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OBJECTIVES. We investigated peripheral smell regions in patients with central vertigo by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this study, 137 adult patients were included by selecting cranial MRI images from the hospital’s PACS system, covering both recent and past records. The first group included 68 adult patients suffering from central vertigo, and the control group (Group 2) 69 healthy individuals, who had no central vertigo. Measurements of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth were taken from all groups. RESULTS. The study found that the OB volume of the group with central vertigo was significantly lower compared to the control group (p0.05). In both groups, there were no significant variations in OB volume between the right and left sides (p>0.05). Additionally, both the central vertigo group and the control group showed that the left OS depth was lower than the right side (p CONCLUSION. We concluded that OB volume got lower in patients with central vertigo. However, there were no side differences between OB volumes. As central vertigo secondary to cerebral ishchemia causes olfactory disorders, measures should be taken to prevent central vascular problems. From another perspective, olfactory problems may be one of the initial signs of central vascular problems and central vertigo.

Aim: We aimed to determine with carotid Doppler ultrasound (CDU) whether the increase in inflammatory cells and mediators plays a role in intima-media thickening in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and to correlate this with the severity of the disease. Material and Method: In this retrospective study, CDU reports and images of allergic rhinitis patients were evaluated in Group 1 (n=16). Score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR) and blood parameters that Hemoglobin (Hb), White Blood Cells (WBC), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), sedimentation levels were noted. Control group without AR consisted of 17 patients. In both groups, the presence of plaque on common carotid artery (CCA), and internal carotid artery (ICA) and all intima-media thickness were noted by CDU. Results: In our study, CCA intima-media thickness and ICA intima-media thickness values of the AR group were significantly higher than those in the control group bilaterally (p

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the effect of olfactory deficiency caused by sinonasal polyposis using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, 33 adult patients with bilateral chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) (Group 1) and 30 healthy subjects without nasal polyps (Control, Group 2) were included. On coronal T2 weighted SPIR images of the MRI, the olfactory bulb (OB) volume and the olfactory sulcus (OS) depth were measured; the same action was performed on the axial T1 weighted images, for the corpus amygdala and insular gyrus areas. RESULTS. OB volume, insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas of the CRSwNP group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p CONCLUSION. OB volume was found to be smaller in the CRSwNP group. We think that the OB volume has decreased primarily due to decreased transfer of odor particles (sensory input) related to nasal obstruction and inflammation in the presence of nasal polyps. After OB volume shrinkage, the insular gyrus and corpus amygdala areas shrink due to the decreased data transfer to the central odor system. In patients with nasal polyps, olfactory functions may improve after endoscopic sinus surgery.

We examined the relationship between nasal septal deviation (SD) angle and maxillary sinus volumes by examining the paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images in children. In this retrospective study, PNSCT images of 106 children with one-sided nasal SD were included. According to the SD angle, two groups were identified: Group 1 (n = 54): SD angle ≤ 11°, Group 2 (n = 52): SD angle > 11°. There were 23 children between 9 and 14 years and 83 children between 15 and 17 years. Maxillary sinus volume and mucosal thickening were evaluated. In 15- to 17-year age group, maxillary sinus volumes of males were higher than females bilaterally. For each of the males and females, ipsilateral maxillary sinus volume was significantly lower than the contralateral side in all children and in 15- to 17-year age group. In each of the SD angle values (≤11 or >11) separately, ipsilateral maxillary sinus volume was lower; and in the SD angle > 11° group, maxillary sinus mucosal thickening values were higher than those of the contralateral side. In young children in 9- to 14-year age group, bilateral maxillary sinus volumes decreased, in this group maxillary sinus volume was not affected according to the SD. However, in 15- to 17-year age groups, maxillary sinus volume was lower on the ipsilateral SD side; and ipsilateral and contralateral maxillary sinus volumes of the males were significantly higher than those in the females. SD should be treated at an appropriate time to prevent SD-related maxillary sinus volume shrinkage and rhinosinusitis.

The effects of different climatic conditions on the quality of life (QoL) of patients following septoplasty or septorhinoplasty were investigated.A total of 89 patients (47 males and 42 females) underwent either septoplasty or septorhinoplasty during the summer (summer group, n = 42) or winter (winter group, n = 47) season. To assess QoL, SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT)-22, Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale, and Visual Analogue Scale were used. Postoperative (PO) pain, bleeding, and symptoms related to nasal packing (eating and sleep problems) were also evaluated.PO pain scores were lower in the winter group than that in the summer group (p0.05). After pack removal, there was a slight serohemorrhagic nasal discharge in 2.1% of the patients in the winter group, but no patient required intervention. Slight leakage was detected in 47.6% of the patients and 2.4% of the patients called for intervention (p0.05) in the summer group. The SNOT-22 values did not differ between the groups (p0.05). NOSE scores in the winter group were higher than that in the summer group (p0.05). In each group, SNOT-22 (pRegardless of climate or season, septoplasty or septorhinoplasty increases patients' QoL. However, problematic PO bleeding was detected at a higher frequency in patients who underwent surgery in summer. The advantage of surgery in winter is that it leads to less frequent problematic bleeding PO.

