Search

We consider measurement error models for two variables observed repeatedly and subject to measurement error. One variable is continuous, while the other variable is a mixture of continuous and zero measurements. This second variable has two sources of zeros. The first source is episodic zeros, wherein some of the measurements for an individual may be zero and others positive. The second source is hard zeros, i.e., some individuals will always report zero. An example is the consumption of alcohol from alcoholic beverages: some individuals consume alcoholic beverages episodically, while others never consume alcoholic beverages. However, with a small number of repeat measurements from individuals, it is not possible to determine those who are episodic zeros and those who are hard zeros. We develop a new measurement error model for this problem, and use Bayesian methods to fit it. Simulations and data analyses are used to illustrate our methods. Extensions to parametric models and survival analysis are discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin C remains an important, yet frequently unassessed, component of a healthy immune system though it may prove useful in alleviating the chronic inflammatory processes underlying chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent research identified a sizeable proportion of the United States population with insufficient vitamin C plasma levels and significant associations to both acute and chronic inflammation. This cross-sectional study used the 2003–2006 NHANES surveys data to extrapolate associations between plasma vitamin C levels (deficiency, hypovitaminosis, inadequate, adequate, and saturating) and CAD through inflammation (C-reactive protein and red cell distribution width). Increased reports of CAD diagnosis were identified in participants with vitamin C deficiency (OR: 2.31, CI: 1.49–3.58) and inadequate plasma levels (OR: 1.39, CI: 1.03–1.87). No significant correlation was identified between any other plasma vitamin C quintiles and CAD. When inflammation was controlled, previous associations in the deficient level of plasma vitamin C were no longer significant in association with CAD and participants with inadequate plasma vitamin C showed a reduced association to CAD diagnoses (OR: 0.33, CI: 0.13-0.86). Most chronic inflammation and vitamin C plasma statuses do not demonstrate specific signs or symptoms until the deficient level of vitamin C and/or disease. Thus, increased surveillance of both, and healthy nutritional habits remain crucial modifiable risk factors for disease prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The food environment can influence food and beverage choice by the population and their nutritional status. Objective: To characterize the food environment of campuses at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Method: A cross-sectional study of food and beverage establishments within the university was carried out. The assessment of the food environment was performed with the application of an instrument to collect information: type, food or preparations, mode, characteristics, menu and nutritional information, promotions, advertisements, availability of food or drinks, variety, and price. The observed foods and preparations, the presence of an approach such as nutritional information, advertisements, and promotions were classified as facilitators/barriers for healthy eating, according to the Food Guide for the Brazilian Population. Results: Of the 5 establishments that participated, 4 were commercial and 1 was a university restaurant (RU). All establishments accepted cash and cards, and most had a menu and price. None had nutritional information. The supply of fruits and vegetables was found in 4 establishments. The availability of artificial sweetener was found in all locations. A wide variety of candies (8 ± 7.1), soft drinks (9 ± 3.7), chocolate (8 ± 7.1), salted biscuits (8 ± 12.3), and sweets (7 ± 9.1) were observed. Fruits had a higher average price, R$3.83, when compared to savory foods, R$ 2.85, and biscuits, R$ 1.50. Conclusion: The university food environment presented a greater offer of unhealthy foods, presenting barriers to the promotion of more appropriate eating practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare fruits and vegetables (FV), and carbonated soft drink (CSD) consumption among adolescents from seventy-four countries, according to macroeconomic indicators. This is an ecological study, developed with countries evaluated through the Global School-based Student Health Survey (2003–2014) and the National School Health Survey (PeNSE-Brazil, 2015). The percentages of students in each country who consumed CSD and FV daily and their association with the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Gross National Income per capita (GNIpc) were assessed. Scatter plots were constructed for each marker, and a multilevel model was tested to consider the effects of region in the associations. The overall prevalence of daily CSD consumption was 54·1 %. CSD consumption was positively associated with HDI and GNIpc through multilevel models, and Central and South America showed a considerable higher consumption compared with other regions. Overall, FV daily consumption was 67·9 % and 74·6 %, respectively, and no associations with macroeconomic indicators were found. The study shows concerning rates of CSD consumption among adolescents, and a trend of increased consumption with the improvement of the country's development and GNIpc. This points for the importance of public policies that regulate food and beverage industries to reduce CSD consumption and related co-morbidities among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scientific field of nutrition emerged with greater intensity at the beginning of the 20th century and is considered a relatively recent phenomenon. In Brazil, the training of a nutritionist began in the 1940s, when the first generation of medical nutritionists was obtained as well as the creation of the first four courses in the country. Studies on the insertion of nutritionists in the scope of UHS are scarce. Thus, this article aims to assess the temporal trend of the insertion of nutritionists in the Unified Health System from 2009 to 2018. This is an observational, descriptive study, carried out from secondary data provided by BIGS and NRHF. Data analysis made it possible to obtain the quantity and distribution of nutritionists by region/federation unit and year of competence. The data were tabulated using TabWin version 4.15, and the analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2016® and Stata 15.0 software. There was a temporal trend towards an increase in the number of nutritionists in the country, with a higher growth rate in the northeast region and a lower one in the southeast region, which registered the highest density of professionals. The northern region had the lowest number of nutritionists. It is believed that the profile observed may be related to the salary offered, specific characteristics, and the intensity of nutrition courses created in each region.

Vitamin C remains an important, yet frequently unassessed, component of a healthy immune system though it may prove useful in alleviating the chronic inflammatory processes underlying chronic diseases such as coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent research identified a sizeable proportion of the United States population with insufficient vitamin C plasma levels and significant associations to both acute and chronic inflammation. This cross-sectional study used the 2003–2006 NHANES surveys data to extrapolate associations between plasma vitamin C levels (deficiency, hypovitaminosis, inadequate, adequate, and saturating) and CAD through inflammation (C-reactive protein and red cell distribution width). Increased reports of CAD diagnosis were identified in participants with vitamin C deficiency (OR: 2.31, CI: 1.49–3.58) and inadequate plasma levels (OR: 1.39, CI: 1.03–1.87). No significant correlation was identified between any other plasma vitamin C quintiles and CAD. When inflammation was controlled, previous associations in the deficient level of plasma vitamin C were no longer significant in association with CAD and participants with inadequate plasma vitamin C showed a reduced association to CAD diagnoses (OR: 0.33, CI: 0.13-0.86). Most chronic inflammation and vitamin C plasma statuses do not demonstrate specific signs or symptoms until the deficient level of vitamin C and/or disease. Thus, increased surveillance of both, and healthy nutritional habits remain crucial modifiable risk factors for disease prevention.

