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Son yıllarda, yenilenemeyen fosil yakıt-esaslı hammaddelere alternatif olarak yenilenebilir atık biyokütleden düşük maliyetli karbon köpük hazırlanması üzerindeki çalışmalar oldukça dikkat çekmektedir. Bu kapsamda gerçekleştirilen çalışmada, i) kereste fabrikası atığı olan gürgen talaşının katranından karbon köpük üretilmesi; ii) ürünün elementel bileşiminin, yapısal, morfolojik ve kristalografik özelliklerinin kimyasal aktivasyon işlemi ile çeşitlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Hammaddenin elementel karbon içeriği (%45,99) ile kıyaslandığında %78,88-88,37 oranında daha yüksek karbon içeriğine sahip karbon köpükler hazırlanmıştır. Aktivasyon işlemi ile karbon köpüğün gözenek boyut dağılımının daha homojen olduğu ve yüzey alanının 59,821 m2/g değerinden 1004,184 m2/g’a yükseldiği, buna rağmen kristal yapının korunduğu ve benzer x-ışını kırınım profillerine sahip köpüklerin üretildiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, kimyasal aktivasyon işlemi ile yapıda oluşan çatlaklara ve kırılmalara bağlı olarak artan yüzey alanına karşılık basma dayanımı değerinin düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Özetle, uygulama alanı göz önünde bulundurularak odun-esaslı karbon köpük hazırlanmasında gerçekleştirilen kimyasal aktivasyon işleminin ürün özelliklerini önemli derecede etkileyebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır., In recent years, studies on the preparation of low-cost carbon foam from renewable waste biomass as an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuel-based raw materials have attracted considerable attention. In this study, it is aimed i) to produce carbon foam from the tar of hornbeam sawdust, which is a sawmill waste; ii) to diversify the elemental composition, structural, morphological, and crystallographic properties of the product with the chemical activation process. Carbon foams with 78.88-88.37% higher carbon content were prepared compared to the elemental carbon content of the raw material (45.99%). It was determined that the pore size distribution of the carbon foam was more uniform with the activation process, and the surface area increased from 59,821 m2/g to 1004,184 m2/g, after all the crystal structure was preserved and foams with similar x-ray diffraction profiles were produced. In addition, it was observed that the compressive strength value decreased in response to the increased surface area due to cracks and breaks in the structure with the chemical activation process. In summary, it was concluded that the chemical activation process performed in the preparation of wood-based carbon foam considering the application area can significantly affect the product properties.

In this study, hydrothermal and acid pre-treatments were applied to improve the raw material properties of the bean pod. To evaluate the biomass as a fuel, it is superior to have low moisture content, high volatile matter, and carbon content. As acid concentration changed in acid washing and impregnation, different trends were observed in these contents. The optimum working concentration to meet all these properties was chosen as 1 M acid. In hydrothermal pre-treatment, as the temperature increased with constant reaction time, the moisture content of the biomass decreased while the amount of volatile matter was raised. According to the SEM, FT-IR, TGA, and preliminary and elemental analysis characterization results, the samples with high C and low O content after evaluating in hydrothermal pre-treatment at 190 °C for 20 min and hydrothermal pre-treatment at 150 °C for 20 min, washing with 1 M H3PO4, and impregnating with 1 M H3PO4 were subjected to pyrolysis process. When the tar yields obtained from impregnating with 1 M H3PO4 and washing with 1 M H3PO4 samples were compared, it was seen that the washing process gave a higher (19.56%) tar yield. In the pyrolysis experiments, the highest tar yield (22.18%) was achieved by using the hydrothermal pre-treatment at 190 °C for 20 min sample with a volatile matter content of 71.59%. Total volatile matter yields of pyrolysis were listed as (hydrothermal pre-treatment at 190 °C for 20 min) > (washing with 1 M H3PO4) > (impregnating with 1 M H3PO4) > (hydrothermal pre-treatment at 150 °C for 20 min). As a result, it can be concluded that the processes performed as hydrothermal method or acidic pre-treatment compared to raw biomass have an important role in obtaining the desired product distribution and properties in biofuel production.

Günümüzde teknolojinin geliştirilmesi üzerindeki çalışmaların artışı, yeni malzemelerin üretimini ve özelliklerinin geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır. Doğal/endüstriyel/pirolitik grafit, grafit/karbon köpükler, elmas, grafen, karbon nanotüp/nanofiber ve karbon kompozitler elektronik aletlerin üretiminde ve ısıl yönetim uygulamalarında kullanılan karbonlu malzemelerdir. Petrol kaynakları giderek azalmaya başlarken, biyokütlenin sıvılaştırılması biyokütle kullanımının yeni bir alanı olarak yaygınlaşmaktadır. Biyokütlenin termokimyasal dönüşüm yöntemleri içerisinde doğrudan sıvılaştırma prosesinin bir kolu olan solvoliz sıvılaştırma işlemi kullanılarak biyomalzemeler elde edilmektedir. Biyokütlenin yapısında bulunan selüloz, lignin ve hemiselüloz çok sayıda hidroksil grubu içermektedir. Hidroksil grupları sayesinde sıvılaştırılmış biokütlenin biyopolimerlere dönüşümü gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, düşük maliyetli ve yenilenebilir malzemelerden karbon köpük hazırlanması amacıyla endüstriyel atık olarak temin edilen gürgen ağacı talaşının solvolitik sıvılaştırılması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Solvolitik sıvılaştırma yönteminde reaktif türünün (fenol ve fenol+katran karışımı) karbon köpüklerin yapısı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Katranın sentez ortamına eklenmesi sonucu köpük yapısında meydana gelen düzensizliklerin üstesinden gelinmesi amacıyla, yüzey aktif madde miktarı arttırılarak işlemler tekrar edilmiştir. Karbon köpüklerin karakterizasyonu için elementel analiz, taramalı/geçirimli elektron mikroskopi, azot sorpsiyon ve x-ışını kırınım analizleri uygulanmış, ayrıca basma dayanımı ve yoğunluk ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Karakterizasyon verilerine göre, çözücü türü ve yüzey aktif madde miktarı değiştirildiğinde ayarlanabilir kristalografik, morfolojik ve yapısal özelliklere sahip biyokütle-esaslı karbon köpüklerin üretilebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Due to being an economic alternative to various oxides and even noble metals in many catalytic applications, perovskites are getting interest day by day by the researchers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the synergistic effect of metal species co-substitution in perovskite type catalysts in different biomass types pyrolysis process. Thus, evaluating the feedstocks and pyrolysis products in terms of yields, quality and potential use is successfully achieved. Perovskite-type catalysts LaCo0.5Mn0.5O3, LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3 and LaCo0.5Ni0.5O3 were prepared by sol–gel method, characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD and SEM techniques, and performed in the catalytic pyrolysis of two biomass samples (date seed and mandarin peel) in a tubular reactor at 520 °C with 100 °C/min and 100 cm3/min N2 atmosphere. Partial substitution of Bʹ was found to favor the catalytic activity as compared to non-catalytic results. The best pyrolysis performance was obtained with LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3, achieving maximum bio-oil yield of 28.33 and 25.73% for date seed and mandarin peel, respectively. Moreover, the best performance of LaMn0.5Ni0.5O3 signifies the best synergistic effect between Ni and Mn. The bio-oil characterization including elemental analysis, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and GC–MS results showed that catalysts favored to increase the H content and decrease the O content. It was also established that the bio-oil produced from date seed has the highest potential respecting upgrading the bio-oil to achieve valuable chemicals.

