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This study analyzed soccer players’ retention of coaches’ feedback during training sessions. We intended to determine if the retention of information was influenced by the athletes’ personal characteristic (age, gender and the sports level), the quantity of information included in coach’s feedback (the number of ideas and redundancy), athletes’ perception of the relevance of the feedback information and athletes’ motivation as well as the attention level. The study that was conducted over the course of 18 sessions of soccer practice, involved 12 coaches (8 males, 4 females) and 342 athletes (246 males, 96 females), aged between 10 and 18 years old. All coach and athlete interventions were transposed to a written protocol and submitted to content analysis. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression were calculated. The results showed that a substantial part of the information was not retained by the athletes; in 65.5% of cases, athletes experienced difficulty in completely reproducing the ideas of the coaches and, on average, the value of feedback retention was 57.0%. Six variables with a statistically significant value were found: gender, the athletes’ sports level, redundancy, the number of transmitted ideas, athletes’ perception of the relevance of the feedback information and the athletes’ motivation level.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as Atitudes face ao Desporto e os comportamentos agressivos em dois desportos coletivos, comparando andebolistas e basquetebolistas. Utilizámos o Aggression Questionnaire / Questionário de Agressividade (AQ) (de Buss e Perry, 1992, na versão portuguesa de Cunha e Gonçalves, 2012) e o Sports Attitudes Questionnaire / Questionário de Atitudes face ao Desporto (SAQ) (de Lee, 1996, na versão portuguesa de Gonçalves, Silva, Chatzisarantis, Lee e Cruz, 2006). Participaram no estudo 32 atletas (21 masculinos, 11 femininos), 15 andebolistas e 17 basquetebolistas. Os resultados apontam para a inexistência de diferenças significativas na agressividade (entre as duas modalidades e entre o género dos praticantes). No que respeita às atitudes face ao desporto, encontraram-se diferenças no fator ‘Convenção’ em função do género dos atletas. Foram identificadas associações entre alguns factores da agressividade e das atitudes face ao desporto. Palavras-chave: Atitudes; Desporto; Comportamentos Agressivos; Andebol; Basquetebol, Eduser - Revista de Educação, v. 10 n. 2 (2018): Eduser - Revista de educação

The aim of this study was to analyse students’ capacity to retain information, taking into account the information transmitted by teachers during physical education classes. In addition, we examine the influence of variables such as the amount and nature of the information. Data were collected through the observation of 36 physical education classes, with students from 12 to 19 years old. The data consisted of 596 students’ responses to instruction episodes provided by their teachers, corresponding to 1,604 information units. The results suggested that the students’ retention was inversely related to the quantity of information. Retention varied depending on the nature of the message, its purpose and the type of information. Information transmitted across the auditory-visual route or whose objective was descriptive evaluation corresponded to higher levels of retention.

Athletes' retention of information conveyed in coaches' feedback during training was examined, considering the nature of the information transmitted by each coach (extensions, total number of ideas transmitted, and total number of repeated ideas), athletes' characteristics, (ages, genders, school levels, and practice levels), and athletes' perceptions (relevance and acceptance of coaches' information, task motivational levels, and athletes' attention levels). Participants were 193 athletes (79 boys, 114 girls; 9 to 13 years of age) and 6 coaches. Feedback was both audio and video recorded and all athletes were interviewed. All coaches' feedback and athletes' recollections were subjected to content analysis. Information was completely retained in 31.60% of feedback episodes. Athletes' mean per-episode information retention was 63.0%. Three variables appeared to be predictive of athletes' retention: athletes' practice levels (β = –.25), attention to coaches' provision of feedback (β = .17), and the number of different ideas transmitted by each coach (β = −.90).

