hispanic lordships, to better understand their participation in the power structure of the Inca empire before and during the Spanish conquest.

Background of Study: Diabetes is the most common endocrine-metabolic disease affecting worldwide. Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes with the help of oral exfoliative cytology is a simple, noninvasive technique. Evaluation of cytomorphometric changes in exfoliated buccal cells in diabetes can help in the early detection and examination of diabetes. Aim: The aim is to study and compare the cytomorphometric features of buccal mucosal cells of normal individuals and type 2 diabetes patients and to evaluate the role of phase-contrast microscopy for visualizing cytomorphological changes in unstained smears. Materials and Methods: Fifty known type 2 diabetic patients and fifty healthy individuals were taken as study group and control group, respectively. Smears were prepared from the buccal mucosa of both study and control groups. Fixed, unstained smears were viewed under phase-contrast microscope, and cytomorphometric analysis was done using image analysis software for evaluating nuclear area (NA), cytoplasmic area (CyA), and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. Results: A statistically significant increase in NA(P = 0.000), CyA (P = 0.000), and N/Cy ratio (P = 0.000) was obtained from the smears of the study group when compared with the control group. Conclusions: Cytomorphometric analysis of exfoliated cells can aid in predicting systemic disease such as type 2 diabetes. With the use of phase-contrast microscope, the cellular details can be easily and quickly evaluated and it is a cost-effective method in cytomorphometric studies.

Background: The nuclei of most cancer cells in histopathologic preparations differ from normal nuclei and vary individually in size, shape, and chromatin pattern. Although the cytologic characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lung have been described, quantification of the cytologic features has not been established. Methods: Cytologic investigations were performed on bronchial brushings or washings, or fine-needle aspirates. We analyzed the nuclear area (NA) of 50 tumor cells in 32 patients with SCC of the lung and 50 bronchial epithelial cells in 20 patients with no evidence of malignancy including inflammatory lesions. Results: The NA of tumor cells (102.4 ± 26.2 μm2) was significantly larger than that of bronchial epithelial cells (64.1 ± 16.9 μm2) (P = 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that an NA cutoff level of 86 μm2 had a sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 88% to detect malignant components. Conclusion: We conducted quantitative analyses of NA in SCC using cytologic specimen, NA was a useful parameter for evaluation of differential diagnosis between SCC and non-malignancies even in cytologic specimens.