Although perovskites are extensively investigated in many areas, studies using perovskites as catalysts for biomass pyrolysis are still quite limited. While various transition metals can be inserted into perovskites to form different perovskites, it is critical to investigate the effects of various transition metallic substituents on the characterization of catalysts. This work involves the evaluation of nine perovskite-type catalysts in terms of their effectiveness and suitability for pyrolysis of date stone biomass. LaCoO3, LaMnO3 and LaNiO3 perovskite catalysts were prepared by sol-gel, hydrothermal and microwave methods and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and surface area measurement. Pyrolysis of date stones has been performed in tubular reactor at 520 °C with 100 °C/min and a nitrogen gas flow rate of 100 cm3/min. The influences of catalyst preparation method on catalytic cracking of pyrolysis vapours in terms of bio-oil yields were examined. Additionally, the effect of B metal in ABO3 perovskite structure on catalyst character and pyrolysis yields were examined in detail. According to results, highest bio-oil yield was achieved as 23.4% with LaMnO3 catalyst synthesized with sol-gel method. All perovskite-type catalysts have reduced the bio-oil yield and improved the water and gaseous yield as expected. This study paves the way for developing more challenging perovskite catalysts for the renewable energy sources.

This case study, which aims to discover how academicians can learn English in a most efficient and utilitarian way, analysed English education of 37 academic staff from different departments of a state university in Marmara region with qualitative and quantitative methods. The participants received the education both in Turkey and abroad in 2017 and 2018. Results of the exams given before, during and after the education separately in both years show that education abroad is more beneficial than the grammar intensive education received in Turkey. On the other hand, in the interviews and focus group discussions, participants stated that socio-cultural and ecological factors play a vital role in language learning. English is an important requirement of academic success, as it is both the scientific language and a required qualification and social and thus cultural interaction is important rather than classical methods in learning English. Language skills, being speaking in the first place should be focused on more., Akademisyenlerin İngilizceyi en etkin ve faydacı biçimde nasıl öğrenebileceklerini anlamayı ve keşfetmeyi amaçlayan bu durum çalışması Marmara bölgesinde bulunan bir devlet üniversitesinde farklı alanlarda görev yapmakta olan 37 akademik personelin 2017 – 2018 yıllarında Türkiye’de ve yurtdışında aldıkları İngilizce eğitimini nicel ve nitel yöntemlerle incelemiştir. Her iki yılda iki farklı grup halinde katılımcılara Türkiye’de ve yurtdışında verilen İngilizce eğitiminin öncesinde, esnasında ve sonrasında uygulanan sınavların incelenmesi neticesinde yurtdışında alınan dil eğitiminin Türkiye’de dilbilgisinin yoğun olarak verildiği İngilizce eğitiminden daha faydalı olduğu saptanmıştır. Öte yandan yürütülen odak grup görüşmeleri ve mülakatlarda katılımcılar büyük oranda sosyo-kültürel ve çevresel faktörlerin dil öğrenmede başat rol oynadığını belirtmişlerdir. Hem bilim dili, hem de aranan bir öznitelik olması sebebiyle akademik başarının önemli koşullarından bir tanesi haline gelen İngilizce eğitiminde klasik yöntemlerden ziyade sosyal ve kültürel etkileşim önemlidir ve dolayısıyla başta konuşma olmak üzere dil becerilerine daha çok ağırlık verilmelidir.

Nanocomposite hydrogels were produced by free radical polymerization of acrylic acid and N-vinylpyrrolidone in the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles. The chemical and morphological structures of the hydrogels were determined using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The nanocomposite hydrogels were used for the adsorption and desorption of Methylene Blue dye from wastewater. Wastewater was referred to distilled water that contained Methylene Blue dye under laboratory conditions. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents of the dye, hydrogels and dye-adsorbed hydrogels were determined by elemental analysis. The influences of SiO2 nanoparticles and copolymerization on the adsorption capacity were studied. The maximum dye removal of 98.3 % was obtained with AA-co-VP (3:1) copolymeric hydrogel. The synthesized hydrogels could be evaluated as adsorbents in wastewater treatment, effectively.

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are important biological control agents that are endoparasites of many types of insects. Improving soil health has potential to provide more suitable conditions and increase effectiveness of EPNs. For this purpose, effects of feedstock type (walnut shell, fir wood sawdust, rice husk, einkorn wheat husk and corn waste from field) and sand to biochar proportion (100:0; 90:10; 80:20 and 60:40 by weight) on infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode was investigated in this study. Based on characterization results, the selected biomass samples are suitable raw materials for the production of biochar by pyrolysis method. With regard to our results, except for walnut shell biochar, all biochar samples have significantly reduced EPN infection at 60:40 mixtures compared to control. Walnut shell biochar had no negative effect on EPNs and infection rate was 100% for all proportions. The macroporous structure of the walnut shell biochar contains moisture that can be adsorbed in the pores. When the oxygen contained in the air dissolved in adsorbed water, it was a source of life for EPNs that provided their oxygen demand from dissolved oxygen in water. However, application of corn waste biochar with high ash content was detrimental to EPN survival as a result of an increased salinity of the soil. The study concluded that biochar application may have detrimental or indifferent impacts on some beneficial nematode species.

