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The coronavirus which emerged in December 2019 has affected the health of people and the whole world’s social and working life. This pandemic has impressed not only people’s health and life but also the world economy and especially maritime trade. International organizations and maritime authorities such as World Health Organization (WHO) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) have taken several measures and responses to mitigate the impact the Covid-19 on the maritime industry. Taking precautions, implementing protocols, and complying with guidelines at ships and ports which helps to protect the health of seafarers, passengers, port workers, and the general public have adversely affected the entire world economy and international trade. The study aims to identify the impacts of Covid-19 on maritime trade and transportation and to estimate world maritime trade for the years 2023, 2025, and 2030. In the study, a literature review was conducted, the impact of the Covid-19 on world maritime trade, maritime transportation, port calls, and shipping companies have been examined and the least squares method which is a form of regression analysis was used to estimate maritime trade and container throughput for these years. According to the result of the analysis, it is estimated that the world maritime trade will be 24,100.8 million tons in 2023, 25,163.2 million tons in 2025, and 27,819.2 million tons in 2030, and the estimated total container throughput at container ports in the world will be 906,104.1 thousand TEU in 2023, 959,701.5 thousand TEU in 2025 and 1,093,695 thousand TEU in 2030. It has been concluded that the total global maritime trade and amount of containers handled will increase gradually.

Since the Black Sea has been a security corridor throughout history, new security risks and policies have emerged in this region. The Turkish Straits have geo-political and geo-strategic importance as they are the only exit point to the open seas of the littoral countries of the Black Sea, and an important trade and energy corridor through which the natural gas and oil of Central Asia and the Caspian Basin reach the world markets. The Russia-Ukraine war has adversely affected the regional security and international trade of the Black Sea, and poses a threat to global security. In this study, the increasing geopolitical importance of the Black Sea, the frequency distribution of ship traffic of the Turkish Straits by years and during the Russia-Ukraine War, the effect of the Russian-Ukrainian war on foreign trade and global security were examined, the Russia-Ukraine crisis and the process of war and the contribution of the Montreux Convention to prevent the expansion of war were discussed and the risk assesement of the Russia-Ukraine crises was made. It has been concluded that economic sanctions against Russia and military aid to Ukraine will prolong the war, increase the severity of the war, and have a negative impact on global trade, food and energy security and global security. It has been evaluated that the Montreux Convention regarding the Regime of the Straits, has increased its importance in ensuring the global security of Turkey, Black Sea riparian and regional countries and in the balances in international politics., Karadeniz tarih boyunca bir güvenlik koridoru olması nedeniyle bu bölgede yeni güvenlik riskleri ve politikaları ortaya çıkmıştır. Türk Boğazları Karadeniz’e kıyıdaş ülkelerin açık denizlere tek çıkış kapısı olması, Orta Asya ve Hazar Havzası doğal gaz ve petrolünün dünya piyasalarına ulaştığı önemli bir ticaret ve enerji yolu olması nedenleri ile jeo-politik ve jeo-stratejik öneme sahiptir. Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı Karadeniz’in bölgesel güvenliğini ve uluslararası ticaretini olumsuz yönde etkilemiş olup, küresel güvenlik için bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, Karadenizin artan jeopolitik önemi, yıllara göre ve Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı sürecinde Türk Boğazları gemi trafiğinin frekans dağılımı, Rusya-Ukrayna savaşının dış ticaret ve küresel güvenliğe etkisi incelenmiş, Rusya-Ukrayna krizi ve savaş süreci ve Montrö Boğazlar Sözleşmesi’nin savaşın genişlemesinin önlenmesine katkısı değerlendirilmiş, Rusya-Ukrayna krizinin risk değerlendirmesi yapılmıştır. Rusya’ya karşı ekonomik yaptırımların ve Ukrayna’ya askeri yardımların savaşın uzamasına neden olacağı, savaşın şiddetini arttıracağı, küresel ticaret, gıda ve enerji güvenliği ve küresel güvenliğe olumsuz etkisi olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.Montrö Sözleşmesi’nin Türkiye, Karadeniz’e kıyıdaş ve bölge ülkelerinin küresel güvenliğinin sağlanmasında ve uluslararası politikadaki dengelerde önemini daha da arttırdığı değerlendirilmiştir.

The Strait of Çanakkale, is connecting the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea and Mediterranean by the Sea of Marmara is one the most important and risky straits in the world. Nearly 45.000 ships passed through Çanakkale in 2017. Çanakkale Strait contains high risks for marine accidents such as grounding and collision due to intense marine traffic. In the study, the marine accidents that occurred in the Strait of Çanakkale for 2001- 2015 have been analysed by using frequency distribution and Chi Square Test. The main findings of the study are as follows: The most accidents occurred between September and November; the most accidents occurred in the hours between 24:00–04:00; grounding/stranding was the most common accident type, respectively collision to occur in the Strait of Çanakkale;dry bulk ships were involved in the most accident, respectively cargo ships; the ships with a gross tonnage of less than 3,000 gross tonage and Turkish Flag vessels were those most involved in accident, human error is the maincause of accidents. As a result of the study suggestions for measures to be taken are given for the prevention of accidents and environment protection.