Objectives We investigated the optic nerve (ON) and chiasm (OC) in magnetic resonance (MR) in diabetic patients by comparing them with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. Methods In this retrospective study, cranial MRIs of 42 adults (19 males and 23 females) with diabetes mellitus (DM) (group1) and 40 healthy controls (19 males and 21 females) (group 2) were included. In both groups, bilateral ON widths and OC area, width, and height were measured. In the DM group, HbA1c values were also obtained at the time of MRI or within the same month. Results In the DM group, the mean of the HbA1c values was 8.31 ± 2.51%. There were no significant differences between ON diameter; and OC area, width and height of the DM and control groups (p > 0.05). In each of the DM and control groups, ON diameter was not different between the right and left sides (p > 0.05). In DM groups, correlation tests showed that there were positive correlations between right and left ON diameters, OC area and OC width, and OC height (p Conclusion A significant correlation of OC width and HbA1c levels suggests that uncontrolled DM causes ON atrophy. Our study represents a thorough assessment of OC measures using standard brain MRI to evaluate optic degeneration in DM patients and shows that the OC width measurement is suitable and reliable. This simple method can be obtained from clinically available scans.

Cigarette smoking remains a serious health problem all over the world. We investigated the peripheral and central olfactory pathways in young male smokers to determine whether there is a relationship between the amount of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking and the dimensions of the olfactory areas.In this retrospective study, cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of adult male smokers aged ≤ 40 years (n = 51) and 50 healthy male adults were analyzed. The olfactory bulbus (OB) volumes and olfactory sulcus (OS) depths, insular gyrus, and corpus amygdala areas were measured via cranial MRI. In the smoker group, the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking were noted and the Brinkmann index was calculated.OB volume, OS depth, and the insular gyrus areas of the smokers were lower than in the control group (p 0.05). There were no differences between the groups in terms of the corpus amygdala measurements (p 0.05). No significant correlations were found between the number of cigarettes smoked daily, smoking duration, and the Brinkmann index and the peripheral and central olfactory measurements in our study (p 0.05).In smokers, OB volumes, the OS, and the central areas decrease bilaterally, regardless of smoking duration and number of cigarettes smoked daily. This could be related to inflammatory mediators that may be harmful to the olfactory neuroepithelium, gray matter atrophy in the brain, or endothelial damage related to smoking and its effects on blood support to the brain and olfactory regions.

We investigated senile volume and density changes in infraorbital fat to evaluate by computed tomography (CT).CT examinations of a total of 120 patients (60 males and 60 females) were included in 3 age groups: 18-29 (group 1), 30-49 (group 2), and 50 years and older (group 3). Body weight and height and BMI were recorded, and infraorbital fat tissue volume and density were measured on CT.Body weight and BMI of ≥50 years of age were significantly higher than the younger ones. In overweight and obesity groups, infraorbital fat volume increased and density decreased compared to the underweight and normal weight groups. In ≥50 years of age group, infraorbital fat volume was higher; density was lower than 18-29 years of age. Female's infraorbital fat volume was higher; density was lower than males. In each age group, the infraorbital fatty tissue density of the females was significantly lower than those in the males. There was a negative correlation between infraorbital fat volume and density. In older patients and as age groups, body weight and BMI increased, infraorbital fat volume increased, and infraorbital fat density decreased.By aging, BMI and body weight and infraorbital fat volume increased, and infraorbital fat density decreased, especially at ≥50 years of age that is thought to be one of the factors that play a role in the downward bulging of infraorbital fat tissue. Females' higher infraorbital fat volume and infraorbital fat density may be a reason for the females' bulging in the infraorbital fat region.