Biyokütlenin oksijensiz ortamda bozundurulması ileelde edilen piroliz katı ürünü (biyoçar), toprak kalitesini iyileştiriciözelliğinden dolayı toprak düzenleyicisi olarak kullanılabilmektedir. Yapılanbu çalışmada, ceviz kabuğundan 500 °C'de biyoçar elde edilmiş ve biyoçar(g):toprak (kg) oranı 5, 10 ve 20 olmak üzere üç farklı oranda biyoçar-toprakkarışımları hazırlanmıştır. Elde edilen karışımlar 3, 8 ve 12 haftalıksürelerde inkübasyona bırakılmış ve inkübasyon sonunda toprak örneklerininkarakterizasyonu için pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, katyon değiştirme kapasitesi(KDK) ve su tutma kapasitesi (STK) ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Taramalı ElektronMikroskobu-Enerji-Dağılımlı X-Işını (SEM-EDX) tekniği ile inorganik maddemiktarı ve Kjeldahl metodu ile azot miktarı belirlenmiştir. Yüksek karboniçeriğine ve gözenekli yapıya sahip olan biyoçar, toprağın elektrikseliletkenlik ve pH değerlerini önemli ölçüde azaltırken, azot miktarını iseartırmıştır. Toprak için su tutma kapasitesi yaklaşık 0.55 g/g olarakbelirlenirken, biyoçar-toprak karışımında bu değerin 0.60 g/g’a yükseldiğigörülmektedir. Biyoçarın bitki büyüme üzerindeki etkisi incelendiğinde, enverimli sonucun biyoçar (g):toprak (kg) oranının 5 olduğu örnekten eldeedildiği belirlenmiştir., Biomass can be used as a soil conditioner due to its soil qualityenhancing properties. In this study, walnut shell biochar was produced at 500°C and mixed with three different doses of soil, including biochar (g):toprak(kg) ratio are 5, 10 and 20. The obtained soil-biochar mixtures were incubatedfor 3, 8 and 12 weeks. Electrical conductivity, pH measurements, cationexchange capacity (CEC) and water holding capacity (WHC) were carried out tocharacterize soil samples at the end of incubation periods. The amount ofnitrogen was determined by Kjeldahl method and Scanning ElectronMicroscope-Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) was used to specify the amount ofinorganic substance in soil. The biochar with high carbon content and porousstructure significantly reduced the pH and electrical conductivity values ofthe soil and increased the nitrogen amount. While the water holding capacityfor the soil is determined as approximately 0.55 g/g, it is seen that thisvalue increases to 0.60 g/g in the biochar-soil mixture. When the effect ofbiochar on plant growth was examined, it was determined that the most efficientresult was obtained from 5 g of biochar/1 kg soil mixture.

Current researches pay particular attention to cost-effective and abundant raw materials such as biomass as an alternative to fossil-derived-carbonaceous precursors. The aim of this study is to examine the usability of pyrolytic oil as a biopitch source in the foaming process and to investigate the effect of chemical activation on the characteristics of carbon foam. The elemental analysis of the biopitch supported the fact that the H/C and O/C ratios of wood-tar-based-pitch had high oxygenated and aliphatic carbons in contrast to fossil-pitches. Various basic analysis methods such as elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen sorption isotherms, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, true/bulk density and compressive strength tests were applied to analyze carbon foams. When the results of nitrogen sorption analysis were examined, it was determined that the surface area of carbon foam increased to about 31 times after activation. According to the pore size distribution graphs, the foams had regular pore distribution; additionally, the pore size in the mesopore region was determined to shift to the micropore region with activation. Compressive strength values were in the range of 0.40–1.97 MPa. Moreover, an increase in porosity values and a decrease in compressive strength values were observed due to enhancing porosity as a result of the activation process.

Recently, carbon and graphite foams were reported to be excellent for numerous thermal, mechanical and electrical applications such as high-temperature insulation, fuel cell electrodes, heat exchangers, brake discs, engine parts and bone surgery materials. In this study, the effect of surfactant amount was studied to examine the adjustability of the structure of the carbon foams with hard and less porous structure produced by the liquefaction of spruce tree sawdust in the presence of pyrolytic oil. When the phenol + pyrolytic oil mixture was added instead of the phenol in the synthesis step, the foaming agents could not abandon the structure, consequently, the hard polymeric structure was produced. Because of the gas molecules that cannot overcome the increasing surface tension on the polymer surface, the formation of pores on the surface is restricted during the synthesis with the addition of a standard amount of surfactant. When the surfactant amount was increased, foaming was successfully carried out due to the dissociation of gas molecules from the structure by overcoming the surface tension in the polymer matrix. As a result, it was proved that by changing the synthesis conditions, the surface area, porosity (%), compressive strength, elemental carbon content and crystalline structure of carbon foams can be adjusted due to the application area and desired properties.