espanolThe objective of the present study is to identify the barriers, facilitators and reasons for practicing physical activity and sport in people with intellectual disabilities, considering the gender, the training load and the occupation of the participants. The study involved 23 athletes with intellectual impairments, to whom a questionnaire has been applied in the form of an interview. Descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests for group comparison have been used. The results indicate that the main barriers are related to the time of displacement to the training place; the main facilitators are related to the support of the athlete's environment; the main reasons for the practice are related to improving health and social factors. Considering the independent variables, we found some statistically significant differences. Men perceive that showering on the lockers is a barrier; Athletes with more training load perceive displacement as a barrier; and the support of parents is a facilitator for working athletes. Based on the results, theoretical and practical implications are presented as help to improve the practice of sports in people with intellectual disabilities. espanolEl objetivo del presente trabajo es identificar las barreras, facilitadores y motivos para la practica de actividad fisica y deporte en las personas con discapacidad intelectual, considerando el sexo, la carga de entrenamiento y la ocupacion de los participantes. En el estudio han participado 23 deportistas con discapacidad intelectual, a los que se ha aplicado un cuestionario en forma de entrevista. Se ha utilizado estadistica descriptiva y pruebas no-parametricas para la comparacion de grupos. Los resultados indican que las principales barreras estan relacionadas con el tiempo de desplazamiento al lugar de entrenamiento; los principales facilitadores estan relacionados con el apoyo del entorno del deportista; los principales motivos para la practica estan relacionados con mejorar la salud y con factores sociales. Considerando las variables independientes se han encontrado algunas diferencias estadisticamente significativas. Los hombres perciben que ducharse en las instalaciones es una barrera; los deportistas con mas carga de entrenamiento perciben el desplazamiento como una barrera; y el apoyo de los padres es un facilitador para los deportistas que trabajan. En base a los resultados se presentan implicaciones a nivel teorico y a nivel practico como ayuda para mejorar la practica deportiva en las personas con discapacidad intelectual.

This study analyze the coach’s instruction during practice sessions on the task presentation and feedback, studying the coherency between coach information and the athlete retention in relation to the athletes’ school level. The participants were forty-two gymnastics’ athletes from different academic levels (elementary, middle and high school). The results showed that the coherency between coach information and athlete retention is similar in both instructional events and a substantive part, almost 40%, is not retained by athletes. In the feedback, we didn’t verify differences in the information retained according to academic levels. In task presentation the athletes belonging to elementary schools showed the lowest values of retention, demonstrating a significant difference between middle and high school athletes. These results suggest that athletes retention tends to be more difficult when the information is longer, less contextualized and doesn’t refer specifically to any specific motor task.

O presente estudo pretendeu analisar a retenção e a percepção da justiça dos alunos em relação aos comportamentos de regulação e controlo disciplinar por parte do professor, nomeadamente, nas reacções dos professores aos comportamentos de indisciplina. A amostra foi constituída por 147 respostas dos alunos às intervenções de regulação dos comportamentos de indisciplina, por parte do professor a partir de 30 aulas de Educação Física dos 5º, 7º e 9º anos de escolaridade. No presente estudo foram utilizadas, como variáveis independentes, as características dos alunos: idade, género, ano de escolaridade, número de reprovações e classificação na disciplina de Educação Física. Foram utilizadas, como variáveis dependentes, a quantidade de informação transmitida pelo professor (extensão, número de ideias e densidade da informação), a natureza da informação (forma, objectivo, direcção), a reprodução dessa informação pelo aluno, ao nível quantitativo (extensão, número de ideias, densidade) e qualitativo (coerência) e a percepção de justiça dessas reacções. Os comportamentos de indisciplina dos alunos e de controlo do professor foram gravados em suporte audiovisual, tendo sido solicitado aos alunos, de seguida, através de entrevista, que reproduzissem a mensagem transmitida pelo professor e que se pronunciassem acerca da justiça da reacção do professor. As respostas dos alunos foram gravadas em registo áudio. As reacções dos professores foram comparadas com as reproduções dos alunos através de procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos (análise de conteúdo). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a retenção da informação variou em função da natureza das mensagens e não de acordo com as características dos alunos. A coerência esteve inversamente relacionada com a quantidade de informação (extensão e o número de ideias). Globalmente os alunos perceberam as reacções dos professores como justas, condição fundamental de aceitação das reacções dos professores aos comportamentos de indisciplina. The aim of the present study is to analyze students’ retention and acceptance (perception of justice) of teachers’ discipline control interventions, namely, teachers’ reactions to misbehaviors. We observed 30 physical education lessons and analyzed 147 student’s responses to misbehavior reactions. The independent variables were age, gender, school year, school reproofs and Physical Education marks. The dependant variables were the quantity of information on teacher instructions (extension, number of ideas and density of teacher’ information) and the nature of the information (objective, form and direction), the reproduction of that information by the students, both in a quantitative (extension, number of ideas, density) and qualitative (coherency) approach. The perception of justice depending on the teacher’s reaction was also studied. The student’s misbehaviors and teacher’s reactions were audio and video recorded and immediately afterwards students were asked (by interview) to reproduce the teacher’s information, being also asked about the fairness of the reaction. This procedure was audio-recorded. The information given by the teacher and the student’s answers were analyzed and compared through quantitative and qualitative procedures (content analysis). The results suggest that the retention of the information depends, generally, on its nature and not on the student’s personal characteristics. The coherency of the information was inversely related with the quantity of information (number of transmitted ideas and its extension). Globally, the students perceived teachers reaction as fair, a basic condition to obtain students acceptance of teachers behaviors.