Background: Childhood obesity has been growing steadily, at an earlier age, and currently comprises a public health issue. A number of studies have pointed to perinatal factors as possible determinants in the development of childhood obesity. Objective: To evaluate the influence of perinatal factors on the development of obesity in children and adolescents in southern Brazil. Design: Retrospective cohort study in which a linkage was made between anthropometric data of children and adolescents aged 0 to 15 years who had been registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) from 2008 to 2016 and their perinatal data registered in the Live Birth Information System (SINASC) from 2000 to 2014. The SINASC was used to extract maternal covariables (age, schooling, marital status), prenatal variables (parity and number of prenatal visits), and perinatal variables (type of delivery, sex, and birth weight). Variables such as age, inclusion in the Bolsa Família income transfer program, and the number of anthropometric evaluations were extracted from SISVAN. Results: The sample comprised 537 children and adolescents. The median age was 8 years (interquartile range: 2-11 years). The prevalence of obesity was 15.1%. Poisson regression revealed a higher risk of obesity in children born via cesarean delivery (relative risk [RR] = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.01-2.17), children of primiparous mothers (RR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.16-2.53), girls (RR = 1.77; 95% CI:1.21-2.60), and those aged between 5 and 9 years (RR = 26.8; 95% CI: 3.75-191.55) and older than 10 years (RR = 20.74; 95% CI: 2.89-148.61). Conclusions: The linkage between SINASC and SISVAN allowed identification of prenatal and perinatal risk factors for the development of childhood obesity. These findings should contribute to the development of health promotion and prevention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the prevalence rates of nutritional deviations in children under five years of age according to data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional -- SISVAN) and those obtained by trained anthropometrists. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on data from 10 municipalities and 2 sources: i) SISVAN Web (secondary database) and ii) an investigation that evaluated the implementation of food and nutrition actions in the Family Health Strategy in the state of Paraíba (primary database), with 24,137 and 897 individuals, respectively. Proportions of overweight -- according to weight/age (W/A), weight/height (W/H), and body mass index/age (BMI/A) -- and stunting -- according to the height/age (H/A) index -- based on classifications of SISVAN Web and those obtained by trained anthropometrists were compared using the two-proportion Z-test. Results: Frequencies of overweight, according to W/A (10.0 vs. 7.8%), W/H (17.2 vs. 14.3%), and BMI/A (18.1 vs. 14.4%), as well as stunting (12.3 vs. 8.6%), were higher on data from SISVAN Web than on those obtained by trained anthropometrists, and the differences were significant. Conclusions: The findings point to distortions in the nutritional classification of children under five years of age monitored by SISVAN Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a qualitative exploratory survey that aims to identify healthcare workers and skilled professionals’ perceptions of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in the Zona da Mata Mineira region of Brazil. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis; testimonials were extracted from semi-structured interviews via the qualitative data processing software Interface de R pour lês Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires version 0.7 alpha 2. A total of 41 people were interviewed, including primary healthcare center coordinators, and technical consultants at the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, as well as nutritionists and data entry clerks. The issues most mentioned during interviews were related to lack of anthropometric equipment, absence of transportation, and inadequate facilities. Regarding the work process, professionals identified scarce training and nonuse of the data collected for healthcare decision-making as factors that compromise desired system outcomes. System qualities were also recognized, especially the mapping of main nutritional issues in the region. The participants reported the need for greater efforts to raise awareness of the importance of Food and Nutrition Surveillance actions at all levels of the public healthcare system. They also highlighted the need for human resources training, higher quality data recording, and suitable facilities. Investments in the entire system are essential to strengthen the information–decision-making–action triad, which would result in the improvement of users’ health indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the prevalence rates of nutritional deviations in children under five years of age according to data from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional — SISVAN) and those obtained by trained anthropometrists. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on data from 10 municipalities and 2 sources: i) SISVAN Web (secondary database) and ii) an investigation that evaluated the implementation of food and nutrition actions in the Family Health Strategy in the state of Paraíba (primary database), with 24,137 and 897 individuals, respectively. Proportions of overweight — according to weight/age (W/A), weight/height (W/H), and body mass index/age (BMI/A) — and stunting — according to the height/age (H/A) index — based on classifications of SISVAN Web and those obtained by trained anthropometrists were compared using the two-proportion Z-test. Results: Frequencies of overweight, according to W/A (10.0 vs. 7.8%), W/H (17.2 vs. 14.3%), and BMI/A (18.1 vs. 14.4%), as well as stunting (12.3 vs. 8.6%), were higher on data from SISVAN Web than on those obtained by trained anthropometrists, and the differences were significant. Conclusions: The findings point to distortions in the nutritional classification of children under five years of age monitored by SISVAN Web.

Introduction. The hygienic, sanitary and nutritional conditions of institutional canteens are keys to protecting health. Objective. Evaluate these conditions in canteens in the Metropolitan Area of Caracas between 2016-2017. Materials and methods. Through a descriptive research, 7 canteens from four municipalities were intentionally selected to evaluate their hygienic-sanitary conditions, potential risks in food preparation, menus, supervision and management, as well as health education. National comparison forms, Food Code, HACCP and estimation scale were used, with structured direct observation. Results. The results included five dining rooms in category I, one in category II and one in category III., reaffirming that the number of menus, the complexity of dishes and the large number of meals/users represent greater health risks, with critical violations allowed. A satisfactory average overall hygienic efficiency (88.02%) was recorded. The failures, listed in decreasing order were: protection in storage, buildings and facilities, equipment and utensils, personnel, sanitary services, general provisions and environmental sanitation. They did not apply HACCP; there are deficiencies in good preparation and handling practices according to the potential risks of meal preparation: temperature control, uniforms, hygienic habits, witness meals, corrective actions. Temperatures indicated hygienic control of food, with increased risk at rest and refrigeration steps; suitable in cooking. Menu management and food was very good, but health education classified from regular too bad. Conclusions. It is concluded that even in crisis the canteens have adequate management, complying with the legislation in terms of sanitary hygienic conditions, parameters and nutritional characteristics of the food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ecological study aimed to analyze the trend of the nutritional status of pregnant adolescent beneficiaries of the Brazilian Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer program in the 2008-2018 period. We evaluated secondary data of pregnant adolescent beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program from January 2008 to December 2018, extracted from the public reports of the WEB Food and Nutrition Surveillance System. We accessed the monitoring reports on the consolidated public-access health conditionalities of the Bolsa Família Program, always considering the second validity. An annual variation of -1.2% (95%CI: [-1.6; -0.8] p<0.01) was observed in the prevalence of underweight in Brazil in the studied sample. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the country had annual variations of 2.9% (95%CI: [2.0; 3.7] p<0.01) and 7.5% (95%CI: [5.7; 9.3] p<0.01), respectively. We conclude by saying, that, in the evaluated period, the prevalence of underweight among pregnant adolescent beneficiaries of the Bolsa Família Program showed a decreasing trend, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased throughout Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To quantify changes in overweight and obesity and determine their association with sociodemographic characteristics in Mexican schoolchildren from public schools between 2015 and 2018. Materials and methods. Crosssectional comparative study. The data of children between 6 an 12 years old was obtained from the National Register of Weight and Height (RNPT) during four years: 2015 trough 2019. Odds ratios (OR) and adjusted prevalences were estimated using generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results. A rough total of 6.5 million of children from 59 724 schools were studied. The OR's were positive for overweight and obesity (OW+OB) in male gender, urban locality and low marginalization (p<0.001). The greater adjusted probability of overweight and obesity found in 2016 (p<0.001). The country's south region shown constant and significative increases in obesity probabilities. Conclusion. The RNPT allows a real time detection of the various risk characteristics involved in overweight and obesity development in the country elementary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is a qualitative exploratory survey that aims to identify healthcare workers and skilled professionals' perceptions of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in the Zona da Mata Mineira region of Brazil. Data analysis was carried out through content analysis; testimonials were extracted from semi-structured interviews via the qualitative data processing software Interface de R pour lês Analyses Multidimensionnelles de Textes et de Questionnaires version 0.7 alpha 2. A total of 41 people were interviewed, including primary healthcare center coordinators, and technical consultants at the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, as well as nutritionists and data entry clerks. The issues most mentioned during interviews were related to lack of anthropometric equipment, absence of transportation, and inadequate facilities. Regarding the work process, professionals identified scarce training and nonuse of the data collected for healthcare decision-making as factors that compromise desired system outcomes. System qualities were also recognized, especially the mapping of main nutritional issues in the region. The participants reported the need for greater efforts to raise awareness of the importance of Food and Nutrition Surveillance actions at all levels of the public healthcare system. They also highlighted the need for human resources training, higher quality data recording, and suitable facilities. Investments in the entire system are essential to strengthen the information–decision-making–action triad, which would result in the improvement of users' health indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the coverage trend of the evaluation of the nutritional status of users of public health services registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) between 2008 and 2017 in seven municipalities and verified the association of the coverage trend with the socio-economic, demographic and organisational aspects of health system variables. It is an ecological time-series study performed with secondary data extracted from health information systems. Descriptive statistics, linear regression model and repeated measures analysis were performed. The coverage of evaluation of nutritional status was low over the period. Five municipalities showed a tendency to increase coverage, although small, while two remained stable. The highest annual variation in coverage increase was concentrated in the group of pregnant women and the lowest in adolescents and older adults. There was a downward trend in follow-ups from the Bolsa Family Programme and a trend towards increased follow-ups from SUS Primary Care (e-SUS AB). SISVAN coverage was positively associated with the proportion of rural population (P ≤ 0·001) and coverage of community health agents (P < 0·001); and negatively associated with total population (P < 0·001), demographic density (P = 0·006) and gross domestic product per capita (P = 0·008). Despite the tendency to increase coverage in some municipalities, SISVAN still presents low coverage of nutritional status assessment, which compromises population monitoring. Knowing the factors that influence the coverage can subsidise the elaboration of strategies for its expansion.

Abstract Background Growth monitoring and promotion (GMP) programmes promote not only child health but serve as a service delivery strategy to enhance coverage for other crucial nutrition-specific interventions. This study compared community-based and facility-based GMP programme with respect to attendance rates, children’s nutritional status, caregivers’ satisfaction with services received and perceptions of service providers and users on factors influencing utilization. Methods Explanatory sequential mixed methods study conducted in Ga West municipality, Ghana. It comprised 12-month secondary data analysis using growth monitoring registers of 220 infants aged 0–3 months enrolled in two community-based (CB = 104) and two facility-based (FB = 116) child welfare clinics; cross-sectional survey (exit interview) of 232 caregiver-child pairs accessing CB (n = 104) and FB services (n = 116); and in-depth interviews with 10 health workers and 15 mothers. Quantitative data were analyzed through Fisher’s exact, unpaired t-tests, and logistic regression at 95% confidence interval (CI) using SPSS version 20. Qualitative data were analyzed by thematic content analysis using ATLAS.ti 7.0. Results Mean annual attendance to both programmes was similar with an average of six visits per year. Only 13.6% of caregiver-child pairs attained more than nine visits in the 12-months period. At least 60% of children in both programs had improved weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ) scores during participation. Predictors for improved WAZ were being underweight at baseline (AOR:11.1, 95%CI:4.0–31.0), annual attendance of at least six visits (AOR:2.2, 95%CI:1.1–4.1) and meeting the Ghana Health Service target of nine visits (AOR:4.65, 95%CI:1.4–15.1). Compared to 31.5% CB users, significant proportion of FB caregivers (57.4%) were visited at home. Half were dissatisfied with services received (CB:55.6% vs. FB:62.0%, p = 0.437) citing long waiting times, negative staff attitude and extortions of money. Regarding perceptions on factors hindering service utilization, emerged themes included extremes of maternal age, high parity, postpartum socio-cultural beliefs and practices, financial commitments, undue delays, unprofessional staff behaviours, high premium on vaccination and general misconceptions about the programme. Conclusion The association of increased attendance with improved growth reaffirms the need to strengthen primary healthcare systems to improve service delivery; sensitize caregivers on contribution of growth monitoring and promotion to early child development; and increase contacts through home visits.

Background: The Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (Sisvan) is a national and essential System to monitor the growth and development of children in Primary Health Care services. Objective: To describe the coverage and temporal trend of the nutritional status of children aged 5 to 9 registered in Sisvan between 2008 and 2015. Method: Simple linear regression analysis was performed to verify the temporal trend in the number of records, coverage, and nutritional status classification among children from 5 to 9 years old in four territories (Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest region and Brazil). Results: There was a rising trend in the number of records, except for Dourados that presented irregular patterns (p=0.123). Underweight and normal weight presented falling trends, while overweight and obesity increased in the period in the territories evaluated, except for Dourados, which did not present significant results for normal weight (p=0.145) and obesity (p=0,318). Conclusion: The number of records and, consequently, the coverage of Sisvan increased significantly in three territories evaluated in the period. Results of the nutritional status strengthen the nutritional transition process experienced in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analysed the coverage trend of the evaluation of the nutritional status of users of public health services registered in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) between 2008 and 2017 in seven municipalities and verified the association of the coverage trend with the socio-economic, demographic and organisational aspects of health system variables. It is an ecological time-series study performed with secondary data extracted from health information systems. Descriptive statistics, linear regression model and repeated measures analysis were performed. The coverage of evaluation of nutritional status was low over the period. Five municipalities showed a tendency to increase coverage, although small, while two remained stable. The highest annual variation in coverage increase was concentrated in the group of pregnant women and the lowest in adolescents and older adults. There was a downward trend in follow-ups from the Bolsa Family Programme and a trend towards increased follow-ups from SUS Primary Care (e-SUS AB). SISVAN coverage was positively associated with the proportion of rural population (P ≤ 0·001) and coverage of community health agents (P < 0·001); and negatively associated with total population (P < 0·001), demographic density (P = 0·006) and gross domestic product per capita (P = 0·008). Despite the tendency to increase coverage in some municipalities, SISVAN still presents low coverage of nutritional status assessment, which compromises population monitoring. Knowing the factors that influence the coverage can subsidise the elaboration of strategies for its expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the reliability of anthropometric data of under-five children based on the SISVAN-Web, describing the coverage of the System and aspects of its implementation. Methods: Cross-sectional study developed in two cities of Paraíba. The sample consisted of 18 family health teams and 324 children, randomly selected. Anthropometric measures (weight and height) were collected (1) by the researcher using standard equipment (R); (2) by the researcher using service equipment (RS) and; (3) during routine service (S). Municipal managers answered a questionnaire about the System. Results: Among the 319 children observed, 10.28% were overweight/age, 14.02% were overweight and 7.16% were stunted. Coverage was 2.8% in one municipality and 3.3% in the other, being higher for children and smaller for the elderly. The agreement between S and R were weaker than those with RS, especially for height/age (Kappa=0.38) and BMI/age (Kappa=0.39). The measurements obtained in S overestimated overweight and stunting. Managers mentioned that the information of the System is restricted to the health sector. Conclusions: The study pointed to major shortcomings related to SISVAN-Web. The system’s coverage and reliability of anthropometric measurements were both low. The System is not used to its full potential.