Metal sektöründe önemli bir problem olan korozyonun sebep olduğu malzeme ve iş gücü kaybına çözüm olarak yüzyıllardır uygulanan yöntemlerin en bilineni metal kaplama işlemidir. Fosfat kaplama, çok geniş bir kullanım alanına sahip olduğu için sıklıkla tercih edilen bir kaplama türüdür. Demir, çelik, galvaniz çelik ya da alüminyum gibi metal yüzeylere, yüzeyin temizlenmesi ve boyaya hazırlanması, korozyon direncinin artırılması, boyanın yüzeyde daha iyi tutulması, soğuk şekillendirmede sürtünmeyi azaltması ve metalle çalışmalarda aşınmayı önlemesi gibi amaçlar için uygulanan bir kaplama yöntemidir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, fosfat kaplama işlemi sırasındaki aktivasyon basamağı ve kaplama süresinin kaplama kalitesi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Fosfat kaplama sırasındaki aktivasyon işleminde süreç parametresi olarak ortamın pH değeri, aktivasyon süresi ve fosfat kaplama süresi değiştirilmiştir. Aktivasyon ortamının pH değerinin kaplama kalitesine etkisini belirlemek için, aktivasyon süresi 60 saniye olarak sabit tutulmuş ve pH 8.50, 8.75, 9.00, 9.25, 9.50 ve 10.00 olarak değiştirilmiştir. Aktivasyon süresinin kaplama kalitesine etkisini belirlemek için ise, yapılan çalışmalarda aktivasyon banyosunun pH değeri 9,37 olarak sabit tutulurken aktivasyon süresi 15, 30, 45 ve 60 s olarak değiştirilmiştir. Kaplama süresinin kaplama kalitesine etkisi belirlenirken, aktivasyon ortamının pH’ı 9,00 ve aktivasyon süresi 60 s olarak sabit tutulurken, kaplama süresi 3, 5, 8 ve 10 dk olarak değiştirilmiştir. Yapılan deneysel çalışmalar sonucu, değiştirilen parametrelerin metal plakaların kaplama kalitesine etkisinin belirlenmesi için, metal plaka yüzeyleri taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelenmiştir, ayrıca kaplama kalınlıkları da endüstriyel kaplama kalınlığı ölçüm cihazı (elkometre) ile ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen SEM görüntülerine göre aktivasyon ortamının pH değeri azaldıkça, fosfat kristal oluşumu kötü yönde etkilenmiş ve fosfat kaplama yüzeyinde lekeli bir görüntü elde edilmiştir. Yüksek pH değerlerinde ise metal yüzeyinde homojen olmayan fosfat tabakası oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. 15 saniye aktivasyon uygulanan parçalarda kristaller arası boşluğun oldukça fazla olduğu, 30 saniye aktive edilmiş yüzeyde homojen yüzey dağılımının olmadığı ve aktive edilemeyen bölgenin lekeli bir görünüme sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. Aktivasyon süresinin düşük olduğu çalışmalarda parça yüzeyinin yeterince aktive olmadığı ve fosfat kaplama tabakasının güçlü tutunma sağlamayacağı belirlenmiş ve elde edilen SEM görüntülerine göre, aktivasyon maruziyeti için en uygun pH değerinin 9,00 ve aktivasyon süresinin 60 s olduğu belirlenmiştir., Metal coating is the most well-known method that has been applied for centuries as a solution to material and labor loss caused by corrosion, which is an important problem in the metal industry. Phosphate coating is a preferred coating process because it has a wide range of uses. It is a coating method applied to metal surfaces such as iron, steel, galvanized steel or aluminum for the purposes such as cleaning and preparing the surface for painting, increasing corrosion resistance, better hold on of the paint on the surface to reduce friction in cold shaping and prevent corrosion in working with metal. In this study, the effect of the activation step and coating time on the coating quality during the phosphate coating process was investigated. During activation process in phosphate coating, pH value of the solution, activation time and phosphate coating time have been changed as process parameters. In order to determine the effect of the pH value of the activation solution on the coating quality, the activation time has been kept constant as 60 s and the pH has been changed to 8.50, 8.75, 9.00, 9.25, 9.50 and 10.00. The activation time was changed to 15, 30, 45 and 60 s while the pH value of the activation bath was kept constant at 9.37 to understand the effect of activation time on coating quality. While determining the effect of the coating time on the coating quality, the pH of the activation solution was kept constant as 9.00 and the activation time was 60 s, while the coating time was changed to 3, 5, 8 and 10 minutes. As a result of the experimental studies, surfaces of metal plates have been investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to determine the effect of the changed parameters on the coating quality, and the coating thickness has also been measured with an industrial coating thickness measuring device (elkometer). According to the obtained SEM images, as the pH value of the activation solution decreased, the phosphate crystal formation has been adversely affected and a stained surface has been obtained on the phosphate coating surface. At high pH values, it has been determined that a heterogeneous phosphate layer formed on the metal surface. It has been observed that the vacancy between crystals was quite large in the samples that were activated for 15 s, there has been no homogeneous surface distribution on the surface activated for 30 seconds, and the area that could not be activated had a stained appearance. In studies with low activation time, it has been observed that the surface of the samples has not been activated enough and the phosphate coating layer would not provide strong adhesion, and according to the SEM images obtained, it was determined that the optimum pH value for the activation process was 9.00 and the activation time was 60 s.

Carbon and graphite foams have recently been reported to be highly suited to a range of applications, such as high-temperature insulation, fuel cell electrodes, heat exchangers, brake discs, engine parts, and bone surgery materials. In this study, the effect of surfactant amount added during carbon foam synthesis on the structure of the foam produced through the liquefaction of spruce tree sawdust in the presence of pyrolytic oil (bio-oil) was studied. When a mixture of phenol and pyrolytic oil was used as a solvent during synthesis instead of just phenol, the foaming agent could not exit the polymer, leading to the production of a hard polymeric structure. Also, applying the standard amount of surfactant meant that the gas molecules could not overcome the high surface tension at the polymer surface and were therefore trapped within the polymer, causing relatively few pores to be generated during synthesis. Increasing the amount of surfactant led to successful foaming, as gas molecules could dissociate from the structure by overcoming the surface tension of the polymer matrix. When the combination of pyrolytic oil and phenol was utilized, adding extra surfactant caused the porosity to increase by 19–33% due to the 39–61% rise in the surface area, although the compressive strength of the foam decreased by 24–79%. This study, therefore, showed that the surface area, porosity, compressive strength, elemental carbon content, and crystalline structure of the carbon foam could be tailored to the application area of the foam by adjusting the conditions applied during synthesis appropriately.

Bio-waste which is available in large quantities worldwide is rich in biodegradable organic matter. By utilizing from bio-waste as feedstocks to attain valuable bio-based products, resource and waste problems will be solved as being “double green”. The bio-waste utilization aids decrease pollution while providing renewable energy and bio-based chemicals for the upcoming utilizations. Consequently, bio-waste resource utilization has involved growing attention in scientific and industrial societies. The characteristic of avocado seed as a bio-waste was analysed using elemental analysis resulted as 39.89% C, 5.43% H, 0.43% N, 45.2% O content. The higher heating value was calculated using Dulong Formula as 13.70 MJ/kg. The raw milled bio-waste was characterized by FT-IR containing the wavenumbers in the range of 4000-400 cm-1. The spectra bands for bio-waste demonstrated characteristic peaks of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The mean moisture and ash contents of the “as-received” avocado seeds employed in this study were 6.54 wt% and 2.42 wt.%, respectively. Pyrolysis of avocado seed was carried out in a Heinze reactor at 500°C with a heating rate of 10°C/min and retention time of 20 min. The pyrolysis experiment yielded the liquid product (32%), solid product “char” (34%) and non-condensable gas (34%) with biomass conversion of 67%. Based on the results, it was confirmed that avocado seed can be utilized as a potential bio-waste according to pyrolysis results but liquid properties as a bio-fuel oil and solid product char properties as an activated carbon should be evaluated in detail. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projesi - BAP - 2018-01.BŞEÜ.03-08. Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Scientific Research Project - BAP - 2018-01.BŞEÜ.03-08.

Pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass with acidic pre-treatment to produce valuable bio-chemicals has been carried out in an integrated pyrolysis-gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry system. Three different waste biomasses (fir wood sawdust, pine wood sawdust and nutshell) were subjected to acidic solution to specify the acid pre-treatment effect on biomass chemical structure, thermal degradation profile and pyrolysis products. Post acid pre-treatments, the changes in the biomasses and thermal degradation profile were studied through proximate, structure and ultimate analysis and thermogravimetric. The pre-treatment significantly reduced the inorganic, cellulose and hemicellulose content in biomass samples. According to the pyrolysis experiment results, acid pre-treatment provided the increasing of the amount of phenolic in the degradation products at 10 min pyrolysis time. All the results would assist further understanding of thermal decomposition and thermo-chemical application for bio-fuels and bio-chemicals of fir wood sawdust, pine wood sawdust and nutshell. Article History : Received January 15 th 2018; Received in revised form May 24 th 2018; Accepted 7 th June 2018; Available online How to Cite This Article : Ozbay, N. and Yaman, E (2018) Enhancing the Phenolic Content of Bio-Oil by Acid Pre-Treatment of Biomass. Int. Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 7(2), 163-169. https://doi.org/10.14710/ijred.7.2.163-169

In this study, pyrolysis of tomato waste has been performed in fixed bed tubular reactor at 500 °C, both in absence and presence of Cu/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The influences of heating rate, catalyst preparation method and catalyst loading on bio-oil yields and properties were examined. According to pyrolysis experiments, the highest bio-oil yield was obtained as 30.31% with a heating rate of 100 °C/min, 5% Cu/Al 2 O 3 catalyst loading ratio and co-precipitation method. Results showed that the catalysts have strong positive effect on bio-oil yields. Bio-oil quality obtained from fast catalytic pyrolysis was more favorable than that obtained from non-catalytic and slow catalytic pyrolysis.

