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Desde finales del siglo XX, uno de los mayores cambios en el panorama arquitectónico español ha sido el aumento de mujeres arquitectas egresadas en las diferentes escuelas de arquitectura, en contraposición a un reciente pasado mayoritariamente masculino. Sin embargo, esta circunstancia no se ha traducido en el campo profesional, donde los cánones tradicionales de la profesión y los patrones laborales masculinizados aún dificultan el progreso de estas arquitectas de su carrera. En respuesta a esta situación, han surgido desde el año 2000 una serie de prácticas profesionales de arquitectura y urbanismo que, dirigidas por arquitectas, han adoptado una aproximación diferente hacia la profesión en la que han podido encontrar un lugar y forma en la que poder desarrollar su carrera profesional. Este artículo analiza cómo hay un acercamiento de estas otras prácticas en sus criterios de diseño, metodologías de trabajo y su organización estructural con ciertos discursos defendidos por diferentes teorías feministas de la tercera y cuarta ola. Es este sentido, se explora cómo estas teorías han abierto otras formas de ejercer la profesión en España, que podría identificarse en un principio cómo feminista, y discute el uso de este término para definir estas otras prácticas.

Since the beginning of the first decade of the 21st century, an interest about studies in feminism and architecture was recaptured by some scholars in the Anglo-Saxon context influencing new generations to come. This reviving of women’s studies in architecture had a more difficult path in other latitudes that lacked academic references in different languages, but it would soon blow up starting from the Mediterranean region. In 2014, the first international congress was organized in Seville, S...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that leads to axonal damage and accumulation of disability. Relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) is the most frequent presentation of MS and this form of MS is three times more prevalent in females than in males. This female bias in MS is apparent only after puberty, suggesting a role for sex hormones in this regulation; however, very little is known of the biological mechanisms that underpin the sex difference in MS onset. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of RR-MS that presents more severely in females in certain mouse strains and thus has been useful to study sex differences in CNS autoimmunity. Here, we overview the immunopathogenesis of MS and EAE and how immune mechanisms in these diseases differ between a male and female. We further describe how females exhibit more robust myelin-specific T helper (Th) 1 immunity in MS and EAE and how this sex bias in Th cells is conveyed by sex hormone effects on the T cells, antigen presenting cells, regulatory T cells, and innate lymphoid cell populations.

Anthracyclines are among the most used chemotherapeutic agents in breast cancer (BC). However their use is hampered by anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC). The currently known clinical and genetic risk factors do not fully explain the observed inter-individual variability and only have a limited ability to predict which patients are more likely to develop this severe toxicity. To identify novel predictive genes, we conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study in epirubicin-treated BC patients. In the discovery phase, we genotyped over 700,000 single nucleotide variants in a cohort of 227 patients. The most interesting finding was rs62134260, located 4kb upstream of POLRMT (OR = 5.76, P = 2.23 × 10-5). We replicated this association in a validation cohort of 123 patients (P = 0.021). This variant regulates the expression of POLRMT, a gene that encodes a mitochondrial DNA-directed RNA polymerase, responsible for mitochondrial gene expression. Individuals harbouring the risk allele had a decreased expression of POLRMT in heart tissue that may cause an impaired capacity to maintain a healthy mitochondrial population in cardiomyocytes under stressful conditions, as is treatment with epirubicin. This finding suggests a novel molecular mechanism involved in the development of AIC and may improve our ability to predict patients who are at risk. ispartof: PHARMACEUTICS vol:13 issue:11 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

In the second half of the 1970s, during the Spanish transition to democracy, a new generation of young architects in Seville reassessed the city in relation to Italian debates and their strong poli...

Recientemente hemos presenciado un impacto creciente sobre los derechos de las minorias en todo el mundo. Con relacion a este impacto, los estudios de genero han generado cada vez mas interes entre las nuevas generaciones o millenials , que han retomado con fuerza aquellos trabajos que en el pasado hablaron sobre un cambio en la concepcion de la arquitectura desde multiples visiones. Aquellos teoricos y profesionales que desde los anos 1970 a finales de los 1990 abogaron por una toma de conciencia sobre la inclusion del sujeto no normativo que se habia considerado como minoria ya sea por cuestiones de raza, genero, etnia o religion son ahora referencia recurrente de diversos estudios a nivel mundial. Es en este interes que se enmarco la idea de generar un encuentro en el que aquellos que tenian un interes en la relacion entre los estudios de genero y la arquitectura pudieran compartir sus reflexiones, investigaciones, acciones y practicas, y asi reactivar el discurso iniciado anteriormente desde nuevas perspectivas. Lo que fue inicialmente un call for papers para un primer congreso en Sevilla en Marzo de 2014, se ha convertido en una serie de congresos internacionales itinerantes en Lisboa (2015) y Florencia (2017) que en este momento se encuentra en la organizacion de su cuarta sesion en Colombia (2019). La continuidad ha generado a su vez una red de investigadores desde diferentes disciplinas que mantienen viva la discusion desde el tema desde diferentes puntos de vista y que se apoyan unos a otros para su continuidad. Ha continuacion, este articulo describira brevemente las distintas perspectivas que se han dado en cada uno de estos congresos, asi como los temas tratados y las conclusiones obtenidas.