OBJECTIVES. We reviewed the literature on allergic disorders during adolescence. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The Pubmed, Google, Google Scholar and Proquest Central databases were used with search terms: adolescent, teenager, allergic rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and food allergy. RESULTS. Children with a proven allergy have a risk for developing another allergic disorder that is 8-fold higher compared to normal and approaching 7-fold for asthma. The age at which allergy is diagnosed in childhood has a powerful bearing on whether allergic disorders or asthma develop in adolescence. Atopic response severity in a patient during childhood predicts the severity of allergic asthma as an adult. Patients may become asthmatic as adolescents, probably due to a late presentation of allergic disease, or as the presenting complaint for the triad of intrinsic asthma, nasal polyp formation and aspirin intolerance (so-called Samter triad). Allergic eczema (Atopic dermatitis) carries on into their adolescent years in between 10 and 20% of children. Food allergy (FA) is more frequently noted in childhood and adolescence than in adulthood. For the most part, symptoms were attributable to pollen-associated FA and of mild severity. Being hypersensitive to food for non-allergic reasons was rarer. CONCLUSION. Allergic rhinitis represents a significant risk factor for becoming asthmatic, whether in childhood, adolescence or adulthood. Atopic dermatitis and food allergy are also frequent conditions during adolescence. Pollen-associated FA constitutes an important part of the food allergy. Furthermore, food allergy may be the leading trigger for anaphylaxis. Common associations/comorbidities of atopic dermatitis reported are other atopic conditions such as food allergies, asthma and allergic rhinitis/rhinoconjunctivitis.

Objectives Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is characterized by increased intracranial pressure. We investigated the optic nerve, Meckel’s cavity, internal carotid artery (ICA) and pituitary findings of IIH by Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Methods Cranial MRI images of 35 adult patients with IIH and 35 adult subjects with normal cranial MRI results (control) were evaluated. Optic nerve diameter (OND), optic nerve sheat diameter (ONSD), OND/ONSD ratio, ON tortuosity, ON protrusion, posterior scleral flattening, ICA transverse diameter, CSF distance in Meckel’s cavity and ICA transverse diameter/CSF distance in Meckel’s cavity ratio, and pituitary gland measurements (height and transverse dimension; and Optic chiasm- pituitary gland distance) were measured. Results OND and ONSD of the IIH group were significantly higher than those of the control groups at anterior and posterior measurements (p Conclusion OND/ONSD ratio is different in anterior and posterior measurements. So we recommend measuring OND and ONSD separately in IIH patients to use in the clinical practice. Similarly, optic chiasm-pituitary gland distance is also another point to note for IIH patients on MRI. Our paper adds new approach to IIH in terms of OND/ONSD ratio.

OBJECTIVES. As a person ages, the mucosal epithelium degenerates over time and the elderly often have complications due to dehydration. Nasal airflow decreases and nasal airway resistance increases. In this review, we discuss the relationship of rhinitis, sinusitis and asthma in elderly patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The literature survey was performed using the search engines PubMed, Google, Proquest Central, and EBSCO at the Kırıkkale University Library. RESULTS. With the aging process, allergic rhinitis decreases, whereas non-allergic rhinitis, such as drug-induced rhinitis can be observed more. Atrophic rhinitis is often seen in the elderly. Patients with geriatric rhinitis typically complain of constant sinus drainage problems, which may cause sinusitis. In addition, asthma prevalence has also been shown to be higher in elderly patients. Concurrent upper (rhinitis) and lower (asthma) respiratory tract symptoms are defined as Combined Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Syndrome. CONCLUSION. Rhinitis and asthma as well as sinusitis and asthma may be present in elderly patients. The incidence of allergic rhinitis has been shown to decrease with age. To achieve good results from treatment, the concurrent rhinitis and asthma as well as sinusitis and asthma should be kept in mind in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVES. To evaluate measurements of sella turcica on computerized tomography (CT) scans. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Using CT images of 185 subjects (122 male, 63 female), sella length (SL), posterior clinoid height (PCH), tuberculum sella (TS), sella height anterior (SA), sella middle height (SM), sella height posterior (SP), and sella anterior-posterior dimension (SAP), sella types (oval, circular and flattened) were measured in age groups (< 26, 26–40, 41–60, and > 60 y). RESULTS. In the 41-60y group, the SL and SAP dimensions of the males (n=39) and SM, TS and PCH of the females (n=17) were longer than in the younger group [for males, 26-40y (n=32) and < 26y (n=38) groups; for females, 26-40y (n=19) and < 26y (n=19) groups]. In both males and females, mainly the circular type sella was observed (64.8% and 74.6%, respectively). The SL and SAP distance of the flat sella (n=46) was significantly longer, and the PCH, TS, SA and SM measurements of the flat sella were significantly shorter than those of the oval (n=13) and circular types (n=126). CONCLUSION. The development of sella turcica continues through the age of 41 to 60 years. In the male group, growth was detected mainly in the anterior-posterior direction. The reason for this may be related to the decrease in the pars anterior of the pituitary gland and the enlargement of the pars posterior of the pituitary gland. However, in females, growth was detected mainly in the vertical direction. This is thought to be due to pituitary stalk elongation.