Routine growth monitoring of children in Indonesia is done through Posyandu. Posyandu cadres who have sufficient knowledge about Child Growth Monitoring (CGM) are needed to improve early detection of child malnutrition to prevent stunting. The ability to use WHO-Anthro software followed by mentoring programs is expected to help increase cadre capacity in CGM performance. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of training and mentoring activities in using WHO-Anthro software to improve cadres' performance in monitoring children's growth. This research was a collaborative research with the Ministry of Health. This experimental research used one group pretest-posttest design. This research was conducted on 30 female cadres from 30 Posyandu in Semarang City, Indonesia. Intervention activities and data collection were carried out for three months. Data were analyzed by comparison tests. The results showed that after the intervention there was an increase in knowledge scores, practice scores and performance scores of cadres in CGM. It was concluded that training and guidance on the implementation of WHO-Anthro software improved cadre performance in CGM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the relationship between the consumption of foods and eating locations (home, school/work and others) in British adolescents, using data from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Program (2008–2012 and 2013–2016). A cross-sectional analysis of 62,523 food diary entries from this nationally representative sample was carried out for foods contributing up to 80% total energy to the daily adolescent’s diet. Correspondence analysis (CA) was used to generate food–location relationship hypotheses followed by logistic regression (LR) to quantify the evidence in terms of odds ratios and formally test those hypotheses. The less-healthy foods that emerged from CA were chips, soft drinks, chocolate and meat pies. Adjusted odds ratios (99% CI) for consuming specific foods at a location “other” than home (H) or school/work (S) in the 2008–2012 survey sample were: for soft drinks, 2.8 (2.1 to 3.8) vs. H and 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8) vs. S; for chips, 2.8 (2.2 to 3.7) vs. H and 3.4 (2.1 to 5.5) vs. S; for chocolates, 2.6 (1.9 to 3.5) vs. H and 1.9 (1.2 to 2.9) vs. S; and for meat pies, 2.7 (1.5 to 5.1) vs. H and 1.3 (0.5 to 3.1) vs. S. These trends were confirmed in the 2013–2016 survey sample. Interactions between location and BMI were not significant in either sample. In conclusion, public health policies to discourage less-healthy food choices in locations away from home and school/work are warranted for adolescents, irrespective of their BMI.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as razões molares entre fitato e os minerais cálcio, ferro e zinco, de acordo com as refeições realizadas por adolescentes, adultos e idosos. Foram utilizados dados do Inquérito de Saúde do município de Campinas (ISACAMP 2008), um estudo transversal de base populacional. A ingestão de nutrientes foi determinada por meio da aplicação do Recordatório de 24 horas. Foram avaliados 922 adolescentes, 950 adultos e 1.510 idosos. Os adolescentes apresentaram médias de ingestão mais elevadas para zinco, cálcio, fitato, energia e ferro, mas ingestão média de fibras alimentares menor do que os idosos. Observam-se riscos superiores a 80% para a razão molar fitato.cálcio:zinco e acima de 98% para fitato:ferro em todos os estratos investigados, especialmente no café da manhã e no lanche da tarde. Os dados deste estudo permitem concluir que as prevalências de inadequação estimadas por meio das razões molares fitato:minerais variam de 1,3% a 99,1%, o que sugere risco para o comprometimento da absorção do cálcio, zinco e ferro. Ações de regulação de caráter regional a partir de bancos de dados sobre a composição de alimentos poderão melhor direcionar políticas e programas de alimentação e nutrição, em especial no que se refere ao risco do comprometimento da qualidade nutricional da alimentação. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The objective of this study was to evaluate the molar ratios between phytate and the minerals calcium, iron and zinc according to the meals eaten by teenagers, adults and seniors. Data was used from the Campinas municipality Health Survey (ISACAMP 2008), a cross-sectional, population-based study. Nutrient intake was determined by applying the 24-hour recall; 922 adolescents, 950 adults and 1,510 senior citizens were evaluated. The adolescents had higher intake for zinc, calcium, phytate, iron and energy, but lower average intake of dietary fiber than seniors. Risks superior to 80% are observed for the phytate.calcium:zinc molar ratio and above 98% for phytate:iron in all strata investigated, especially at breakfast and afternoon snack. Data from this study allow us to conclude that the prevalence of inadequacy estimated using molar ratios of phytate:minerals range from 1.3% to 99.1%, which suggests risk for impaired absorption of calcium, zinc and iron. Regulation actions of regional character from national databases on food composition can better target policies and food and nutrition programs, mainly those related to risks associated to nutritional quality of the diet.

Copyright of Revista Ciência & Saúde Coletiva is the property of Associacao Brasileira de Pos-Graduacao em Saude Coletiva and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This review summarizes the current and previous data on dietary supplement (DS) use collected from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), describes the NHANES dietary supplement database used to compute nutrient intakes from DSs, discussed recent developments and future direction, and describes many examples to demonstrate the utility of these data in informing nutrition research and policy.Background and History: Since 1971, NHANES, has been collecting information on the use of DSs from participants. These data are critical to national nutrition surveillance and have been used to characterize usage patterns, examine trends over time, assess the percentage of the population meeting or exceeding nutrient recommendations, and to help elucidate the sources contributing nutrients to the diet of the US population.Rationale: Over half of adults and about one-third of children in the United States use at least one dietary supplement in the past 30 days. Dietary supplements contribute to the dietary intake of nutrients and bioactive compounds in the US and therefore need to be assessed when monitoring nutritional status of the population and when studying diet-health associations.Recent Developments: With the recent development and availability of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD), a comprehensive DS database that will eventually contain labels for all products marketed in the US, NHANES DS data will be more easily linked to product information to estimate nutrient intake from DS.Future Directions: Over time, NHANES has both expanded and improved collection methods. The continued understanding of sources of error in collection methods will continue to be explored and is critical to improved accuracy.Conclusions: NHANES provides a rich source of nationally representative data on the usage of dietary supplements in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This review summarizes the current and previous data on dietary supplement (DS) use collected from participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), describes the NHANES dietary supplement database used to compute nutrient intakes from DSs, discussed recent developments and future direction, and describes many examples to demonstrate the utility of these data in informing nutrition research and policy.Background and History: Since 1971, NHANES, has been collecting information on the use of DSs from participants. These data are critical to national nutrition surveillance and have been used to characterize usage patterns, examine trends over time, assess the percentage of the population meeting or exceeding nutrient recommendations, and to help elucidate the sources contributing nutrients to the diet of the US population.Rationale: Over half of adults and about one-third of children in the United States use at least one dietary supplement in the past 30 days. Dietary supplements contribute to the dietary intake of nutrients and bioactive compounds in the US and therefore need to be assessed when monitoring nutritional status of the population and when studying diet-health associations.Recent Developments: With the recent development and availability of the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD), a comprehensive DS database that will eventually contain labels for all products marketed in the US, NHANES DS data will be more easily linked to product information to estimate nutrient intake from DS.Future Directions: Over time, NHANES has both expanded and improved collection methods. The continued understanding of sources of error in collection methods will continue to be explored and is critical to improved accuracy.Conclusions: NHANES provides a rich source of nationally representative data on the usage of dietary supplements in the US. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To test whether diets achieving recommendations from the UK's Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) were associated with higher monetary costs in a nationally representative sample of UK adults.Design: A cross-sectional study linking 4 d diet diaries in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) to contemporaneous food price data from a market research firm. The monetary cost of diets was assessed in relation to whether or not they met eight food- and nutrient-based recommendations from SACN. Regression models adjusted for potential confounding factors. The primary outcome measure was individual dietary cost per day and per 2000 kcal (8368 kJ).Setting: UK.Subjects: Adults (n 2045) sampled between 2008 and 2012 in the NDNS.Results: On an isoenergetic basis, diets that met the recommendations for fruit and vegetables, oily fish, non-milk extrinsic sugars, fat, saturated fat and salt were estimated to be between 3 and 17 % more expensive. Diets meeting the recommendation for red and processed meats were 4 % less expensive, while meeting the recommendation for fibre was cost-neutral. Meeting multiple targets was also associated with higher costs; on average, diets meeting six or more SACN recommendations were estimated to be 29 % more costly than isoenergetic diets that met no recommendations.Conclusions: Food costs may be a population-level barrier limiting the adoption of dietary recommendations in the UK. Future research should focus on identifying systems- and individual-level strategies to enable consumers achieve dietary recommendations without increasing food costs. Such strategies may improve the uptake of healthy eating in the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report examines the challenges of conducting a multicenter, cross-sectional study of countries with diverse cultures, and shares the lessons learned. The Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) was used as a feasibility study involving the most populous cities of eight countries in Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela) in 2014-2015, about 40% of the population of the Americas. The target sample included 9 000 individuals, 15-65 years of age, and was stratified by geographic location (only urban areas), gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Six principal challenges were identified: team structuring and site selections; developing a single protocol; obtaining ethic approvals; completing simultaneous fieldwork; ensuring data quality; and extracting data and maintaining consistency across databases. Lessons learned show that harmonization, pilot study, uniformity of procedures, high data quality control, and communication and collaboration across sites are imperative. Barriers included organizational complexity, recruitment of collaborators and research staff, institutional cooperation, development of infrastructure, and identification of resources. Consensus on uniform measures and outcomes and data collection methodology, as well as a plan for data management and analysis, communication, publication, and dissemination of study results should be in place prior to beginning fieldwork. While challenging, such studies offer great potential for building a scientific base for studies on nutrition, physical activity, and other health topics, while facilitating comparisons among countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cadernos de Saude Publica is the property of Escola Nacional de Saude Publica Sergio Arouca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this study was to describe the nutritional profile of children and adolescents benefited by the Bolsa Família Program in Nova Lima / MG. This is an ecological study with data from the Information Record of the Nutritional Status of Program Beneficiaries included in the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System provided by the SUS's Department of Informatics. A total of 4,935 children and adolescents were found, of which 2,868 were female. It was found that 76.1% of the study population was classified in the Nutritional Status Index as eutrophic, 9.7% with nutritional risk (≥3rd percentile <10th percentile), 7.3% with risk of overweight (≥97th percentile), 5.5% with low weight (≥0.1 percentile

Copyright of Revista Brasileira em Promoção da Saúde is the property of Revista Brasileira em Promocao da Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Atencao Primaria a Saude is the property of Revista de Atencao Primaria a Saude and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: Identify the nutritional and epidemiological profile of patients treated at a nutrition clinic in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Materials and Method: Retrospective cross-sectional study, which analyzed all medical records of patients treated between the years 2000 to 2008. The nutritional profile of the patient in his first appointment was evaluated, and the epidemiological profile (its pathologies and risk factors associated with major diseases related to food), and health habits. Results: In this study were evaluated 452 records with a predominance of female patients. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome such as excess weight, diabetes, altered biochemical and increased waist circumference, were found. There was a linear association between metabolic syndrome with age, nutritional status and physical activity. Age also showed a linear association with general obesity and abdominal obesity high risk. A sedentary lifestyle was crucial to changing the nutritional status and consequent development of cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: The attended population has a prevalence of metabolic syndrome, which increases with the variables age and body mass index, and is more prevalent in sedentary males. Women attended have more aggravating factors for cardiovascular disease, such as abdominal obesity, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJETIVO: avaliar a reprodutibilidade e validade de indicadores de consumo de alimentos e bebidas levantados por meio de entrevistas telefônicas pelo Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Telefone (VIGITEL). MÉTODOS: A reprodutibilidade foi aferida por meio de entrevistas repetidas com intervalos de 7 a 15 dias a partir da primeira entrevista original do sistema (n=258). A validade foi avaliada usando como padrão ouro 3 entrevistas correspondentes a recordatórios de 24h (R24h) em 3 dias da semana, após 7 a 15 dias da entrevista telefônica original (n=217). No estudo de reprodutibilidade a estatística kappa foi utilizada para medir a concordância entre os resultados das proporções obtidas na primeira e na segunda entrevista. Para a validação, a proporção de referência positiva de alimentos e bebidas na entrevista telefônica original foi comparada àquela obtida nos R24h e sua avaliação foi analisada por meio do cálculo da sensibilidade, especificidade e valor preditivo positivo. RESULTADOS: No estudo de reprodutibilidade, observou-se concordância quase perfeita para o indicador de consumo de leite com teor integral de gordura (0,86); concordância substancial para consumo de frutas (0,67), consumo de frutas e hortaliças, consumo de carne com gordura ou frango com pele e consumo abusivo de bebida alcoólica; concordância moderada para o indicador de consumo de refrigerante; e concordância regular para o indicador do consumo de hortaliças. Com relação ao estudo de validação, observou-se subestimação de indicadores de consumo de frutas, hortaliças e leite integral, exceto para consumo de carne/frango com gordura e bebida alcoólica, quando comparados com a frequência desse consumo estimada a partir dos três R24horas; as diferenças para o consumo de refrigerantes foi inexpressiva. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que os instrumentos utilizados permitem a vigilância de fatores potencialmente associados a doenças não transmissíveis, entretanto, é prioritária a continuidade de estudos de validação em outras populações do sistema, com o objetivo de oferecer maior confiabilidade aos mesmos, sempre considerando as potenciais limitações.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the validity and reproducibility markers of food and beverage intake obtained by means of a telephone-based surveillance system. METHODS: Reproducibility was assessed by means of repeated interviews with a 7-15 day interval after the first interview of the system (n=258). Validity was analyzed based on three interviews corresponding to the 24 hour recall method, used as gold standard, 3 days a week, 7 to 15 days after the original telephone interview (n=217). In the study of reproducibility, kappa statistics was used to measure the similarity between the results of the proportions obtained in the first and second interviews. For validation, the proportion of positive reports regarding foods and beverages at the original telephone interview was compared to that obtained by the 24 hour recall method, and the results was analyzed by calculating sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. RESULTS: In the reproducibility study, the agreement was almost perfect for the marker milk consumption (0.86), substantial for fruit consumption (0.67), intake of fruits and vegetables, intake of meat with fat and alcohol abuse. The agreement was moderate for the intake of soft drink, and fair for the consumption of vegetables. Regarding the validity, there was an underestimation of fruit, vegetable and milk consumption, except for meat and alcohol when compared with the consumption frequency estimated from the three 24-hours recalls, differences related to soft drink consumption was inexpressive. CONCLUSION: The instruments enabled the surveillance of factors which were potentially associated with chronic diseases, however, it is a priority to continue with validation studies in other populations to provide greater system reliability, always considering possible limiting factors.

