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Background and aim Orange colored tubular calyx of the flowers of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis contains an apocarotenoid crocin as a major ingredient, which is originally detected to be major colouring principle of saffron stigma. Saffron stigma exhibits good wound healing activity owing to the presence of crocin. The present study is aimed at isolation of crocetin, from tubular calyx of N. arbortristis and improve stability through entrapping in vesicles followed by evaluation of wound healing activity of the topical formulation thereof. Experimental procedure Crocetin was isolated by treating ethanolic extract of tubular calyx of N. arbor-tristis with sodium bicarbonate followed by regeneration of crocetin using hydrochloric acid. The phytosomes were prepared by lipid film hydration technique. The gel containing phytosomes equivalent to crocetin 1% w/w, was then evaluated for wound healing activity through applications on incision and excision wounds inflicted in Wister albino rats. Results Stability of crocetin was found to be increased due to entrapment into phytosomes. The studies revealed that both types of wounds upon treatment with gel containing crocetin phytosomes, indicated good wound healing potential, as the epithelization period was significantly (P Conclusion Crocetin from tubular calyx of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis indicated to be potential wound healing phytoconstituent.

Background: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) is an ornamental garden plant traditionally used for treating many diseases such as helminthiasis, arthritis, and malaria. Aims: The aim of this study was to validate the ethnobotanical uses of the antimalarial activity of leaves of NAT by in vivo tests. Materials and Methods: Leaves of NAT were identified and authenticated and phytoconstituents of NAT were identified. The antimalarial activity of NAT was studied in in vivo for its schizonticidal activity, repository activity, and curative tests in Swiss albino mice by using Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA was done for comparison of different groups followed by post hoc analysis (Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests). Level of significance was at P < 0.05. Results: The mean schizonticidal activity of NAT increased from 14.21 to 46.15 (P < 0.01) with doses ranging from 100 to 200 mg/kg compared to 67.29 with that of chloroquine (CQ). The repository activity with NAT doses 100–200 mg/kg increased from 12.91 to 42.85 (P < 0.01) compared to 78.79 in pyrimethamine 1.2 mg/kg/day. In Rane's test, there was chemosuppression in range of 55.50–65.02 (P < 0.01) with NAT in doses of 100–200 mg/kg compared to 74.15 with that of CQ 5 mg/kg. Conclusions: The antiplasmodial activity of NAT might be like that of artemisinin by producing oxidative stress mostly due to the iridoid glycosides. The active phytoconstituent(s) responsible may be tested individually or in combination both by in vitro and in vivo studies to identify the active chemical ingredient.

The Indian medicinal herb Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (NAT) is well-known. It is often referred to as "Parijat" and is a critically endangered species in India. Crude extracts and refined chemicals from seeds, such as 4-hydroxy-hexahydrobenzofuran-7-one, 6-hydroxyloganin, and Arbortristoside A, a polysaccharide from the leaves, and Naringenin from the stem, may all be sources of active pharmacological agents. In Ayurveda, the plant is used for a variety of pharmacological effects, including anticancer, antiparasitic, antimalarial, immunostimulant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, anti-diabetic, and anti-allergy activity.

Aim: To rationalize the macroscopial, microscopical and physico-chemical studies on leaves of plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Methods: The pharmacognostic characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy and powder microscopy of plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves. The crude ethanolic extract of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. was using physico-chemical parameters, and preliminary phytochemical investigation (TLC). Results: The microscopic study shows the general characteristic of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic, tannins constituents. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the established pharmacognostic profile of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves will be helpful in developing pharmacopoeial standards for correct identification and quality control. The present observation will also be helpful in macroscopical and microscopical on leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Keywords: Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Pharmacognostical Study, Macroscopial and Microscopical studies

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (NAT) is regarded as a multipotent medicinal plant which is widely used in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, Unani and Siddha. The plant has caught the eyes of the scientific and commercial communities for potential use in pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic, folk medicines and textile, etc. Traditionally, treatment with NAT has been demonstrated in the scientific literature for ailments such as chronic fever, biliary disorder, liver disorder, rheumatism, obstinate sciatica, malaria, bronchitis, wound healing, skin disorders, stomachic, astringent, menstruation. The plant has also gained notoriety in nanotechnology. The main purpose of this review is to explore the potential dimensions of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis centered on ethnobotanical relevance, nanosciences, industrial endeavors, and most importantly conservation in natural habitat. N. arbor-tristis is rich source of bioactive compounds including arbortristoside-A, arbortristoside-B, astraglin, nicotiflorin, quercetin and many more; that specifies their prospective as therapeutic agent and also for foretelling and controlling the eminence of this plant. Besides, it has revealed strong prospective as a safe and natural coloring agent due to the manifestation of natural pigment nyctanthin (crocetin), which can supplementary be applied in food and textile industries. Availability of various market products postulates economic affluence of this plant. Alongside all the advantages taken out of this divine plant, natural abundance can also be maintained modestly by using in vitro mass multiplication techniques to maintain sustainable supply of valuable products.