En los ultimos anos ha surgido una tendencia urbanistica basada en acciones colectivas en el espacio publico que esta tomando un gran auge en diversas localizaciones de Latinoamerica (Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, entre otros) y alcanzando un relevante impacto mediatico con iniciativas como por ejemplo “Espacios de Paz” en Venezuela. El presente articulo discute la retorica en torno a “lo politico” en este tipo de practicas colaborativas y la verdadera capacidad de empoderamiento que estas acciones poseen. Para ello, se analizaran el verdadero alcance y posibles contradicciones discursivas de este tipo de iniciativas, desde las bases mas elementales que definen lo politico a traves del trabajo de Arendt, Castoriadis, Mouffe o Sennet, para asi poder resituar su potencial de una manera mas productiva.

RESUMEN Entre mediados del siglo XIX y principios del XX la ciudad de Londres sufrió una radical transformación social y espacial convirtiéndose en una ciudad moderna. Entre estos procesos de transformación se encuentra la división de la ciudad en términos de género consecuente con la implementación progresiva de los códigos morales evangélicos imperantes en la sociedad de la época. No obstante, entre 1859 y 1914, un grupo de mujeres rompieron estas divisiones a través de distintos mecanismos de acción utilizados para reclamar tanto sus derechos como ciudadanas como un lugar en la esfera pública urbana. Entre estos mecanismos se encuentra la progresiva apertura de espacios de asociación como estrategia de infiltración en una ciudad exclusivamente masculina. El surgimiento de clubs y asociaciones femeninos consolidó una sólida red relacional que posteriormente eclosiona con las grandes marchas sufragistas en el espacio público a principios del siglo XX. A través de esta primera red de lugares se evidencia una ciudad paralela de las mujeres definida por unos mapas alternativos de la ciudad, que serían, no obstante, largamente marginados por la historiografía moderna. SUMMARY Between mid-nineteenth and early twentieth century, London underwent a radical social and spatial transformation to become a modern city. A key part of this transformation process is a gendered division of the city related to a progressive implementation of evangelical moral codes prevailing in the society of that time. However, between 1859 and 1914, a group of women broke these divisions through different mechanisms of action to reclaim both a place in the urban public sphere and their citizen rights. Among these mechanisms, there is a strategy of infiltration in this male town that is implemented through a progressive opening of spaces of association. The progressive opening of women’s clubs and associations consolidated a solid relational network that subsequently is disclosed in large suffragette’s marches in the public space in the early twentieth century. Through this first network of places, a parallel city of women is evidenced and defined by alternative city maps, which, however, would be later long marginalized by modern historiography.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may modulate individual susceptibility to carcinogens. We designed a genome-wide association study to characterize individuals presenting extreme phenotypes of high and low risk to develop tobacco-induced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and we validated our results. We hypothesized that this strategy would enrich the frequencies of the alleles that contribute to the observed traits. We genotyped 2.37 million SNPs in 95 extreme phenotype individuals, that is: heavy smokers that either developed NSCLC at an early age (extreme cases); or did not present NSCLC at an advanced age (extreme controls), selected from a discovery set (n = 3631). We validated significant SNPs in 133 additional subjects with extreme phenotypes selected from databases including >39,000 individuals. Two SNPs were validated: rs12660420 (pcombined = 5.66 × 10-5 ; ORcombined = 2.80), mapping to a noncoding transcript exon of PDE10A; and rs6835978 (pcombined = 1.02 × 10-4 ; ORcombined = 2.57), an intronic variant in ATP10D. We assessed the relevance of both proteins in early-stage NSCLC. PDE10A and ATP10DmRNA expressions correlated with survival in 821 stage I-II NSCLC patients (p = 0.01 and p

A natural extract obtained from the seeds of Fraxinus excelsior L. (FraxiPure™) has been previously reported to reduce glycemia in animal models and in humans. The objective of this work was to evaluate the safety of FraxiPure™ at in vitro, in vivo and human levels. In addition, nutritional analyses revealed an extract high in carbohydrates, with minor levels of protein, dietary fiber, glucose and sucrose. IC(50) and IC(90) values of 1.447 and 2.530 mg/mL, respectively, after 72 h incubation were calculated using the MTT assay. FraxiPure™ conferred a magnitude of protection of 69.2% against the formation of micronuclei in irradiated human lymphocytes as determined by the micronucleus assay. An LD(50) of greater than 2500 mg/kg was concluded following an acute oral toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. A human safety evaluation in a double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study of 100 healthy volunteers revealed no significant differences between daily consumption of 1000 mg of FraxiPure™ for 90 days and placebo (maltodextrin) for any of the biochemical or hematological parameters studied. Numbers of adverse events were similar in both groups, and were deemed mild to moderate. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the safety and tolerability of FraxiPure™ for consumption in healthy subjects.

