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Seagrass beds are highly productive ecosystems and have ecosystem services in the coastal zone but are continuously declining globally. Mainly due to anthropogenic activities that reduce the amount of light entering the waters and reaching seagrasses, such as dredging, reclamation, sedimentation, and eutrophication. This research was conducted to determine the relationship between turbidity level and seagrass composition and morphology. The observations were conducted in November 2016 in Pangkep district on Sagara Island and Makassar City on Barrang Lompo and Lae-lae Island, South Sulawesi Province. The observation stations are determined based on the level of turbidity conditions. Sagara Island, Barrang Lompo, and Lae-lae are areas that are considered to represent turbid waters, by laying a line transect (roll meter) perpendicular to the coast and doing it 3 times. The data collected in this study related to seagrass conditions such as seagrass composition and seagrass morphometrics. Variables observed in seagrass leaf morphometric observations were leaf surface area and leaf width, leaf thickness, and distance between internodes. In addition, other data collected is environmental parameter data, such as currents, TSS, PAR, temperature, and salinity. One-way ANOVA analysis showed that there was a difference in turbidity levels between Barrang Lompo Island, Sagara Island, and Lae-lae Island with a significance value of 0.000. The types of seagrasses found on Barrang Lompo with light availability of 1735.23 µmol/m²/s are Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, Thalassia hemprichii. On P. Sagara with light availability of 170.01 µmol/m²/s, E. acoroides, T. hemprichii, Cymodocea serrulata, H. uninervis, and H. ovalis were found. Whereas in P. Lae-lae only E. acoroides was found. The results showed that the level of turbidity has an influence on seagrass morphometrics, namely leaf ratio and leaf thickness of E. acoroides species, and internode distance in H. uninervis species. Keywords: Availability of light Morphometrics PAR Seagrass beds Turbidity

The weight matrix is one of the most important things in Generalized Space–Time Autoregressive (GSTAR) modeling. Commonly, the weight matrix is built based on the assumption or subjectivity of the researchers. This study proposes a new approach to composing the weight matrix using the minimum spanning tree (MST) approach. This approach reduces the level of subjectivity in constructing the weight matrix since it is based on the observations. The spatial dependency among locations is evaluated through the centrality measures of MST. It is obtained that this approach could give a similar weight matrix to the commonly used, even better in some ways, especially in modeling the data with higher variability. For the study case in traffic problems, the number of vehicles entering the Purbaleunyi toll was modeled by GSTAR with several weight matrix perspectives. According to Space–Time ACF-PACF plots, GSTAR(1;1), GSTAR(1,2), and GSTAR(2;1,1) models are the candidates for appropriate models. Based on the root mean square errors and mean absolute percentage errors, it is concluded that the GSTAR(2,1,1) with MST approach is the best model to forecast the number of vehicles entering the Purbaleunyi toll. This best model is followed by GSTAR(1,1) with an MST approach of spatial weight matrix.