Toxic metal bearing effluents can cause severe environmental contamination; thus metal removal by adsorption is a vital situation. In this study, apple pulp carbon was tested as low-cost adsorbent for the copper(II) and cobalt(II) adsorption studies. 25 full factorial experimental design was utilized to optimize the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, contact time and temperature. ANOVA, F-test and Student’s t-test showed that Cu(II) and Co(II) adsorption is slightly temperature and contact time dependent but markedly increases with solution pH and adsorbent dosage. Although the initial Cu(II) concentration had a negative effect on removal efficiency, the initial Co(II) concentration had a positive effect. The suggested optimum conditions for 90.49% Cu(II) and 65.11% Co(II) removal were: pH 5, the adsorbent dosage = 0.4 g/50 mL, the initial metal ion concentration = 10 and 20 mg/L, temperature = 40 and 20 °C, contact time = 60 and 120 min, respectively. pH was found as significant within a 95% confidence level for both Cu(II) and Co(II) removal. Additionally, main effects of adsorbent dosage and initial concentration, the interaction effect of pH × initial concentration were also found as significant for Cu(II) removal. In conclusion, apple pulp carbon could be successfully applied for the removal of heavy metals because of its low-cost and abundance.

Pyrolysis is an eco-friendly process to achieve valuable products like bio-oil, char and gases. In the last decades, biochar production from pyrolysis of a wide variety of industrial and agricultural wastes become popular, which can be utilized as adsorbent instead of the expensive activated carbons. In this study, cherry pulp was pyrolyzed in a fixed bed tubular reactor at five different temperatures (400, 500,550, 600 and 700 °C) and three different heating rates (10, 100 and 200 °C/min) to obtain biochar. Proximate, ultimate, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, x-ray fluorescence, x-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were performed on cherry pulp and its chars to examine the chemical alterations after the pyrolysis process. Biochar yields were decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature and heating rate, based on experimental results. Porous biochars are carbon rich and includes high potassium content. The aromaticity of biochars increased and O/C mass ratio reduced with an increase in the pyrolysis temperature as a result of the development of compact aromatic structure in char. Pyrolysis provides a promising conversion procedure for the production of high energy density char which has promising applications in existing coal-fired boilers without any upgrading.

Activated carbons were prepared by carbonization of tomato paste processing industry waste at 500°C followed by chemical activation with KOH, K2CO3, and HCl in N2 atmosphere at low temperature (500°C). The effects of different activating agents and impregnation ratios (25, 50, and 100 wt.%) on the materials’ characteristics were examined. Precursor, carbonized tomato waste (CTW), and activated carbons were characterized by using ultimate and proximate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, point of zero charge measurements (pHPZC), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Activation process improved pore formation and changed activated carbons’ surface characteristics. Activated carbon with the highest surface area (283 m3/g) was prepared by using 50 wt.% KOH as an activator. According to the experimental results, tomato paste waste could be used as an alternative precursor to produce low-cost activated carbon.

Özbay, Nurgül (Bilecik Author) Yargıç, Adife Şeyda (Bilecik Author) Sahin, Rahmiye Zerrin Yarbay (Bilecik Author) Yaman, Elif (Bilecik Author) The present study is aimed to investigate thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of banana peel. In thefirst partof the study, banana peel was pyrolyzed by varying the temperatures between 400 and 700 C. It wasseen that higher temperature caused in lower bio-oil and bio-char yields but higher gas yields andoptimum temperature was determined as 550 C. In the second part, the mesoporous material Al-SBA-15with the typical hexagonal arrangement of SBA-15 verified via XRD possesses Lewis and Br€onsted acidsites (NH3-TPD), large surface area and wide pore diameter (N2physisorption) was able to catalyzing ofbanana peel biomass resulting in bio-oil yields of 18e28% with varying catalyst/biomass ratios (0, 5, 10,15, 20 wt%). The highest bio-oil yield from the catalytic pyrolysis was 18.64% with 15 wt% catalyst/biomass ratios. The composition and physical properties of the bio-oils were reported that the catalystincreased oxygen removal from the bio-oil and also developed the production of desirable products likephenolics and aromatic compounds. The results confirmed the catalytic pyrolysis of banana peel was wellrelated to the textural properties of catalysts.

Pyrolysis is one of the promising thermal degradation processes to utilize biomass energy; it is a thermochemical decomposition of organic material in the nitrogen atmosphere. The use of catalyst in the biomass pyrolysis is an interesting approach to enhance the composition of the liquid pyrolysis product (bio-oil) and optimize the selectivity of desirable compounds. In this study, tomato waste bio-oil was upgraded by using alumina-supported iron catalyst (Fe–Al2O3) to obtain a precious bio-oil via catalytic pyrolysis. The effect of catalyst on the product yields and bio-oil content was investigated. Pyrolysis of tomato waste gave a maximum liquid yield of 24.01% at the pyrolysis temperature of 500°C. Use of Fe–Al2O3 catalyst caused an increase in higher heating value of bio-oil. From the viewpoint of energy recovery, 20% was the most impressive ratio of catalyst to biomass.