En este trabajo se analizan las actitudes hacia la diversidad sexual en niñas/ os de 6º de Educación Infantil. La investigación se llevó a cabo en un CEIP de Galicia con un total de 24 alumnas/os. Se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo, poniendo en práctica un juego que consistía en la lectura y visionado del cuento–“La casa de colores”- donde se presentan diferentes tipos de familias, incluyendo familias homparentales, y se realizabauna entrevista individual. En general, los/as niños/as niegan la existencia de la homoparentalidad Asimismo sus respuestas y elecciones se sitúan en la línea del rechazo social hacia las familias homosexuales.

Una de las consecuencias que se ha observado tras más dos décadas de uso de herramientas digitales avanzadas en arquitectura es una tendencia a homogenizar y aplanar a través de sus protocolos de procesamiento de datos, los matices y diversidad de los inputs de los participantes en un proceso creativo. Esta homogenización se manifiesta tradicionalmente en los modos cooperativos de trabajar, en los que todos los participantes tienen que ir en una misma dirección siguiendo una misma consigna. Los modos de trabajo colaborativos sin embargo no tienen por que seguir este modelo, y de hecho pueden incorporar disensión dentro de ellos mismos como una manera de reconocer la pluralidad que de intereses que existe por ejemplo cuando se trabaja en ámbitos como el espacio público. Basado en dos experienciass de talleres de construcción colaborativa que utilizaron técnicas de fabricación digital, la siguiente comunicación discute modelos de subversión de esos procesos homogenizadores como parte de un aprendizaje en el que trabajar colaborativamente no significa el tener que doblegarse a una línea principal de actuación. After more than two decades in the use advanced digital tools in architecture, one of the witnessed consequences has been the tendency these tools has to homogenize and flatten through their data processing protocols the nuances and diversity of participants’ inputs into the creative process. This homogenization is traditionally manifested in cooperative ways of working, in which all participants have to folow the same direction according to a same goal. Collaborative ways of working, however, do not have to follow this model, and can actually incorporate dissent within themselves as a way of recognizing the plurality of interests existing when working in realms such as the public space. Based on two experiences of collaborative construction workshops that used digital fabrication techniques, the following paper discusses models of subversion of these homogenizing processes as part of a learning process in which working collaboratively does not mean to submit a main line of action.

[EN] The objective of the Project is to define an experimental protocol for the accessibility assessment of the transport vehicles, by analysing the evolution of the effort and time variables consumed by a target group –Persons of Reduced Mobility (PMRs). This protocol consisted in tests of accessibility on a sample of 6 passenger cars (class M1) by 8 elderly people carrying a heart rate monitor, and whose access manoeuvres were recorded by video cameras. Based on the Hilloskorpi et al. [1] model and by developing a method of truncation of the heart rate (HR) tests records - eliminating the component of the work biologically needed by the organism to keep its basal metabolic rate from the work each person performed – it was possible to evaluate how much energy each individual invested in each access manoeuver. Immediately after each test, and after the whole round of vehicles, each participant was surveyed for a subjective assessment of the difficulty of accessing to the cars. According to each of the above results, the HR objective measurements and the subjective opinion about the ease of access experienced by each individual, the vehicles were ranked by order of accessibility to the front and rear seats. The result of both rankings showed the orders of the similar vehicles, the potential of the method and a fair closeness between its results and the subjective, but real and unequivocal, judgments of the participants., This article is based on the Project "Desarrollo de un protocolo experimental de evaluación de la accesibilidad a los vehículos turismo en base a mediciones de frecuencia cardíaca y tiempo de acceso", October 2015 in Madrid, Spain.