Nearly 90% of world trade is transported by sea. Maritime piracy is a major threat for maritime security, shippers, crews, cargo owners and insurance companies. Main reasons of piracy and armed robbery attacks, piracy statistics, international conventions, regulation and multinational efforts were examined and maritime piracy against ships are analyzed in the period 2015 to 2020 in the study. The Chi Square Test (χ2) was used to test statistical relationship between categorical variables such as piracy attacks by years, months and hours, types, regions and type of vessels attacked. The results of the frequeny distributions show that the most piracy attacks occurred in 2015 (20.9%), the most attacks were in March-April-May (30.2%), the most attacks were occured between the hours 24:00-04:00 (29.2%) the most attacks occurred in South East Asia (42.6%), the most type of attacks against to ships were boarded (79.1%), the most attacks were occurred against bulk carriers (28.6), Marshall Islands-flagged ships were the most attacked (17.1%). The results of Chi-Square Test show that there is a weak statistical relationship between the piracy attacks by months and regions; there is a weak statistical relationship between the piracy attacks by years and type of attacks. There is no statistical relationship between other variables. In the conclusion part of the study, some suggestions are proposed to combat the maritime piracy.

Denizcilik taşımacılığında yakıt tüketimi, çevrekirliliği ve insan hatasından kaynaklanan deniz kazalarını azaltmak ve yeşiltaşımacılık sağlamak amacıyla insansız gemiler denizcilik sektörününgündemindedir. İnsansız gemilerin; gemi sahipleri, daha fazla enerjitasarrufu, seyir emniyeti ve çevre güvenliği açısından denizcilik sektörünebirçok yararı olacaktır. Ancak insansız gemilerin; siber saldırılar, iş kayıpları, gemi adamlarının becerilerine olumsuzetkileri, yüke ilişkin kazaların artması vb. yeni riskleri de beraberindegetireceği düşünülmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı uluslararası ticaretin geleceği insansızgemilerin güçlü ve zayıf taraflarını, fırsat ve tehditleri (GZFT) ortaya koymak, insansız gemilerinhukuki boyutlarını inceleyerek yapılması gereken hukuki ve teknik düzenlemelereilişkin önerilerde bulunmaktır. Çalışmada, dünyada insansız gemilere ilişkinçalışmalar, sorunlar veriskler incelenmiş, insansız gemilerin Güçlü ve ZayıfYönler, Fırsatlar ve Tehditler (GZFT) Analizi yapılmış, 1982 Uluslararası Birleşmiş Milletler Deniz Hukuku Sözleşmesi,Uluslararası Denizcilik Örgütü Sözleşmeleri, diğer uluslararası denizciliksözleşmeleri ve ulusal mevzuatta insansız gemiler ile ilgili düzenlemelergözden geçirilmiş olup, söz konusu mevzuatta yapılması gereken düzenlemelereilişkin öneriler verilmiştir., Unmannedvessels are the maritime sector’s agenda to reduce environmental pollution,fuel consumption and marine accidents caused by human error and to providegreen shipping. The unmanned vessels have a number of benefits for the maritime sector fromthe points of shipowners in terms of more energy efficiency, safety of navigation and environment. However, unmanned vessels bringsome risks such as cyber attacks, job losses, negative effects concerning the skills of seafarers, and increase in the risk of cargorelated incidents. The objective ofthis paper is to put forward strengths and weaknesses, opportunities andthreats of unmanned vessels, to investigate legal aspects of unmanned ships andto give some suggestions related to legislative and technical regulationsconcerning unmanned ships. In this paper, the studies, problems and risks related to unmanned vessels in the world areinvestigated, Strengths and Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT)Analysis has been conducted, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),1982, International Maritime Organization(IMO) Conventions and other international shipping conventions relatingunmanned vessels havebeen reviewed and some suggestions have beengiven on legal regulations of unmanned ships.

The Turkish Straits which comprise the Strait of İstanbul, the Strait of Çanakkale and the Sea of Marmara connect the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas and the Black Sea. The Straits are one of the most hazardous and crowded waterways in the world. The Straits are important from the point of international politics and commerce. The aim of the study is to analyse the accidents that occurred in the Strait of İstanbul from the implementation of the Maritime Traffic Regulations for the Turkish Straits and the Marmara Region in 1994 until 2019 using frequency distribution, Chi Square) and Cramer’s V Tests. The main findings of the study have given as follows; the cargo ships were the most involved in the accident; accidents are mostly collision and respectively grounding; the most accident has been occurred in the hours 20:00-24:00, main reason of accidents is human error and a total of 71.5% of the ships involved in the accident have not taken a pilot in the Strait of İstanbul. There is a statistically significant relationship between accident type and accident year; between accident type and the ship types involved in the accident and between accident type and whether the ship involved in the accident had a pilot; relationship between ship type involved in the accident and whether to take a pilot or not. At the conclusion of the study suggestions are proposed to provide safety of environment and navigation in the Strait of İstanbul.

Deniz haydutlari genellikle dar, riskli ve stratejik onemi haiz dunya ticaretinin gectigi su yollarinda saldiri yapmaktadir. Bu calismada, 2009-2013 donemini iceren Aden Korfezi, Somali, Endonezya ve diger yuksek riskli bolgelerde gemilere yonelik deniz haydutlugu ve silahli soygun saldirilari analiz edilmistir. Calismada deniz haydutlugunun baslica nedenleri, deniz haydutlugu ile mucadelede yasal konular, ilgili anlasmalar ve duzenlemeler, uluslararasi cabalar incelenmistir. Saldiri yillari, aylari ve saatleri, saldiri turu, saldiriya ugrayan gemi turleri, saldiri bolgeleri ve lokasyonlari, saldiri bolgelerinin enlem ve boylamlari ve haydut sayisi gibi parametrik olmayan degiskenler arasindaki iliski olup olmadigini belirlemek icin Ki-Kare Testi (χ2) kullanilmistir. Genel bir degerlendirme yapilmis ve deniz haydutlugu ve silahli soygunla mucadelede gerekli onlemler ve alinmasi gerekli tedbirler onerilmistir