WOS: 000430772400006, Bio-oil from low-cost and renewable lignocellulosic biomass is a complex mixture of organic compounds and water. It is necessary to selectively control the biomass pyrolysis pathways to obtain specific bio-oils rich in value-added chemicals. Microporous and mesoporous catalysts can be good candidates for the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass leading to the production of valuable components such as aromatic hydrocarbons and phenolics. In this study, in-situ catalytic upgrading of pyrolysis vapours from acid pretreated walnut shell was carried out in a lab scale fixed bed reactor with microporous nickel or cobalt impregnated Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 and mesoporous aluminum or iron impregnated Santa Barbara Amorf-15 catalysts. The effects of catalyst modification on product yields, bio-oil quality and the variation of the phenolic compounds in pyrolytic-oil were examined using elemental analysis, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The major improvement in the bio-oil quality by the catalyst addition was the reduction of the oxygen content of the bio-oil's organic fraction and the increase in valuable chemicals (aromatics and phenolics), while the total liquid yield (bio-oil) decreased. Catalysts also increased the gaseous product yields. In comparison to non-catalytic experiments, all the Proton-exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalysts decreased both the total liquid and the total organic content yield due to the H+ -form zeolite catalysing hydrocarbon conversion reactions. Compared to Proton-exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5, the metal impregnated catalysts yielded less water, but favoured the formation of gas products. It was evident that impregnation with metals changed the mechanism of oxygen removal. Cobalt/Proton-exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 favoured the formation of carbon dioxide over carbon monoxide, while nickel/Proton-exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 favoured the formation of carbon monoxide over carbon dioxide. When using Proton-exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 instead of silica sand, the guaicols and syringol that are formed from the thermal decomposition of the lignin fraction in the sulphuric acid treated walnut shell are significantly reduced and are mainly converted to alkylated phenols and aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. With the impregnation of metals on the Santa Barbara Amorf-15, the selectivity of the Santa Barbara Amorf-15 exhibited a shift from catechol- and pyrogallols-type compounds to alkylated phenols, especially at 10% aluminum, 30% and 50% iron metal loadings. As a result, the bio-oil composition and quality can be improved by utilizing different metals and metal impregnation ratios during catalytic upgrading. According to the preliminary economic analysis, pyrolysis oil production cost predicted from catalytic pyrolysis of walnut shell is higher than catalytic pyrolysis of woody biomass because of lower pyrolysis oil yield of walnut shell, Biofuels Research Infrastructure for Sharing Knowledge (BRISK) Projects through the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme [160-CER1, 166-CER1], The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Biofuels Research Infrastructure for Sharing Knowledge (BRISK) Projects through the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme with project no: 160-CER1 and project title: "Effect of Metal Loaded Catalysts on Phenolic Content of Bio-Oil"; and project no:166-CER1 and project title: "Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass".

Dye containing effluents can cause severe organic and color pollution in the water environment, thus removal of reactive dyes by sorption is an important circumstance. The aim of this study was to identify the operating conditions which influence Remazol Yellow dye sorption from aqueous solutions. There are limited numbers of literature studies about Remazol Yellow dye sorption. Despite that the sorption of Remazol Yellow dye by co-sorbent system and optimization of such process have not yet been studied. Thus, apple pulp and carbonized apple pulp at 550 °C were used as sorbents, also apple pulp–titanium dioxide and apple pulp carbon–titanium dioxide mixtures were used as co-sorbents. Elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, zeta potential, particle size distribution, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis were conducted to analyze apple pulp and apple pulp carbon. The effects of pH, initial dye concentration and contact time were investigated by 33 full factorial experimental design method and analysis of variance statistical approach to optimize the operating conditions. The maximum percentage dye removal was obtained as 86.97% (sorbent type = apple pulp–titanium dioxide, pH = 2, initial dye concentration = 10 mg/L and contact time = 120 min). pH, initial dye concentration and contact time were found as significant within a 95% confidence level for all type of sorbents. Equilibrium isotherm data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich equations and the Langmuir model showed the best fit with equilibrium isotherm data. Furthermore, pseudo-first and second-order kinetic models were also used to analyze sorption kinetics. Since apple pulp was low-cost and easily available material, and also application of co-sorbent was influential for dye sorption; it could be successfully applied for the removal of Remazol Yellow dye from aqueous solutions.

Agricultural wastes or industrial wastes can be used as biosorbent with quite little processing when they are locally available in large quantities. A great number of studies were done to uptake copper(II) ion from aqueous solutions. The biosorption of copper(II) ion from aqueous solutions by hydrochloric acid treated tomato factory waste was investigated to identify metal ion removal efficiency of biosorbent for the first time in the literature. Proximate analysis of tomato waste was performed; also waste and biosorbent were characterized by applying Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analyses. pH, biosorbent dosage, initial metal concentration, temperature and contact time effects were examined to determine optimum conditions of copper(II) uptake. According to the pH effect experiments, the maximum % metal removal was achieved at pH 8 as 92.08%. Optimum biosorbent dosage and initial copper(II) concentration were found as 0.2 g/50 mL solution and 50 ppm, respectively. Langmuir adsorption isotherm was found to best fit the adsorption data; and also reaction kinetics was determined to be appropriate to the pseudo-second order reaction model. Thermodynamic functions, the change of free energy (Δ G °), enthalpy (Δ H °) and entropy (Δ S °) of biosorption were calculated for copper(II) ion. The results showed that the biosorption of copper(II) ion on tomato waste biosorbent was exothermic at 293–313 K. Results of biosorption studies are in line with the literature. A promising outcome based on experiments shows that, tomato waste could be used as an alternative and low-cost biosorbent for removal copper(II) ion from aqueous solutions, when suitable conditions are performed.

Perovskites which both naturally occurring and synthetically produced with important technological applications are a large class of minerals. Physical properties of interest to materials science through perovskites include superconductivity, magnetoresistance, ionic conductivity, and a multitude of dielectric properties, which are of great importance in microelectronics and telecommunication. Recently interest has arisen in perovskite-type oxides as catalysts due to high thermal and hydrothermal stability as well as high mechanical strength among other properties. In the present work, LaMnO3 and LaNiO3 perovskite type oxide catalysts are developed for the purpose of pyrolysis of biomass, and they are studied in terms of structure. The crystal structures of catalysts were determined via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), morphology of the samples were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and the specific surface area of the samples were determined by N2 adsorption desorption isotherms (BET) measurements.

Carbon foam is sponge like carbonaceous material with low density, high conductivity and high strength; which is used in various applications such as catalyst supports, membrane separations, high thermally conductive heat sinks, energy absorption materials, high temperature thermal insulation. Coal or fossil oils are conventionally used to fabricate pitch, phenolic resin and polyurethane as carbon foam precursor. Biomass liquefaction is a developing technique to convert biomass resources into the industrial chemicals. In this study, oak tree bark was liquefied under mild conditions with different mass ratio of biomass/phenol; and the liquefaction product was used as polyol to produce porous resin foams. Obtained resin foams were carbonized at 400 °C, and then activated at 800 °C under nitrogen atmosphere. Structure evaluation of resin foams, carbonized foams and activated carbon foams from liquefied oak tree bark was investigated by using elemental analysis, x-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption/desorpti...