AbstractContext The genus Glaucium Mill., one of the important Papaveraceae family plants, is rich in isoquinoline alkaloids and distributed worldwide.Objective Isolation and identification of bioactive alkaloids from Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & Huet. subsp. refractum (Nabelek) Mory var. torquatum (Cullen) Mory and G. corniculatum (L.) Rudolph var. corniculatum (Aslan 2012), and investigation of their antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities.Materials and methods The aerial parts of each plant were dried, powdered, and percolated with methanol, then each extract was fractionated between 50% aqueous acetic acid and petroleum. Their aqueous acidic layer was adjusted to pH 7–8 with NH4OH and extracted with chloroform, the extract was subjected to CC separation and isolation. Structures of the isolated alkaloids were elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR and mass spectral analyses. The alkaloid extracts and their pure alkaloids were tested for anti-cholinesterase (AChE and BuChE) and antioxidant (ABTS, CUPRAC, β-carotene linoleic acid tests) activities in vitro.Results Methanol extracts of Glaucium grandiflorum subsp. refractum var. torquatum and G. corniculatum var. corniculatum afforded a novel compound glauciumoline and seven known isoquinoline alkaloids three of which have an aporphine-type and the other five have a protopine-type skeleton. Among them, trans-protopinium (7) and cis-protopinium (8) were isolated from a Glaucium species for the first time. Tertiary amine extracts (TAEs) of both plants showed very strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The TAE of the plants also showed strong antioxidant activity while the isolated alkaloids showed no meaningful activity in the anticholinesterase and antioxidant tests.Discussion and conclusions Glaucium species are considered promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Summary: Background: Clinical management of Asian BRCA1 and BRCA2 pathogenic variants (PV) carriers remains challenging due to imprecise age-specific breast (BC) and ovarian cancer (OC) risks estimates. We aimed to refine these estimates using six multi-ethnic studies in Asia. Methods: Data were collected on 271 BRCA1 and 301 BRCA2 families from Malaysia and Singapore, ascertained through population/hospital-based case-series (88%) and genetic clinics (12%). Age-specific cancer risks were estimated using a modified segregation analysis method, adjusted for ascertainment. Findings: BC and OC relative risks (RRs) varied across age groups for both BRCA1 and BRCA2. The age-specific RR estimates were similar across ethnicities and country of residence. For BRCA1 carriers of Malay, Indian and Chinese ancestry born between 1950 and 1959 in Malaysia, the cumulative risk (95% CI) of BC by age 80 was 40% (36%–44%), 49% (44%–53%) and 55% (51%–60%), respectively. The corresponding estimates for BRCA2 were 29% (26–32%), 36% (33%–40%) and 42% (38%–45%). The corresponding cumulative BC risks for Singapore residents from the same birth cohort, where the underlying population cancer incidences are higher compared to Malaysia, were higher, varying by ancestry group between 57 and 61% for BRCA1, and between 43 and 47% for BRCA2 carriers. The cumulative risk of OC by age 80 was 31% (27–36%) for BRCA1 and 12% (10%–15%) for BRCA2 carriers in Malaysia born between 1950 and 1959; and 42% (34–50%) for BRCA1 and 20% (14–27%) for BRCA2 carriers of the same birth cohort in Singapore. There was evidence of increased BC and OC risks for women from >1960 birth cohorts (p-value = 3.6 × 10−5 for BRCA1 and 0.018 for BRCA2). Interpretation: The absolute age-specific cancer risks of Asian carriers vary depending on the underlying population-specific cancer incidences, and hence should be customised to allow for more accurate cancer risk management. Funding: Wellcome Trust [grant no: v203477/Z/16/Z]; CRUK (PPRPGM-Nov20∖100002).

The existence of blogs offers an innovation that encourages a new writing style integrated with technology. However, it seems that there are still not many EFL writing classes in Indonesia using online blogs, and little research has been conducted on how students’ perception of a blog in writing. This study aims to analyze the Indonesian EFL learners' perceptions toward the use of Blog as the medium of learning practices in English Writing class. This study use qualitative research involving a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used. For 12 weeks, thirty-four students participated in this study by posting weekly entries from their English writing assignments on blogs. The data from the questionnaire reveals that the majority of students strongly agree and agree with the usefulness, effectiveness, attitudes, and practicality of using a blog in English writing class. It means that blog as learning media is very influential in the development of students' learning process. The interview result also showed that online blogging provided many advantages such as being easy to operate, writing can be accessed by all readers in the world, receiving and giving comments on friends' blogs, no longer needing to the stationary, and encouraging the student's creativity to write systematically.

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by oxidative stress, inflammation and tissue damage. Vitamin A is an antioxidant, a regulator of epithelial proliferation and differentiation and vital for optimal immune function. To investigate the effect of vitamin A on the course of colitis, it was induced by administration of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) into the colons of rats fed for 7 wk vitamin A-deficient (VAD), sufficient (VAS) or supplemented (VASUP) diet, or VAS pair-fed (PF) to the VAD rats. Inflammation and fibrosis were examined by hematoxin and eosin, and Sirius red staining. Activation of nuclear factor-[kappa]B (NF-[kappa]B) and oxidative stress were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) and RBC Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase activity, respectively. Vitamin A deficiency in the noncolitic rats impaired food consumption and weight gain (P < 0.05) and increased plasma MDA, (P = 0.01) activity of NF-[kappa]B (P < 0.05) and deposition of collagen in the colon. Our data suggest that vitamin A deficiency induces colonic inflammation. Colitis is amplified by deficiency and ameliorated by supplementation of the vitamin. These findings have implications for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. KEY WORDS: * vitamin A * colitis * nuclear factor-[kappa]B * fibrosis * oxidative stress