Melanoma is the most important skin cancer in terms of mortality, besides developing metastasis in about a third of the patients. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), a highly toxic cytokine, tends to be one of the most important treatments for melanoma. Much effort is being directed at obtaining less-toxic antitumoral compounds, particularly natural compounds such as flavonoids. Our aim was to study the combined treatment of metastatic lung melanoma with IFN-alpha and diosmin in a murine model. In this article, we report the effect of a combined treatment of IFN-alpha and the flavonoid, diosmin, on a murine model of metastatic B16F10 melanoma, assessed both macroscopically (counting subpleural nodules) and microscopically by image analysis (calculating three indices). IFN-alpha showed a dose-dependent anti-invasive and antiproliferative activity in our study, while diosmin showed an anti-invasive activity similar to the lower dose of IFN-alpha used. However, the most relevant result was the synergistic antiproliferative effect shown by the combination of the flavonoid and the lowest dose of IFN-alpha, which was similar to that produced by the highest dose of the cytokine alone.

Background and Objective: Radiofrequency represents the most recent skin-rejuvenation treatment. The aim of this study was to study the changes in tissues and cells, as well as in the thickness and structure of the skin of guinea pigs following several sessions of radiofrequency. Materials and Methods: Six sessions (1 session/week) of radiofrequency (Thermafine Lift device, Grupo Solilaser, S.L., Girona, Spain) were applied to the skin of guinea pigs. Biopsies were taken following each session and 2 months following the last application. The resultant samples were included in paraffin via the usual method, sectioned at 5mm and stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin, Alcian blue, Tolui- dine blue, van Gieson's and Verhoeff's stains. These techniques were used in order to observe possible changes in the thickness and structures of the skin: mucopolysac- charides and collagen and elastic fibres. Results: The most relevant changes were found in the papillary dermis which underwent an expansion due to oedema and vascular congestion (first half of the experi- ment), followed by an increase in cellularity and the accumulation of intercellular substance. An increase in collagen, elastic fibres and mucopolysaccharides was observed. Conclusion: The Thermafine Lift device caused no significant macroscopic or microscopic alterations in the skin of guinea pigs, yet increased both the thickness, as well as the mucopolysaccharide, collagen and elastic-fibre content. Lasers Surg. Med. 40:76-82, 2008. 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

In a sample of patients under treatment for dependence disorder, the fear-avoidance model of pain was used as a theoretical framework to investigate differences between patients who developed chronic pain after the abstinence period and those who did not. In line with the model, a set of variables involved in the chronification process were considered: anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, fear of pain, coping styles, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Differences in clinical and dependence-related variables were analyzed: diagnosis of dual pathology, polyconsumption, prescribed medication, and methadone dose. A group of chronic pain patients (n=63) and a pain-free group (n=58) were compared. MANOVA and chi2 results indicated that the chronic pain patients had been diagnosed with dual pathology significantly more often than the pain-free group, they presented higher polyconsumption, and had been prescribed higher doses of methadone and more medications. The chronic pain group had poorer quality of life and significantly higher scores in anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and depression. No significant differences were found in coping strategies, fear of pain and anxiety.

Solar UV and other ionizing radiations cause a generation of reactive oxygen species, induce cellular DNA damage and alter skin homeostasis. The use of exogenous antioxidants is increasingly frequents, we attempt to demonstrate that a rosmarinic acid extract acts as photo-protector; both free radical scavenger as an inducer of the body's own endogenous defence mechanisms by regulating tyrosinase activity and stimulating melanin production. Malonyldialdehyde formation (TBARS) was delayed when RA was used. The protection factor was 3.24 times vs AA. TEAC value for RA was 1.6 times vs AA. The radioprotective-antimutagenic effects of RA were measure using the micronucleus test. The level of micronucleous for treatments before irradiation was: RA [14]

Contains fulltext : 32903.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) The generation of lymphoid cells during carp development was studied by analyzing expression of the recombination activating genes (rag) using in situ hybridization and real time quantitative PCR. These data were combined with immunohistochemistry using the mAb's WCL9 (cortical thymocytes) and WCI12 (B cells). Carp rag-1 and rag-2 showed 90 and 89% amino acid identity, respectively, to the corresponding zebrafish sequences. Rag-1 was first expressed in the thymus at 4 days post-fertilization (dpf), while both rag-1+/WCL9+ and rag-1-/WCL9- areas were distinguished from 1 week post-fertilization (wpf), suggesting early cortex/medulla differentiation. From 6 dpf, rag-1+ cells were also present cranio-lateral of the head kidney. From 1 wpf, rag-1/rag-2 was expressed in kidney (together with immunoglobulin heavy chain expression) but not in spleen, while WCI12+ cells appeared 1 week later in both organs, suggesting B cell recombination in kidney but not in spleen. Rag-1 expression exceeded rag-2 levels in thymus and in head- and trunk-kidney of juveniles, but this ratio was reversed in head- and trunk-kidney from approximately 16 wpf onwards. Rag-1/rag-2 expression was detected in thymi of animals over 1-year-old, but in kidney only at low levels, indicating life-long new formation of putative T cells but severely reduced formation of B cells in older fish.