WOS: 000308259300033, Alkali-catalyzed transesterification of waste frying oils (WFO) was carried out in various conditions to investigate the effects of catalyst concentration, reaction time, methanol/oil molar ratio, reaction temperature, catalyst type (hydroxides, methoxides and ethoxides), and purification type (such as washing with hot water, purification with silica gel and dowex) on the biodiesel yields. The optimum conditions were 0.5% wt. of NaOH, 30 min reaction time, 50 degrees C reaction temperature, 7.5 methanol to oil ratio and purification with hot distilled water. 96% biodiesel yield with similar to 97% ester content was obtained within in these conditions, and the activation energy was found to be as 11741 J mol(-1). The determined specifications of obtained biodiesel according to ASTM D 6751 and EN 14214 standards were in accordance with the required limits. As a conclusion, the present study indicates that WFO derived fuel promises being an alternative for petrodiesel, and could be used in engines without a major modification due to its qualifications, Anadolu University Scientific Research Council [70210], Authors are very grateful to "Anadolu University Scientific Research Council" for the financial support of this work through the project 70210.

This paper presents the adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solution by raw sepiolite (RS) and iron oxide-coated sepiolite (ICS) samples. Adsorption of Cu(II) by sepiolite samples was investigated as a function of the initial Cu(II) concentration, solution pH, ionic strength, temperature and the presence of an inorganic ligand (Cl−, SO42− and HPO42−). Changes in the surface and structure were characterized by means of XRD, IR and XRF techniques. The Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities of RS and ICS in 0.1 M NaNO3 solution at 298 K were estimated to be 14.96 and 21.56 mg/g, respectively. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were evaluated for RS and ICS to be −14.14 kJ/mol (at 298 K), 39.03 kJ/mol and 178 J/mol K, and −16.09 kJ/mol (at 298 K), 32.99 kJ/mol and 165 J/mol K, respectively.

The adsorption of Ni (II) ions from aqueous solution by pyrolytic char obtained from the cottonseed cake was studied in thisarticle. The sample was pyrolysed with a heating rate of 7°C min−1 up to select final pyrolysis temperatures of 400°C, 550°C, and 700°C under a steam atmosphere with sweep gas velocities of 2.7 cm sec−1. Three pyrolytic char were used as adsorbent obtained at final pyrolysis temperatures. The influence of experimental parameters such as pyrolysis temperature, adsorbent dosage, condition time, and nickel (II) concentration were investigated. Optimal condition was determined as: 0.35 g/50 ml adsorbent dosage, 10 mg/l Ni (II) concentration, 60 min contact time for temperature 700°C of pyrolytic char. Adsorption parameters were determined by using Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity of the pyrolytic char is 25 mg/g and the maximum surface area (47.98 m2/g) was obtained at 700°C. According to the experimental results, the pyrolytic char can be used as carbon adsorbent for ...

Apricot pulps was pyrolyzed in a fixed-bed reactor under different pyrolysis conditions to determine the role of final temperature, sweeping gas flow rate and steam velocity on the product yields and liquid product composition with a heating rate of 5 °C/min. Final temperature range studied was between 300 and 700 °C and the highest liquid product yield was obtained at 550 °C. Liquid product yield increased significantly under nitrogen and steam atmospheres. For the optimum conditions, pyrolysis of peach pulp was furthermore studied. Liquid products obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by FTIR and 1 H-NMR. In addition, gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer was achieved on all pyrolysis oils. Characterization showed that bio-oil could be a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock.

WOS: 000241960300009, In this paper comparative analysis of bio-oils and their subtraction from static, sweeping gas and steam pyrolysis of apricot pulp, a food industry waste, was investigated. Experimental studies were conducted in a well-swept fixed-bed reactor with a heating rate of 5 degrees C min(-1), to a final pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C. The oil yield which was 22.4% at the static atmosphere reached to the value of 23.2% in the sweeping gas atmosphere by using 100 cm(3) min(-1) N-2 flow rate. The yield of liquid product in steam pyrolysis was higher (27.2%) than the static and inert gas atmosphere. The elemental analyses of the pyrolysis oils were determined, and the chemical compositions of the oils were investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The liquid products were fractionated into pentane solubles and insolubles (asphaltenes). Pentane solubles were then solvent fractionated into pentane, toluene, and methanol subtractions by fractionated column chromatograpy. The aliphatic subtractions of the oils were then analysed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography and GUMS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils' aliphatic, aromatic and polar subtractions were conducted using FTIR and H-1 NMR spectra

WOS: 000236987800021, A comparative study of the thermochemical behavior of cottonseed cake in static, nitrogen and steam atmospheres has been carried out. The influence of the different atmospheres in the yield and composition were observed. Pyrolysis under water vapor gave a rise in the yield as opposed to pyrolysis under static and nitrogen atmospheres. The elemental analyses of the pyrolysis oils were determined and the chemical compositions of the oils were investigated using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. The conversion to bio-oil and the chemical characterization has shown that the oils obtained from cottonseed cake can be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock.

WOS: 000241050300006, In this paper. electrokinetic potential and isoelectric point of dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and magnesite (MgCO3) were determined. The effect of various ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+ and CO32- on surface properties of dolomite and magnesite were also examined. Isoelectric points of dolomite and magnesite were determined as 6.3 and 6.8, respectively, in the absence of any electrolyte. H+ and OH- ions are the potential determining ions of magnesite and dolomite, as predicted by electrokinetic potential studies

WOS: 000229883700005, The pyrolysis of cotton stalk was studied for determining the main characteristics and quantities of liquid and solid products. Particular variables investigated were temperature (from 400 degrees C to 700 degrees C), particle sizes (from 0.25 mm to 1.8 mm) and nitrogen gas flow rate (from 50 and 400 cm(3) /min). All experiments were performed at a heating rate of 7 degrees C/min. The results showed that particle size and nitrogen flow rate did not exert a significant influence, whereas temperature was very significant, The liquid products and the subtractions of pentane-soluble fraction were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, H-1-NMR spectroscopy, and the pentane subtraction was analysed by gas chromatography. The characterization of char was performed in terms of its elemental composition, surface area and FT-IR spectroscopy. The H/C and O/C ratios of the chars decreased with the rise in the temperature. FT-IR showed that results the hydroxyl and carbonyl functionalities were lost at high temperatures. According to the experimental results the liquid products can be used as liquid fuels, whereas the solid products can be transformed to activated carbon for adsorption processes

Bio-char is a carbon-enriched and porous material produced from a variety of biomass. When bio-char is produced from biomass, approximately 50 % of the carbon that the plants absorbed as CO2 from the atmosphere is “fixed” in the charcoal. Bio-char is similar in its appearance to charcoal and activated carbon.

WOS: 000344879300004, Peach pulp and impregnated sample have been investigated as an alternative feedstock to obtain fuels and chemicals. The effect of a series of operation variables was studied. The maximum oil was obtained as 23.24% at the final temperature of 550 degrees C. The maximum char yield was obtained as 48.7% by H3PO4 impregnated samples. The liquids products obtained under the most suitable conditions were characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform-infrared, 1H NMR. In addition, gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometer was achieved on all pyrolysis oils. According to the experimental results, it showed that bio-oil could be a potential source for synthetic fuels and chemical feedstock.