The present research aimed at exploring the plant- mediated fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using aqueous leaf extract of a medicinal plant, Nyctanthes arbortristis and evaluation of their bioactivity against three major mosquito species (Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus). The AgNPs were characterized through TEM indicating the synthesis of spherical particles with crystalline nature measuring 75-85 nm. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, phenolic group, tannins, saponins and alkaloids which might be responsible for stable AgNPs. Green AgNPs exhibited the highest efficacy against An. stephensi (LC50 -7.03 ppm) in comparison to two other mosquito species. Risk assessment study monitored on an aquatic snail, Indoplanorbis exustus, proved safer with LC50 of 50.13 ppm after 24 h of exposure. Results obtained from this study showed that biofabricated AgNPs possessed the promising larvicidal activity and could be used as a biocompatible and cost- effective alternative in the management of vector-borne diseases.

The study reveals the effect of natural dyes Curcuma longa (rhizome) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (corolla tube) on various plant tissues under fluorescence microscopy. The results indicated that the auto-fluorescence was seen in some of the tissues of unstained monocot and dicot stem sections. The use of Curcuma longa dye along with different chemical mordants leads to various colors and intensity of fluorescence under different excitation filters (violet: 400-450; blue: 450-500; green: 500-570; yellow: 570-610 and red: 610-750 nm) examined. The extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis along with the mordants lead to bluish-orange fluorescence of vascular tissues under violet excitation filter. Among the dyes evaluated, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis showed better fluorescence than the Curcuma longa dye. Hence, the dye extracted from the corolla tube of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is a potential natural dye and could be used as biological stain for staining plant tissues.

Many parts of the plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. are widely investigated for their biological properties. Purified Arbortristosides from seeds are reported as anticancer, anti-leishmania, ant...

The present investigation deal with study of chemical composition of Harsingar (Nyctanthes arbortristis) essential oil from leaves antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of essential oil, major co...

Objective: To formulate arthritic pain relieving tablets and evaluation of tablets. Methods: The preparation of dry powder of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves, 1% Acacia solution, 1%HPMC-10 solution, 1% Sodium alginate solution. The wet granulation method was used for the formulation of herbal tablets. Results: Based on the pre-formulation study, the flow property of granules was good. The physical parameters of compressed tablets color were Greenish white for F1 and F3 batch, Dark greenish-white color for F2batch. The weight variation test, hardness, thickness, friability and disintegration time for F1 batch was found to be [497±5%, 3.3±0.17, 4.00±0.005, 0.81%, 28] respectively, For F2 batch [506±5%, 3.13±0.01, 3.66±0.023, 1.43%, 25] respectively, For F3 batch [502.5±5%, 3.13±0.01, 3.96±0.001, 1.8%, 32] respectively. Conclusion: The formulated herbal tablets were used to manage arthritic pain. Based on the results, it is concluded that the formulation and evaluation of herbal tablets were good.

In the present study, we adopted, a green approach for the synthesis of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles using the aqueous flower extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. This extract served as the reducing agent...