O presente estudo investigou a relação entre os motivos para a prática desportiva e as características dos alunos como o género, idade e nível de escolaridade. A amostra foi constituída por 1016 alunos da área da Grande Lisboa (577 do género masculino e 439 do feminino, com idades entre os 10 e os 20 anos). Os dados foram obtidos através da aplicação do QMAD (Frias & Serpa, 1991). Na análise dos dados, foi realizada uma análise fatorial de componentes principais que revelou seis fatores. Foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas e os testes comparativos Anova e Bonferroni. As motivações mais valorizadas para a prática desportiva foram Aprendizagem Técnica/Fitness e Trabalho de Equipa e a menos valorizada foi o Estatuto. A comparação em função do género e dos níveis de ensino dos alunos revelou diferenças significativas. Identificaram-se associações estatisticamente significativas entre alguns fatores motivacionais e a idade dos alunos., Motricidade, Vol 8 No 4 (2012)

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ecologia, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. Anfípodes são pequenos crustáceos com uma distribuição ao longo de todos os habitats marinhos e de água doce. Echinogammarus marinus (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) é uma espécie amplamente distribuída ao longo da costa europeia, sendo o estuário do Mondego (costa oeste de Portugal) considerado o limite sul da sua distribuição. Estudos prévios determinaram que E. marinus é a espécie mais abundante nos habitats intertidais rochosos, tendo um papel crucial na organização trófica do estuário do Mondego. A ocorrência de intersexualidade tem sido largamente descrita em crustáceos, incluindo populações de E. marinus do norte da Europa e mais recentemente no estuário do Mondego. Dado que esta anomalia traz custos associados, como fecundidade e fertilidade reduzidas, baixo sucesso no emparelhamento, maturação retardada e oscilações na proporção de machos/fêmeas, um dos objectivos deste trabalho foi determinar as possíveis consequências da intersexualidade para as populações de E. marinus no estuário do Mondego. Tendo em conta a importância desta espécie para a rede trófica, também foram definidos como objectivos: estudar a dinâmica populacional e produção secundária de E. marinus no estuário do Mondego, comparando os resultados com os obtidos em estudos anteriores; determinar os principais factores bióticos e abióticos que contribuíram para a variação espacial e temporal desta espécie. Para tal, foram amostradas mensalmente três populações de Echinogammarus marinus (Pranto, Armazéns e Fontela), desde Abril de 2009 até Março de 2010. A análise estatística dos dados bióticos e abióticos demonstrou que, embora em declínio durante o período de amostragem, as densidades obtidas foram superiores às descritas na década de 90 mas longe das obtidas nos anos 80. Também se verificaram variações espaciais e temporais, com os valores mais altos de densidade a serem VI registados para a população da Fontela durante a primavera. De acordo com os tratamentos estatísticos, a salinidade foi o factor com maior preponderância na variação observada. A incidência de intersexualidade foi considerada insignificante (< 0,1%), sendo, por isso, impossível determinar os seus efeitos nas populações de E. marinus do estuário do Mondego. Foi ainda observado que a actividade sexual e o recrutamento foram contínuos e que a proporção de machos/fêmeas tendeu essencialmente para os machos, o que está de acordo com os resultados do estudo dos anos 90 mas difere do estudo dos anos 80, onde o recrutamento foi descontínuo e a proporção machos/fêmeas tendeu para as fêmeas. Os valores de produção obtidos também foram superiores aos registados nos anos 90 mas inferiores aos obtidos no estudo dos anos 80. Tendo em conta os dados obtidos ao longo destas três décadas, o presente estudo contribuiu para avaliação ecológica da evolução das populações de Echinogammarus marinus no estuário do Mondego face a diferentes níveis de perturbação ambiental, fornecendo provas evidentes da progressiva recuperação do sistema desde a implementação de medidas de mitigação. Amphipods are small crustaceans ubiquitously distributed in all marine and freshwater habitats. Echinogammarus marinus (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) is a widely distributed species throughout the