O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado é um indicador de qualidade da dieta desenvolvido consoante com as recomendações nutricionais vigentes. Os dados dietéticos foram provenientes do estudo de base-populacional, Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA)-Capital-2003. O Índice contém 12 componentes, sendo nove fundamentados nos grupos de alimentos do Guia Alimentar Brasileiro de 2006, cujas porções diárias são expressas em densidade energética; dois nutrientes (sódio e gordura saturada); e Gord_AA (calorias provenientes de gordura sólida, álcool e açúcar de adição). O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Revisado propicia mensurar variados fatores de riscos dietéticos para doenças crônicas, permitindo, simultaneamente, avaliar e monitorar a dieta em nível individual ou populacional.El Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado es un indicador de calidad de la dieta desarrollado cónsono con las recomendaciones nutricionales vigentes. Los datos dietéticos fueron provenientes del estudio de base poblacional Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA - Pesquisa de Salud y Alimentación)-Capital-2003. El Índice contiene 12 componentes, siendo nueve fundamentados en los grupos de alimentos de la Guía Alimentaria Brasileña de 2006, cuyas porciones diarias son expresadas en densidad energética; dos nutrientes (sodio y grasa saturada); y Gord_AA (calorías provenientes de grasa sólida, alcohol y azúcar de adición). El Índice de Calidad de la Dieta Revisado propicia medir varios factores de riesgos dietéticos para enfermedades crónicas, permitiendo, simultáneamente, evaluar y monitorear la dieta en nivel individual o poblacional.The revised version of the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index is an indicator of dietary quality developed according to current nutritional recommendations. Dietary data were obtained from a population-based survey, the 2003 Inquérito de Saúde e Alimentação (ISA - Health and Diet Survey)-Capital. The Revised Index consists of 12 components: nine food groups included in the 2006 Brazilian Dietary Guidelines, in which daily portions are expressed in terms of energy density; two nutrients (sodium and saturated fats), and SoFAAS (calories from solid fat, alcohol and added sugar). The Revised Brazilian Healthy Eating Index allows for the measurement of dietary risk factors for chronic diseases, evaluating and monitoring the diet at both individual and population levels.

INTRODUÇÃO: O monitoramento do crescimento infantil constitui-se em importante ferramenta para a construção de indicadores úteis ao planejamento de políticas e ações de atenção à saúde da criança. Para isso é necessário que os dados antropométricos obtidos apresentem satisfatória confiabilidade. OBJETIVO: Investigar a confiabilidade dos dados antropométricos produzidos nos Estabelecimentos de Assistência à Saúde (EAS) do SUS em Alagoas. MÉTODOS: Para composição da amostra, sortearam-se 20 dentre os 102 municípios do Estado. Em seguida, dois EAS por município e, nestes, cerca de dez crianças menores de cinco anos. A amostra foi constituída de 40 EAS e 347 crianças. As medidas antropométricas (peso e estatura) foram aferidas (1) na rotina do serviço (S); (2) pelo pesquisador utilizando equipamento padrão (P) e; (3) pesquisador usando equipamentos do serviço (PS). RESULTADOS: A aplicação do teste Kappa indicou concordância "substancial" (K = 0,69) nas classificações de peso-para-idade (PI) entre S e P e "quase perfeita" (K = 0,83) entre PS e P. Quanto à altura-para-idade (AI), a concordância entre S e P foi "discreta" (K = 0,27), passando a "moderada" (K = 0,56) entre PS e P. O Erro Técnico da Medição segundo faixas etárias ( 24 meses) indicou problemas na técnica e nos equipamentos. As medidas de peso corporal obtidas em S foram sistematicamente superestimadas (p < 0,05; teste dos sinais), o que determinou baixa sensibilidade e uma elevada taxa de falsos negativos (38,5% para PI e 57,1% para AI). CONCLUSÃO: A baixa confiabilidade observada para a variável altura, desaconselha sua utilização na construção de indicadores de saúde até que os EAS sejam dotados de estadiômetros adequados e pessoal qualificado a utilizá-los. Quanto à variável peso, embora possa ser utilizada, é necessário melhorar sua qualidade por meio da capacitação dos antropometristas e da aquisição e/ou manutenção dos equipamentos.INTRODUCTION: Monitoring child growth is a very important tool not only to build useful indicators for the evaluation and planning of public policies, but also for appropriate care to child health. In order to accomplish that anthropometric data from services need to present satisfactory reliability. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the reliability of weight and height variables obtained from children at public healthcare services (PHS) of Alagoas. METHODS: To build the sample, 20 municipalities were drawn among the 102 of the state. Then, two PHS were drawn per municipality, and in these, about ten children under five years. The final sample consisted of 40 PHS and 347 children. Anthropometric measures (weight and height) were taken (1) during routine service (S); (2) by the researcher using standard equipment (R), and (3) by the researcher using service equipment (RS). RESULTS: The Kappa test indicated a "substantial" level of agreement (K=0.69) in the classifications of weight-for-age (WA) between S and R and "almost perfect" (K = 0.83) in those between RS and R. Regarding height-for-age (HA), the level of agreement between S and R was "fair" (K = 0.27), to "moderate" (K = 0.56) between RS and R. A Technical Measurement Error according to age groups ( 24 months) indicated problems in the technique and equipment. Measurements of body weight obtained in PHS routine were systematically overestimated (p

A Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição ressalta a importância do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional - SISVAN, que se destina à identificação do diagnóstico descritivo e analítico da situação alimentar e nutricional da população brasileira, contribuindo para que se conheça a natureza e a magnitude dos problemas nutricionais do país. Este artigo visa apresentar o histórico das ações da Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional no Brasil, desde sua idealização até a prática atual, destacando a superação das limitações encontradas ao longo dos anos, o fortalecimento obtido por meio dos marcos legais e os desafios enfrentados neste momento. Entende-se hoje que o SISVAN só pode ser conduzido utilizando-se uma combinação de estratégias, sendo as principais: o sistema informatizado do SISVAN, os inquéritos populacionais, as Chamadas Nutricionais, a análise das bases de dados nacionais da saúde, o acesso à produção científica e o financiamento de pesquisas sobre o tema.The National Food and Nutrition Policy emphasizes the importance of the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System (SISVAN), which has the purpose of determining descriptive and analytical diagnoses of the food and nutritional status of the Brazilian population. It thus contributes towards providing knowledge on the nature and magnitude of the country's nutritional problems. The present paper aimed to present the history of food and nutritional surveillance actions in Brazil, from the time of concept design to current practice. The surmounting limitations encountered over the years, strengthening obtained through legal milestones and challenges currently faced are highlighted. The view taken is that SISVAN can only be managed today through a combination of strategies. Of these, the main ones are the SISVAN information technology system, population-based surveys, Nutrition Days, and analysis of national healthcare databases, along with access to scientific production and funding for research on the topic.

