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This study aimed to review various studies focusing on pollution that could adversely affect health, including sources, types, and mitigation efforts. The data used were obtained through a search on the Scopus website using the keywords "Health" AND "Pollution" from 2016 to 2023. Using these two keywords, 72 titles and abstracts of papers were successfully found. The results of this literature review were then analyzed with the assistance of NVivo 12 Pro, which grouped the findings based on their impact on health, reasons for pollution, types of pollution, and preventive measures. It was identified that the most common disease was respiratory disorder. One of the leading causes was vehicle combustion, emitting carbon monoxide due to the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, such as petroleum and natural gas. This study also revealed that the dominant focus of those studies was on air and water pollution. These studies also indicated that solutions to pollution-causing diseases generally include using renewable fuels, waste management, public health literacy, and adopting electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to analyse factors contributing to degenerative diseases, including exposure to chemicals and air pollution. This research is a literature review focusing on various environmental factors that contribute to degenerative diseases and presents a solution perspective involving the creation of green spaces as a means to mitigate the impact of these factors. The literature was collected by searching metadata on the following page: https://www.scopus.com/search/form.uri?display=basic#basic, using the keywords "degenerative diseases" and "pollutant". The data selection using the PRISMA method to identify the most relevant literature for reference in this research study. Each type of pollution or environmental factor contributing to degenerative diseases has been systematically analysed using NVivo 12 Pro. In total, 35 research titles explore different factors responsible for degenerative diseases, with a particular focus on environmental factors. The results of the analysis conducted by researchers based on these 35 articles were mapped using NVivo 12 Pro, categorizing them according to the types of factors responsible for degenerative diseases. It is noteworthy that the majority of these studies focused on the neurodegenerative type. Furthermore, from the pool of 35 selected articles, air pollution emerged as the most dominant cause, constituting 57% (20 articles) of the total literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lombok cross frog (Oreophryne monticola) is endemic to the islands of Bali and Lombok. We describe the colour variation and associated microhabitats of this endangered species, and provide some notes on its call characteristics and predictions of its distribution in Bali and Lombok. We surveyed sites on both islands with similar altitude but slightly different microhabitats. The frogs were more likely to be found in forests dominated by dipterocarp trees, many epiphytic ferns, and ground covered with leaf litter. Possible differences in colour variation and call suggest that there may be cryptic species within O. monticola that could be resolved by morphological and molecular study. The predicted distribution suggests nine isolated areas at around 1100 m a.s.l. on both islands that may be home to this frog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lowland region of Sumatra Barat has received little attention in previous biodiversity studies. Past studies have mainly focused on highland habitat and conservation areas. However, many populations of Cyrtodactylus in the lowland habitats of Sumatra Barat were not correctly identified. A phylogenetic tree based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene showed that the lowland Sumatran population is the sister group of the Malaysian lowland species, C.semenanjungensis , together nesting within the agamensis group. The genetic divergence within the Sumatra Barat population is 0-4.2% and 18.3-20% to C.semenanjungensis . Further examination of morphological characters revealed that they differed from the sister clade and other Sumatran Cyrtodactylus members by a unique combination of characters such as absence of tubercle on brachium, presence of tubercle on ventrolateral fold, 32-41 paravertebral tubercles, 38-46 ventral scales, enlarged femoral scales, presence of precloacofemoral pores and 22-23 subdigital lamellae under fourth toe. Based on the morphological and molecular evidence, the lowland Sumatran population is herein described as a new species, increasing the number of species in Sumatra to seven. More comprehensive and intensive sampling efforts would most likely yield further discoveries in the group of Sumatran Cyrtodactylus in the near future., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Fitra Arya Dwi Nugraha, Yuni Ahda, Djong Hon Tjong, Nia Kurniawan, Awal Riyanto, Muhammad Alif Fauzi, Si-Min Lin.)

Among the six species of Cyrtodactylus occurring in Sumatra, two species were described based on non-Sumatran type series, C.consobrinus and C.quadrivirgatus . The latter species was described originally from Thailand thus the wider distribution in Sumatra should be clarified taxonomically. Cyrtodactylusquadrivirgatus from Sumatra Barat was examined using both morphology and the Natrium Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 (ND2) gene to clarify its taxonomic status and phylogenetic placement. It was found that these specimens form a sister clade to all other species of the sworderi group from Peninsular Malaysia and the genetic distance ranges from 20-24.3%. This subset is herein described as a new species. The new species is readily distinguished from C.quadrivirgatus and other Sumatran species by a combination of characters: small size SVL 37.5-53.78 mm; longitudinal rows of dorsal tubercles 16-19; paravertebral tubercles 31-41; ventral scales 32-43; 24-49 enlarged precloacal and femoral scales; precloacal pores rarely present; no precloacal depression; two postcloacal tubercles on each side; 14-19 subdigital lamellae on forth toe; 9-15 supralabial scales; 9-12 infralabial scales; three or four internasal scales; and 3-6 gular scales that border the first pair of postmental scales. This work underscores the importance of clarifying widely distributed species for taxonomic validation., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Yuni Ahda, Fitra Arya Dwi Nugraha, Djong Hon Tjong, Nia Kurniawan, Yunico Amardi, Muhammad Alif Fauzi, Si-Min Lin.)