European coast, being the Mondego estuary (west coast of Portugal) its southern limit of distribution. Previous studies have determined that E. marinus is the most abundant species in the intertidal rocky habitats, playing a key role in the trophic organization of the Mondego estuary. Intersexuality incidence has been extensively reported in crustaceans, including northern European populations of E. marinus and more recently in the Mondego estuary. Since this condition has fitness costs, namely lower fecundity and fertility, reduced pairing success, delayed maturation and sex-ratio fluctuations, one of the aims of this work was to access its consequences to the E. marinus population dynamics and productivity on the Mondego estuary. Considering the importance of this species to the trophic network, emphasized by the previous studies, we also aimed to study E. marinus population dynamics and secondary production on the Mondego estuary, comparing the results with the ones obtained in the previous studies, and to access the main biotic and abiotic variables contributing to this species spatial and temporal variation. To do that, three Echinogammarus marinus populations (Pranto, Armazéns and Fontela) were sampled monthly, from April 2009 to March 2010. The statistical analysis on the biotic and abiotic data showed that, although declining during the study period, density values were higher than the ones reported in the 90’s study but still lower than the values from the 80’s study. In addition, spatial and temporal variation was observed, with the highest values being observed in Fontela during spring. According to results, salinity and ammonia were the main envrinomental VIII variables influencing the observed variation. Intersexuality incidence was insignificant (< 0.1%), therefore, we were unable to determine its effects on E. marinus populations. Sexual activity and recruitment were continuous, and a male biased sex-ratio was observed, which was in accordance with the 90’s study but not with the 80’s, where recruitment was discontinuous and females were predominant. Production rates were also higher than in the 90’s study but lower than the ones observed in the 80’s. Considering all data throughout the three decades, this work contributed to understand the evolution of the populations of Echinogammarus marinus on the Mondego estuary relatively to different levels of environmental preasure, providing solid evidence of the system’s recovery since the implementation of mitigation measures.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the instruction of the Judo coach immediately before the competition, in the process of preparation for the fights, looking to (1) study the coherency between the information which the coach transmits and that which the athlete retains; (2) identify the correlation between the coherency, the extension and the number of ideas conveyed by the coach; (3) determine if the retention varies in relation to variables such as the form and nature of the information, as well as the gender and practice category of the athletes. The participants were 11 coaches and 58 athletes of 3 categories: under- 15, under-17 and under-20, of both genders. One hundred and sixteen (116) instructional episodes were observed, which corresponds to four hundred and six (406) information units convoyed by the coaches. The coaches' instructions given before the competition were recorded in an audio and video register. After the coaches' instruction, the athletes were approached by the investigator and an interview was accomplished. To determine if the retention varies in relation to form and nature of the information and gender and practice category of the athletes, the non-parametric statistics, U de Mann-Whitney and Kruskal- Wallis, was used. Correlation of Spearman was applied to verify the degree of association between the coherency, the extension and the number of ideas conveyed by the coach. The results showed that a substantial part of the information was not retained by the athletes and the information coherency was inversely related to the number of transmitted ideas. The coaches were, mainly, prescriptive and the form of the information was not important for the retention of the information. Gender was a differentiated variable as the girls showed more coherency in the retained ideas in relation to the ideas transmitted by the coach