WOS: A1997YG23400002, Fired-bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of cottonseed cake to determine the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels and chemical feedstocks. The effects of heating rate, pyrolysis atmosphere, and pyrolysis temperature on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical compositions have been investigated The maximum oil yield of 27% was obtained in N-2 atmosphere at pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C and heating rate of 7 degrees C min(-1). The chemical characterization has shown that the oil obtained from cottonseed cake was quite similar to the crude oil and shale oil.

The objective of this study was to investigate the removal of Remazol Yellow dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption on activated carbon prepared by chemical activation of sunflower seed cake. It was found that the carbon content of biomass increases up to 65.12% after activation and carbonization processes. The maximum percentage dye removal was obtained as 82.12% with 0.4 g/50 mL adsorbent dosage at 313 K. The Langmuir model showed the best fit with equilibrium isotherm data. The interactions were evaluated with respect to both pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order reaction kinetics. The adsorption process was found to follow the pseudo-second-order model. To optimize the operating conditions, the effects of pH, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration were investigated by full factorial experimental design method; adsorbent dosage was found as the most significant factor with lower than 95% confidence level. The obtained results are very promising since (i) the utilization of sunflower seed cake activated carbon (SSCAC) played a critical role in the adsorption of dye; (ii) sunflower seed cake was an intriguing, low-cost, and easily available material. It can be an alternative adsorbent precursor for more expensive adsorbents used for Remazol Yellow (RY) removal.

WOS: 000291463400003, The characterization of apricot pulp char obtained from steam pyrolysis was studied. The char was prepared by pyrolyzing apricot pulp temperatures ranging from 300 to 700 degrees C under steam atmospheres. The chemical composition of char was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The surface area of the char was measured with the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, and surface morphology was obtained with scanning electron microscopy. The char yield in pyrolysis decreased rapidly with an increase in temperature from 39.1% at 300 degrees C to 18.9% at 550 degrees C. The surface area of the char increased with temperature to a maximum of 332 m(2)/g at 550 degrees C. Scanning electron microscopy analysis indicated that the pyrolysis led to the formation of melt, liquid phase, vesicles, precipitates of inorganic salts, and surface etching. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies showed a gradual decrease in the amounts of OH and CH(3) with increasing temperature. Both the H/C and O/C ratios of the char decreased with an increase in temperature.

WOS: 000271295000023, The pyrolysis of tea waste was studied for determining the main characteristics and quantities of liquid and solid products. Particular investigated process variables were temperature (673-973 K), heating rate (5-700 K min (1)) and nitrogen gas flow rate (200-800 cm(3) min (1)). The maximum oil and char yields are 30.4 (773 K) and 43.3% (673 K), respectively. The liquid and its aliphatic sub-fraction were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (1)H NMR, and GC/MS. The char was characterized with elemental analysis, SEM, BET, and FT-IR techniques. The aliphatic sub-fraction of the obtained bio-oil contains predominantly n-alkanes and alkenes, and branched hydrocarbons. According to the experimental results the liquid products can be used as liquid fuels, whereas the solid product seems to be not suitable for adsorption purposes, due to having low surface areas

WOS: 000249908200008, In this study, the trends in yields and product compositions of slow pyrolysis and fast pyrolysis were determined and compared with each other. Slow pyrolysis of tobacco residues with particles of between 0.425 and 0.850 mm were conducted in a fixed-bed tubular reactor with a heating rate of 7 degrees C min-(1) for various pyrolysis temperatures (400, 500, 550 and 700 degrees C) and various nitrogen flow rates (50, 100, 200 and 400 cm(3) min(-1)). The maximum oil yield was 27% at the pyrolysis temperature of 550 degrees C with the sweeping gas flow rate of 100 cm(3) min-(1). Increasing heating rate up to 300 degrees C min(-1) caused 10% increase of liquid yields. Chemical compositions of the oils were investigated by using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques such as column chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), gas chromatography (GC), H-1 NMR and elemental analysis. Bio-oil obtained from fast pyrolysis has lower C distribution and higher H/C ratio than bio-oil obtained from slow pyrolysis. Consequently, the chemical characterization has shown that the obtained bio-oils could be used as conventional fuels

WOS: 000245520200005, This study reports the experimental results for the pyrolysis of pistachio shell under different conditions in a tubular reactor under a nitrogen flow. For the different conditions of pyrolysis temperature, nitrogen flow rate and heating rate, pyrolysis temperature of 773 K gave the highest bio-oil yield with a value of 27.7% when the heating rate and carrier gas flow rate were chosen as 300 K min(-1) and 100 cm(3) min(-1) respectively. Column chromatography was applied to this bio-oil and its subfractions were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and H-1-NMR. Aliphatic subfraction was conducted to gas chromatography mass spectroscopy for further characterization. The results for the characterization show that using pistachio shell as a renewable source to produce valuable liquid products is applicable via pyrolysis. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

WOS: 000237853800004, Fixed-bed fast pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of cottonseed cake to determine the effects of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate and sweep gas flow rate on pyrolysis yields and chemical compositions of the product oil. The liquid products and the subtractions of pentane soluble part were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, H-1-NMR spectroscopy and pentane subfraction was analysed by gas chromatography. The maximum oil yield of 34.8% was obtained at final temperature of 550 degrees C with a heating rate of 700 degrees C min(-1) and nitrogen flow rate of 100 cm(3) min(-1). Chromatographic and spectroscopic studies on bio-oil have shown that the oils obtained from cottonseed cake can be used as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

WOS: 000168783000008, Structural analysis and the effect of the water vapour on the structure of the products obtained by low temperature thermal destruction of biomass at atmospheric pressure has been investigated. The liquid products were fractionated into pentane solubles and insolubles (Asphaltenes). Pentane solubles were then solvent fractionated into pentane, toluene, ether and methanol subfractions by fractionated column chromatograpy. The aliphatic subfractions of the oils were then analysed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography and GC/MS. For further structural analysis, the pyrolysis oils and aromatic and polar subfractions were conducted using FTIR and H-1-NMR spectra

Regional World Renewable Energy Congress -- FEB 19-22, 2001 -- SHARJAH, U ARAB EMIRATES, WOS: 000169522100035, Fixed-bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of cottonseed cake to determine the possibility of being a potential source of renewable fuels and chemicals feed-stocks, in two different reactors, namely a tubular and a Heinze retort. Pyrolysis atmosphere and pyrolysis temperature effects on the pyrolysis product yields and chemical composition have been investigated. The maximum oil yield of 29.68% was obtained in N-2 atmosphere at a pyrolysis temperature of 550 degreesC with a heating rate of 7(C degrees) min(-1) in a tubular reactor, Univ Sharjah