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Nyctanthaceae) is one among the most useful traditional plants in India. It is a valuable medicinal plant used in Ayurveda. Various parts of the plant like fruits, leaves, seeds, flowers, barks and stem contain many phytochemicals and are used for the treatment and management of various diseases. Present investigation deals with the qualitative analysis of phytochemicals and antibacterial screening of dried leaf and flower extracts prepared in ethyl acetate, ethanol and benzene. The effect of ZnS/Mn nano particles coated with the ethanolic extract of leaf and flower was also reported. The qualitative analysis of the leaf and flower extracts revealed the presence of various classes of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarins, phenols, resins, tanins, and steroids. The antibacterial potential of the extracts were evaluated on gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas pyogens) bacteria in terms of zone of inhibition using agar well diffusion method.In the anti-bacterial screening, it is evident that flower has more anti-bacterial property than leaf. Among the three solvent extracts used, benzene gave no or poor zone of inhibition while ethyl acetate gave maximum zone of inhibition and the ethanolic extract gave only moderate zone of inhibition. ZnS/Mn nanoparticle encapsulated with ethanolic extracts of leaf and flower was screened for anti-bacterial activity against ethanolic extract. The ZnS/Mn encapsulated extracts gave more zone of inhibition than the extract alone. The results of this study indicates the potential of ZnS/Mn nanoparticles as a strong antibacterial agent which can be useful for antimicrobial applications. Further studies in this aspect has the potential to lead towards a few more astonishing facts towards the anti-biotic property of ZnS/Mn nanoparticles coated with the extracts.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. is an important member of family Oleaceae. An efficient shoot proliferation response (21.53±0.58 shoots/explant) from cotyledonary node was achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 22.19 µM 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP). To optimize the role of ammonium and nitrate on shoot proliferation, the explants were cultured on modified MS media (MS-1 to MS-12). Among these media, MS-3 and MS-9 were found most suitable for shoot-proliferation than others. The microshoots after indole 3-butyric acid (IBA) pulse treatment (1968.11 µM) for 30 min, when sub-cultured on ½ strength MS basal medium were successfully rooted with a maximum frequency of root induction (77.66±1.45), the maximum number of roots/ shoot (10.66±0.88) and maximum root length (1.60±0.05 cm). In-vitro rooted plants were acclimatized and transplanted outside into field with 80 percent survival-rate after 90 days. The genetic-fidelity was confirmed by monomorphic nature of inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker pattern. The ethanol extract of leaves of regenerated plants contained good amount of phenol (118.00±0.82 µg/mg gallic acid equivalent) and flavonoid (17.34±0.64 µg/mg rutin equivalent) and possess strong antioxidant activity. The EC50 value for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, superoxide radical (SOD) scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition activity was 339.98±3.27, 755.80±75.50 and 689.67±2.46 µg/ml respectively. Hence, these findings suggest that regenerated plants can be used as a therapeutic and inhibitory agent against free radical-induced disease progression.

Biofabrication of metal nanoparticles is a cost-effective, one-step and ecofriendly technique. Cell filtrate of an endophytic fungus isolated from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was challenged with 1 mM solution of AgNO3 for the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis. A reduction of silver ions into AgNPs was observed by surface plasmon resonance at absorption maxima 422 nm. The average size of AgNPs was 35.05 nm. The maximum inhibition zones by AgNPs were 14 mm each against E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to AgNO3 solution used as control (10 mm and 9 mm). The fungus was identified as Phomopsis helianthi by the sequencing of ITS region of rDNA. This experiment demonstrates a single-step and ecofriendly method for biosynthesis of AgNPs and their usage as an antimicrobial agent.

Flavonoids have stirred extensive intrigue in light of their potential helpful impact on human wellbeing. Quercetin is a standout amongst the most copious regular flavonoids present in therapeutic plants. The present study was planned to study the in vitro production of flavonoids in callus culture of Nyctanthes arbortristis using different plant growth regulators, and screening of antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves. The callus was produced by transferring the sterile leaves on MS medium containing different concentration of cytokinins like 0.5 mg/l BAP (6-benzylaminopurine), 1.0 mg/l KN (kinetin) with auxins like 0.5 - 2.0 mg/l 2,4-D (2 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). The petroleum ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves and callus were prepared. The content of quercetin in plant extract and callus extract were performed by HPLC. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves were performed by using agar well diffusion and spectroscopy antibacterial activity method. The phytochemical study uncovered the nearness of different secondary metabolites in various extract of plant. The HPLC study confirmed the presence of methoxylated flavonoid quercetin-3,3’-dimethoxy-7-0-rhamnoglucopyranose as a active component in extract. The callus contained higher amount of quercetin compared to fresh leaves. The antibacterial screening results showed that ethanol extract of Nyctanthus arbortristis leaves has been observed an efficient antibacterial effect against different microbes namely S. aureus, E. coli, S. epidermidis and P. aeruginosa.