We investigated the peripheral and central olfactory regions in children with epilepsy using cranial MRI.In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images were obtained from 23 children with epilepsy and 23 healthy controls. Olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in the peripheral olfactory region and insular cortex and corpus amygdala areas in the central olfactory region were measured.There was no significant difference in the OB volume and OS depth in the peripheral olfactory regions in the two groups (p 0.05). In the central olfactory region, the insular cortex and corpus amygdala areas in the epilepsy group were significantly smaller than those in the control group (p 0.05). In both groups, the OS depth on the right side was significantly higher than that on the left side (p 0.05). In the epilepsy group, there were positive correlations between each of the OB volumes, OS depths, insular cortex areas, and corpus amygdala areas bilaterally (p 0.05). In both groups, there were positive correlations between the OB volume and OS depth, OS depth and insular cortex area and insular cortex area and corpus amygdala areas (p 0.05).A change in the central olfactory region in epileptic patients may be related to central tissue damage due to epilepsy. This finding has important implications for epilepsy patients, with early diagnosis and treatment potentially preventing a reduction in the volumes/depths of components of the central olfactory region in the pediatric population.

This study investigates the differences in agility, speed, jump and balance performance and shooting skills between elite hearing-impaired national team soccer players (HISP) and without-hearing-impairment elite soccer players (woHISP). Players were divided into two groups, the HISP group (n = 13; 23.5 ± 3.1 years) and the woHISP group (n = 16; 20.6 ± 1.4 years), and were tested in three sessions, seven apart, for metrics including anthropometrics, speed (10 m, 20 m and 30 m), countermovement jump (CMJ), agility (Illinois, 505, zigzag), T test (agility and shooting skills), and balance. The results showed that 30 m, 20 m and 10 m sprint scores, agility/ skills (sec), shooting skills (goals), zigzag, Illinois, and 505 agility skills, and countermovement jump scores were significantly lower among players with hearing impairments (p < 0.05). There were no significant T test differences between HISP and woHISP (p > 0.05). The HISP showed right posterolateral and posteromedial, and left posterolateral and posteromedial scores that were lower than the woHISP group (p < 0.05). Anterior scores were not significantly different between each leg (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the HISP group showed higher performance scores for speed (10 m, 20 m and 30 m), CMJ, agility (Illinois, 505, zigzag) and T test (sec and goals), but not balance. Hearing-impaired soccer players are determined by their skill, training, and strategy, not their hearing ability.

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the relationship between Lund-Mackay scale, olfactory bulb depth and width, and Keros classification in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). MATERIAL AND METHODS. In this retrospective study, paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images of 47 patients with CRSwNP and 47 healthy subjects (control) were evaluated. In the CRSwNP group, PNSCT scans were assessed based on Lund-Mackay scale. In both groups, olfactory fossae (OF) depth and width, and Keros classification were evaluated. RESULTS. The total Lund-Mackay score was 17.1±5.9. There were no significant differences between OF depth and width values of the nasal polyps group and control group. For both groups, Type II Keros was the most detected type; secondly, Keros type I and rarely Keros type III were detected. There was no significant correlation between Lund-Mackay score (All items and total score) and OF depth and width, and Keros type. There were negative correlations between ipsilateral OF depth and width (p0.05). Keros type was positively correlated between ipsilateral and contralateral OF depth and Keros type (p CONCLUSION. As a conclusion, there was no correlation between Lund-Mackay score and olfactory fossa dimensions (depth and width). When considering age, one could notice that Keros type decreased in older patients.

Objectives We investigated peripheric smell regions of olfactory bulb (OB) volume and olfactory sulcus (OS) depth in temporal and frontal lobe epilepsy patients by cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 150 adult patients were included. Group 1 was consisted of 50 adult patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Group 2 was consisted of 50 adult patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE). The control group (Group 3) was consisted of 50 healthy subjects without epilepsy. OB volume and OS depth were measured in all groups. Results OB volumes of the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups were significantly lower than those of the control group (padjusted 0.05). In the temporal and frontal epilepsy groups, there were positive correlations between OB volumes; OS depths; left OB volume and bilateral OS depths p 0.05). Conclusion We concluded that temporal and frontal epilepsy maybe related to decrease in OB volume and may cause olfactory impairment. Olfactory deficit maybe related to central epileptic focus. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of epilepsy are important to prevent olfactory impairment.