The genus Gundelia is currently represented with 18 species, of which 16 are in Turkey. In genus Gundelia, the chromosomal data were reported from 12 species. In the present study, it is aimed to eliminate the deficiencies in the knowledge about chromosomal data of Gundelia species. In Genus Gundelia, only a single chromosome number had been detected as 2n=18 so far. The chromosome numbers of four species were reported here for the first time: G. armeniaca, G. cappadocica, G. siirtica, and G. tehranica. In addition, the polyploidy in the genus was rare and G. anatolica was identified as the first polyploid species. All karyotypes except G. tehranica were symmetrical, consisting of metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Secondary constrictions were observed in the distal regions of the long arms of the longest metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Thus, the chromosomal data of all Turkish Gundelia species were completed. In conclusion, the present study presented new data into the karyological records relating the karyotype evolution and interspecific relations of genus Gundelia.

Pekauman is a village that has a heritage of archeological resources. Relics found in the form of relics in the era before knowing writing. The purpose of this study is to explain the management of archaeological resources in Pekauman Village as a cultural tourism object in Bondowoso Regency. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method that goes through the stages of collecting data from literature, observation, interviews and analyzed using qualitative analysis, contextual analysis, and SWOT analysis. The results of this study obtained an overview of the damage and consequences of damage to cultural heritage objects in the form of human, natural, and weather factors. Cultural heritage objects studied include menhirs, kenong stones, sarcophagi, and dolmens. Stages of treatment by cleaning the object's environment, cleaning mildew and other treatments.

The coral reefs of Panjang Island, Jepara have been under pressure both by natural factors and by human (anthropogenic) activities, which have resulted in the degradation coral reef area. Research on changes in coral reefs is needed, but the constraints are time, cost, and labor. Remote sensing interpretation of satellite image data is an alternative to determine changes in the area of coral reefs. The use of multitemporal image data can be applied to analyze changes that occur, in this study using four Landsat image data with the acquisition of 2001,2005, 2010, and 2019. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the area of coral reefs in Panjang Island for the period 2001-2019. The research material used is Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 imagery. The research method is a survey method with a multispectral classification of the maximum possibilities for extracting coral reef cover data from multitemporal images that have been corrected geometrically and radiometrically. A field survey (ground check) was conducted to determine the percentage mapping accuracy. Data on coral reef cover were overlaid to obtain the results of changes in the area of coral reefs for the period 2001-2019. The results showed that the coral reefs in Panjang Island had undergone extensive changes, namely: The area of living coral reefs decreased to 64,34%, with a change rate of 0.17 HaYear-1from 2001-2019. In 2001, the distribution of live coral reefs was seen on the northeast, east, south, and west sides of Panjang Island then reduced coral reefs area, finally left on the northeast and south sides of the island in 2019. Terumbu karang di Pulau Panjang ,Jepara telah mengalami tekanan baik oleh peristiwa alam maupun oleh aktivitas manusia (antropogenik), yang menyebabkan terjadinya degradasi luasan areal. Penelitian tentang perubahan luas terumbu karang sangat diperlukan, namun kendaalanya adalah waktu lama, biaya serta tenaga yang banyak. Penginderaan jauh interpretasi data citra satelit adalah salah satu alternatif guna mengetahui perubahan luas terumbu karang.Pemanfaatan data citra multitemporal dapat diterapkan untuk menganalisis perubahan yang terjadi, dalam penelitian ini menggunakan empat data citra landsat dengan akuisisi tahun 2001,2005, 2010 dan 2019. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan luas terumbu karang di perairan Pulau Panjang perode tahun 2001-2019. Materi Penelitian yang dipergunakan adalah citra Landsat 7 dan Landsat 8.Metode penelitian adalah metode survei dengan klasifikasi multispektral dari kemungkinan maksimum untuk ekstraksi data tutupan terumbu karang dari citra multitemporal yang telah dikoreksi secara geometris dan radiometrik.survei lapangan (ground check) dilakukan untuk mengetahui persentase akurasi pemetaan. Data luas tutupan terumbu karang dioverlay guna mendapatkan hasil perubahaan luas terumbu karang periode tahun 2001-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Terumbu karang di Pulau Panjang telah mengalami perubahan luas yaitu 64,34% dengan laju penurunan sebesar 0,17 HaTh-1dari Tahun 2001-2019. Pada tahun 2001 sebaran terumbu karang hidup terlihat di sisi timur laut, timur, selatan dan dan barat dari Pulau Panjang, kemudian semakin mengecil areanya, hingga tersisa pada sebelah sisi timur laut dan selatan pulau saja pada tahun 2019.