Background: Endophytic fungi are receiving attention as sources of structurally novel bioactive secondary metabolites towards drug discovery from natural products. This study reports the isolation and characterization of secondary metabolites from an endophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans, associated with Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn., a plant which has a traditional use to cure many ailments including cancer. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative activity of the metabolites of A. nidulans from N. arbor-tristis on three human cancer cell lines, lung (NCI-H460), breast (MCF-7) and uterine cervix (HeLa), and carry out their characterization. Methods: The extracts of the endophytic fungus cultured on potato dextrose agar were subjected to various chromatographic techniques. Structures of pure compounds were determined using spectroscopic techniques. The non-polar constituents were analyzed by GC-MS. Antiproliferative activity was determined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Results: The extracts and fractions showed moderate to good growth inhibition of the aforementioned human cancer cell lines. The broth extract was most potent (IC50 = 10 ± 3.1 μg/mL and LC50= 95 ± 3.9) against HeLa whereas petroleum ether insoluble fraction of mycelium was most active against NCI-H460 and MCF-7 (IC50 = 10 ± 2.1 µg/mL and 18 ± 3.1 µg/mL respectively). GC-MS led to identify 12 compounds in mycelium and 19 compounds in broth. Four pure compounds were isolated and characterized one compound 5, 10-dihydrophenazine-1-carboxylic acid (1) from broth and three 1-hydroxy-3-methylxanthone (2), ergosterol (3) and sterigmatocystin (4) from mycelium. 1 has not been reported earlier as a plant/fungal metabolite while 2-4 are new from this source. Sterigmatocystin exhibited growth inhibitory effect (IC50 = 50 ± 2.5 µM/mL) against only MCF-7 cell line whereas other compounds had IC50 > 100. Conclusions: In this paper, the cytotoxicity of mycelium and broth constituents of endophytic fungus Aspergillus nidulans from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is reported for the first time. The study shows that fungus Aspergillus nidulans from Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is capable of producing biologically active natural compounds and provides a scientific rationale for further chemical investigations of endophyte-producing natural products.

An in vitro micropropagation protocol for Nyctanthes arbor-tristis was developed through the culture of seedling-derived nodal explants. The highest direct shoot induction rate, the mean nu...

Medicinal plants are being widely used either as single drug or in combination for health care system. Nyctanthes arbortristis commonly known as night jasmine or Harshringar is an important medicinal plant mainly used in Ayurveda. It is one of the oldest system of medicines uses plants and their extracts for the treatment and management of various diseases. It has been reported as useful in sciatica, arthritis, fever, asthma, diabetes, cancer, etc. Plants contain various phytoconstituents belonging to the categories of glycosides, alkaloids, essential oils, tannins etc. Several studies are being carried towards its activities like antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodulatory, antipyretic, antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. With all these potential benefits, this review is carried out to explore the hidden potential and its uses. This review explores the published scientific literature to compile all the traditional and scientific data of Nyctanthes arbortristis.

Betulinic acid was first time isolated via bioactivity-guided fractionation from ethyl acetate extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaves. Its structure was established by FTIR, 1H and 13C- nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry. It had shown excellent inhibition of anti-inflammatory properties with IC50 of 10.34 μg/mL (COX-1), 12.92 μg/mL (COX-2), 15.53 μg/mL (5-LOX), 15.21 μg/mL (Nitrite), 16.65 μg/mL (TNF-α), and also exhibited potent antioxidant activity with IC50 of 18.03 μg/mL. The anticancer activity of betulinic acid was evaluated against different human cancer cell lines. It showed significant cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 6.53 (HepG2), 9.34 (A549), 14.92 (HL-60), 16.90 (MCF-7), 17.07 (HCT-116), 13.27 (PC-3), and 12.55 μM (HeLa). This is the first report on isolation and identification of the unreported lupane-type triterpenoid, betulinic acid from leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, which showed potent anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidant activity in vitro assays.

The fortification of yogurt with natural herbs to improve its nutritional and health benefit are an emerging trend. Hot infusions of Nyctanthes abo-tristis flowers are a traditionally used herb against diabetes. This study was designed to develop a novel yogurt fortified (FY) with 3, 3.5, and 6% N.arbor-tristis flower extract (NFE) to determine its suitability as a fortifier en route to innovative functional products. Upon fermentation, the highest sensory scores were obtained for the 3.5% NFE-FY with 11-, 6-, 3-fold higher antiglycation (NFE- IC50: 28.04 ± 1.13 μg/mL and 3.5% NFE-FY IC50: 46.80 ± 0.92 μg/mL) activity, free radical scavenging potentials, and total phenolic content, respectively. An improvement of texture profile values was observed in 3.5% NFE-FY compared to the control with 3.00 ± 0.1% fat, 3.88 ± 0.23% crude protein, 77.94 ± 0.09 moisture, 14.97 ± 0.27 total soluble solids, and 0.7637 ± 0.03 ash. The 3.5%NEF-FY also exhibited a longer shelf life and less microbial growth than the control. The GC-MS analysis of the NFE indicated the presence of phytochemicals essential for the observed bioactivity. The results confirmed that the N.arbor-tristis flower extract increased the overall quality of the yogurt and tested bioactivity. NFE-FY could be used in yogurt production to optimize the health benefits with improved functional characteristics to prevent diet-driven glycation activity.