OBJECTIVES In the present study, we investigated the distance between adenoid tissue and internal carotid artery (ICA) in children with adenoid hypertrophy by magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Cranial magnetic resonance images of 200 children with adenoid hypertrophy between the ages of 5 and 15 were included. In group 1 (5-9 years of age), there were 100 children, and in group 2 (10-15 years of age), there were 100 children. In both groups, adenoid thickness, adenoid/nasopharynx) ratio, and superior, middle, and inferior adenoid-ICA distances were measured. RESULTS Adenoid thickness is significantly higher in the 10-to-15 years age group than in the 5-to-9 years age group (P < 0.05). Adenoid-ICA distance got lower from the superior to the inferior part in both age groups and in both sexes: inferior < middle < superior adenoid-ICA distance. In the 5-to-9 years age group, the minimum adenoid-ICA distances were 2.40 mmsuperior, 0.90 mmmiddle, and 1.20 mminferior. In 10-to-15 years age group, the minimum adenoid-ICA distances were 2.50 mmsuperior, 1.00 mmmiddle, and 0.90 mminferior. As adenoid thickness increased, the inferior adenoid-ICA distance decreased bilaterally (P < 0.05). As the age got older, adenoid thickness increased, and the left superior and middle adenoid ICA distances and bilateral inferior adenoid-ICA distances decreased (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The distance between adenoid and ICA decreased from superior to inferior. In 10- to 15-year-old children, the distance between adenoid and ICA was determined as lower than in the 5- to 9-year-old children. The minimum distances between adenoid and ICA were found to be between 0.9 and 2.5 mm in the 10-to-15 age group and between 0.9 and 2.4 mm in the 5-to-9 age group. It should be remembered that ICA can be very close to the adenoid tissue. In addition, because thermal injury can cause deeper damage to the tissue, bipolar cautery should be used with caution in this area and unipolar cautery should not be used.

We investigated the peripheral and central smell regions in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) by cranial MRI.In this retrospective study, cranial MRI images of 43 adult patients with IIH (Group 1) and 43 healthy adults without IIH (Group 2) were included. In both groups, peripheral [Olfactory bulb (OB) volume and Olfactory sulcus (OS) depth] and central smell regions (insular gyrus and corpus amygdala area, and thalamus volume) were measured in cranial MRI.Bilateral OB volume and insular gyrus area, and right corpus amygdala and thalamus volumes of the IIH group were significantly lower than those of the control group (p 0.05). In the IIH group, OB volume of the right side was significantly lower, and insular gyrus area of the right side was significantly higher than those of the left side (p 0.05). In the IIH group, there were positive correlations between OB volumes; OS depths; insular gyrus areas; corpus amygdala areas; and thalamus volumes bilaterally (p 0.05). In older patients, right OS depth and right corpus amygdala area decreased (p 0.05).In conclusion, IIH may be related to olfactory impairment. Cranial MRI images showed a decrease in peripheral (OB volume) and central (insular gyrus and corpus amygdala area and thalamus volume) smell regions. To prevent olfactory impairment in IIH patients, treatment should be done in IIH patients to decrease intracranial pressure. It is very important to prevent the circulation of CSF with increased pressure between the sheets of the olfactory nerve in IIH patients.

Objectives The authors examined the structural differences in the paranasal sinus region at sphenoid sinus in the pediatric population. Methods Paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) images of 86 pediatric subjects (30 males, 56 females) were included. In 13 to 15 years of age group (n=34) and ≥16 years of age group (n=52), sphenoid sinus pneumatization (SSP), optic canal and carotid canal classifications and dehiscence evaluation were performed. Results In both sexes, type 1 and type 2 SS pneumatization were observed more frequently on both the right and left sides. On the right side, type 2> type 1; on the left side type 1> type 2 optic canals were detected in both gender. Type 3 optic canals were detected in 8.8 to 14.7% of the 13 to 15 years of age group; and 11.5 to 17.3% of ≥16 years of age group. Type 4 optic canals were detected in 2.9% of the 13 to 15 years of age group and 1.9% of the ≥16 years of age group bilaterally. Optic canal dehiscence was detected in 26.5% of the 13 to 15 years of age group and 17.3% of the ≥16 years of age group. Type 1 and type 2 carotid canals are most common in children, the percentages for type 3 carotid canals were 1.8 to 3.6% in children. Conclusion In pneumatized SS, optic canal classifications got increased values which showed protrusion into the sphenoid sinus wall. Therefore, in children, the surgeons must be very careful for optic canal being nearer to the sphenoid sinus walls.