Este estudo visa a contextualizar por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, os riscos acarretados pelo consumo de aditivos alimentares. Em relação aos resultados dos estudos associando o consumo de aditivos ao aparecimento do câncer, os efeitos adversos à saúde foram observados principalmente nos estudos em que a Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA) foi excedida. Também apontou uma carência de pesquisas sobre o transtorno do déficit de atenção e hiperatividade. Já em relação à hipersensibilidade não específica, o número de estudos foi significativo e os resultados mais consistentes quanto às manifestações clínicas de rinite, urticária e angioedema provocadas pelos aditivos, em particular pelos os corantes artificiais. As crianças aparecem como grupo vulnerável, em razão do consumo potencial de alimentos com aditivos alimentares, particularmente corantes artificiais. Os resultados indicam que estudos de consumo de aditivos alimentares deveriam servir de base para a elaboração de estratégias de vigilância alimentar e nutricional, com a finalidade de promover hábitos alimentares saudáveis.This study uses a systematic literature review to contextualize the risks associated with food additive intake. Studies comparing food additive intake and cancer showed that adverse health effects appeared when Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) was exceeded. The review also detected a lack of studies on attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. There were more studies on non-specific hypersensitivity, highlighting such clinical manifestations as rhinitis, urticaria, and angioedema, all associated with food additives, particularly artificial colorants. Children are a vulnerable group as potential consumers of food additives, particularly artificial colorants. Studies on food additive intake should provide the basis for effective food and nutritional surveillance strategies, aiming to promote healthy eating habits.

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma releitura do clássico Geografia da Fome, publicado pela primeira vez em 1946. Realiza-se uma síntese dos mapas das cinco áreas alimentares e das principais carências nutricionais existentes no Brasil, de acordo com o delineamento realizado por Josué de Castro. Nos dias atuais, ao perfil epidemiológico nutricional desenhado por Josué de Castro, caracterizado pelas carências nutricionais (desnutrição, hipovitaminoses, bócio endêmico, anemia ferropriva etc.), sobrepuseram-se as doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis (obesidade, diabetes, dislipidemias etc.). Entretanto, a questão da complexa e paradoxal problemática da fome permanece como uma temática recorrente no Brasil. Diante de alguns dilemas da atualidade, tais como aqueles que dizem respeito à sustentabilidade ecológica do planeta e à garantia do direito humano à alimentação, torna-se imperante reacender a luta defendida por Josué de Castro pela adoção de um modelo de desenvolvimento econômico sustentável e uma sociedade sem miséria e sem fome.The aim of this article is to reinterpret the classic work Geografia da Fome [The Geography of Hunger], first published in 1946. The article provides a summary of the five food area maps and the main nutritional deficiencies in Brazil, based on Josué de Castro's original conception. Currently, the nutritional epidemiological profile identified by Josué de Castro, characterized by nutritional deficiencies (malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, endemic goiter, iron deficiency anemia, etc.), overlap with chronic non-communicable diseases (obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemias, etc.). However, the complex and paradoxical issue of hunger is a persistently recurrent theme in Brazil. Given a series of current dilemmas, including the planet's ecological sustainability and the need to guarantee the human right to adequate, healthy nutrition, it is urgent to reawaken the struggle led by Josué de Castro for the adoption of a sustainable economic development model and a society free of poverty and hunger.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade e a validade de indicadores de atividade física e sedentarismo, obtidos por sistema de vigilância baseado em inquéritos telefônicos. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas análises de reprodutibilidade e validade em duas subamostras aleatórias (n=110 e n=111, respectivamente) da amostra total (N=2.024) de adultos (>18 anos), estudada pelo sistema, no município de São Paulo, em 2005. Os indicadores avaliados incluíram a freqüência de "suficientemente ativos no lazer", "inativos em quatro domínios da atividade física (lazer, trabalho, transporte e atividades domésticas)" e "ver televisão por longos períodos". A reprodutibilidade foi estudada comparando-se resultados obtidos a partir da entrevista telefônica original do sistema e de outra entrevista idêntica repetida após sete a 15 dias e feita por entrevistador diferente do que fez a entrevista original. A validade foi estudada comparando-se resultados obtidos a partir da entrevista telefônica original e de três recordatórios de 24 horas (método de referência) realizados na semana seguinte à entrevista original. RESULTADOS: A freqüência dos três indicadores avaliados foi idêntica ou muito próxima entre a primeira e a segunda entrevistas telefônicas, e os coeficientes kappa se situaram entre 0,53 e 0,80, indicando boa reprodutibilidade de todos os indicadores. Relativamente ao método de referência, evidenciou-se especificidade de 80% ou mais para os três indicadores e sensibilidade de 69,7% para "ver televisão por longos períodos", 59,1% para "inativos em quatro domínios" e 50% para "suficientemente ativos no lazer". CONCLUSÕES: Os indicadores de atividade física e sedentarismo empregados pelo sistema aparentam ser reprodutíveis e suficientemente acurados. Se mantido em operação nos próximos anos, o sistema poderá oferecer ao Brasil um instrumento útil para avaliação de políticas públicas de promoção da atividade física e controle das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis relacionadas ao sedentarismo.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reproducibilidad y la validad de indicadores de actividad física y sedentarismo, obtenidos por sistema de vigilancia basado en encuestas telefónicas. MÉTODOS: Fueron realizadas análisis de reproducibilidad y validad en dos submuestras aleatorias (n=110 e n=111, respectivamente) de la muestra total (N=2.024) de adultos (> 18 anos), estudiada por el sistema, en municipio de São Paulo (sudeste de Brasil), en 2005. Los indicadores evaluados incluyeron la frecuencia de "suficientemente activos en el ocio", "inactivos en cuatro dominios de la actividad física (ocio, trabajo, transporte y actividades domésticas)" y "ver televisión por largos períodos". La reproducibilidad fue estudiada comparándose resultados obtenidos a partir de encuesta telefónica original del sistema y de otra encuesta idéntica repetida después de siete a quince días y hecha por entrevistador diferente del que hizo la encuesta original. La validad fue estudiada comparándose resultados obtenidos a partir de la encuesta telefónica original y de tres recordatorios de 24 horas (método de referencia) realizados en la semana siguiente a la encuesta original. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de los tres indicadores evaluados fue idéntica o muy próxima entre la primera y la segunda encuesta telefónica, y los coeficientes kappa se situaron entre 0,53 e 0,80, indicando buena reproducibilidad de todos los indicadores. Relativamente al método de referencia, se evidenció especificidad de 80% o más para los tres indicadores y sensibilidad de 69,7% para "ver televisión por largos períodos", 59,1% para "inactivos en cuatro dominios" y 50% para "suficientemente activos en el ocio". CONCLUSIONES: Los indicadores de actividad física y sedentarismo empleados por el sistema aparentan ser reproducibles y suficientemente determinados. Si mantenido en operación en los próximos anos, el sistema podrá ofrecer al Brasil un instrumento útil para evaluación de políticas públicas de promoción de la actividad física y control de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles relacionadas al sedentarismo.OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability and validity of indicators of physical activity and sedentariness obtained by means of a telephone-based surveillance system. METHODS: Reliability and validity studies were carried out in two random subsamples (n=110 and n=111, respectively) obtained from the total sample (N=2,024) of adults (>18 years) studied by the system in the municipality of São Paulo in 2005. Studied indicators included frequency of "sufficiently active during leisure time," "inactive in four domains of physical activity (leisure, work, transportation, and housework)," and "habit of watching television for long periods." Reliability was assessed by comparing results of the original telephone interview with those of another identical interview repeated after seven to 15 days. Validity was assessed by comparing the results of the telephone interview with those of three 24-hour recalls (reference method) carried out in the week following the original interview. RESULTS: Frequencies obtained for of the three evaluated indicators were either identical or very similar for the first and second telephone interviews. Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.53 to 0.80, indicating good reliability for all indicators. In relation to the reference method, all indicators showed 80% or higher specificity, and sensitivity values were 69.7% for "watching television for long periods," 59.1% for "inactive in four domains," and 50% for "sufficiently active during leisure." CONCLUSIONS: The indicators of physical activity and sedentariness included in the system seem reliable and sufficiently accurate. If kept operational in coming years, this system may provide Brazil with a useful instrument for evaluating public policies aimed at promoting physical activity and controlling non-transmissible chronic diseases associated with sedentariness.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a reprodutibilidade e a validade de indicadores do consumo de alimentos e bebidas obtidos por sistema de vigilância baseado em inquéritos telefônicos. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas análises de reprodutibilidade e validade em duas subamostras aleatórias (n=112 e n=109, respectivamente) da amostra total (N=2.024) de adultos (>18 anos) estudada pelo sistema em 2005 no município de São Paulo. Os indicadores avaliados incluíram fatores de proteção (consumo diário ou quase diário de frutas e hortaliças) e de risco (consumo diário ou quase diário de refrigerantes, consumo habitual de alimentos fontes de gorduras saturadas de origem animal, e consumo abusivo de bebidas alcoólicas) para doenças crônicas. Para a análise de reprodutibilidade compararam-se resultados obtidos a partir da entrevista telefônica original do sistema e de outra entrevista idêntica repetida após sete a 15 dias. Para a análise de validade compararam-se resultados obtidos a partir da entrevista telefônica original e de três recordatórios de 24 horas (padrão-ouro) realizados até 15 dias após a entrevista original. RESULTADOS: A freqüência dos indicadores estudados mostrou-se relativamente constante entre a primeira e a segunda entrevistas telefônicas e os coeficientes kappa se situaram entre 0,57 e 0,80, indicando boa reprodutibilidade de todos os indicadores. Relativamente ao padrão-ouro, evidenciou-se tendência de superestimação na freqüência do consumo de alimentos protetores, mas não na freqüência de alimentos associados a risco para doenças crônicas. Sensibilidade e especificidade foram elevadas para indicadores do consumo de alimentos associados a risco (próximas a 80%) e variáveis no caso de alimentos protetores (entre 42% e 80%). CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação indicou boa reprodutibilidade e adequada validade para a maioria dos indicadores empregados pelo sistema, o que indica que a manutenção da sua operação nos próximos anos oferecerá ao Brasil um útil instrumento para avaliação de políticas publicas de promoção da alimentação saudável e controle das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis relacionadas à alimentação.OBJETIVO: Evaluar la reproducibilidad y validez de indicadores de consumo de alimentos y bebidas obtenidos por sistema de vigilancia basado en encuestas telefónicas. MÉTODOS: Fueron realizadas análisis de reproducibilidad y validez en dos submuestras aleatorias (n=112 y n=109, respectivamente) de la muestra total (N=2.024) de adultos (>18 anos) estudiada por el sistema en 2005 en el municipio de Sao Paulo. Los indicadores evaluados incluyeron factores de protección (consumo diario o casi diario de frutas y hortalizas) y de riesgo (consumo diario o casi diario de bebidas gaseosas, consumo habitual de alimentos fuentes de grasas saturadas de origen animal, y consumo abusivo de bebidas alcohólicas) para enfermedades crónicas. Para el análisis de reproducibilidad se compararon resultados obtenidos a partir de la encuesta telefónica original del sistema y de otra encuesta idéntica repetida después de siete a 15 días. Para el análisis de validez se compararon resultados obtenidos a partir de la encuesta telefónica original y de tres recordatórios de 24 horas (padrón-oro) realizados hasta 15 días después de la encuesta original. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia de los indicadores estudiados se mostró relativamente constante entre la primera y la segunda encuesta telefónica y los coeficientes kappa se situaron entre 0,57 y 0,80, indicando buena reproducibilidad de todos los indicadores. Relativamente al padrón oro, se evidenció tendencia de súper estimación en la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos protectores, pero no en la frecuencia de alimentos asociados a riesgo para enfermedades crónicas. Sensibilidad y especificidad fueron elevadas para indicadores de consumo de alimentos asociados a riesgo (próximas a 80%) y variables en el caso de alimentos protectores (entre 42% e 80%). CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación indicó buena reproducibilidad y adecuada validez para la mayoría de los indicadores empleados por el sistema, lo que indica que la manutención de su operación en los próximos años ofrecerá al Brasil un útil instrumento para evaluación de políticas públicas de promoción de la alimentación saludable y control de las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles relacionadas a la alimentación.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproducibility and validity of data on food and beverage intake obtained by means of a telephone-based surveillance system. METHODS: Reproducibility and validity analyses were carried out in two random subsamples (n=112 and n=119, respectively) of the total sample (N=2,024) of adults (>18 years) studied by the system in 2005 in the municipality of São Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. Indicators evaluated included protective factors (daily or almost daily intake of fruit and vegetables) and risk factors (daily or almost daily intake of soft drinks, frequent intake of foods containing saturated animal fat, and abusive intake of alcoholic beverages) for the development of chronic diseases. Reproducibility was studied by comparing the results of the original telephonic interview with those of another interview carried out 7-15 days later. Validity was analyzed by comparing the results of the telephone interview with those of three 24-hour recalls (our gold-standard) carried out up to 5 days following the original interview. RESULTS: The frequency of the studied indicators remained relatively constant between the first and second telephone interviews, with kappa coefficients ranging from 0.57 to 0.80, indicating good reproducibility for all indicators. In relation to the gold standard, there was a trend towards overestimating the frequency of intake of protective foods, but of foods associated with increased risk of chronic diseases. Sensitivity and specificity were high for indicators of consumption of risk-associated foods (close to 80%), and variable in the case of protective foods (42% to 80%). CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation showed evidence of good reproducibility and adequate validity for most indicators employed in the system, which indicates that maintaining this system operational in coming years will provide a useful instrument for evaluating public policies for the promotion of a healthy diet and for control of non-communicable chronic diseases with a dietary component in Brazil.