The present study was carried out to assess ethnobotanical information of some wild plants used by the Tharu community of Parsa district of Nepal. The study was conducted in four villages; Gadi, Madhuban mathwal, Sonbarsa and Shanker Sharaiya. The study focuses on the ethno botanical practices of the Tharu community and documentation of the traditional knowledge for the benefit of mankind. The information presented in this paper was gathered by frequent field visits in the villages, participatory observations, group discussion, interviews with local knowledgeable people in the year 2013 from February to November. A total of 46 ethnomedicinal wild plant species belonging to 31 families and 44 genera are documented in this study. Some new ethno medicinal uses of the plant species like Ficus benghalensis, Gymnema sylvestre, Mimosa pudica Oroxylem indicum, Hibiscus-rosa sinensis, Hydragia anomala, Matricaria chammomilla, Kalanchoe spathelata, Leucas cephalotes, Madhuca indica, Murraya koenigii, Melia azedarachta, Mentha arvensis, Nephrolepsis cordifolia, Morus alba, Nyctanthes arbortritris, Ocimum sanctum, Oxalis corniculata, Phyllanthus amarus, Plumbago zeylanica, Pterocarplus marsupium, Putranjiva roxburghii and Rauvolfia serpentine among Tharu community of Parsa district of Nepal are discussed in the present study.ECOPRINT 24: 1-12, 2017

Introduction: Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and processes that reduce the generation of hazardous substances. Since the last few years, natural products especially plant extracts have been extensively explored for their potency to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). The current study designed to synthesize Ag NPs adopting a green approach using Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn (N. arbortristis) aqueous leaf extract.Methods: Synthesized Ag NPs were characterized by using UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the prepared Ag NPs were also evaluated for the antibacterial activities.Results: This study portrays a facile synthesis of N. arbortristis leaf extract and were noticed through visual color change to brown color. The achieved results authenticated with UV-Visible spectrum exhibited an absorption band at around 440 nm. The SEM images confirmed that the size of Ag NPs sample was 28-30 nm. FTIR results also confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. The Synthesized Ag NPs have enhanced antibacterial activities against both Bacillus cereus (gram positive) and gram negative bacteria (E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sps).Conclusions: The current study illustrated in a simple one step invention of Ag NPs with better control over the size of the material and the significant antibacterial activity was displayed.

Studies on natural compounds are of interest nowadays, due to their adequate health benefits with low toxicity. Herbs and spices have been added to varieties of food to impart flavour as well as to advance storage stability due to their anti-oxidant effects. Anti-oxidants play a major role in curing degenerative diseases. In current scenario many synthetic antioxidants are frequently used but due to their toxic and carcinogenic effects their use has been regulated by legislative rules. So the search for natural anti-oxidants is necessary. In addition to the body's response to injury, inflammation is a physiological mechanism underlying the progression of numerous diseases. Investigation for the discovery and development of anti-inflammatory agents from natural sources is a promising strategy for curing inflammatory diseases. Leukocytes are the key players of inflammatory response, can remove microbes and dead cells by phagocytosis, followed by their destruction in phagolysosomes. The destruction is due to the free radicals generated in activated leukocytes and lysosomal enzymes. The human RBC (HRBC) membranes are analogous to these lysosomal membrane components and most anti-inflammatory drugs are targeted on these pathways. Preventing the discharge of inflammatory mediators is a better option than blocking a specific mediator or its pathway. Generally, conventional anti-inflammatory drugs are used to treat inflammations but they have side effects. Traditionally, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. (Nyctanthaceae) is used against a wide range of ailments in Indian traditional medicine. Phytochemical analysis of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. revealed the occurrence of biochemical compounds such as terpenes, steroids, tannins, phenols, reducing sugars, flavonoids, proteins etc.. Triterpenoids and flavonoids have remarkable anti-inflammatory activity. Here, the ability of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. ethanolic leaf and flower extracts is studied by HRBC membrane stabilization. The inhibition of hypotonicity induced HRBC membrane lysis was taken as a measure of anti inflammatory activity. Diclofenac was used as reference standard. The percentage of membrane stabilization of ethanolic leaf extract, flower extract and Diclofenac were estimated spectrophotometrically at different concentrations such as 200 µL, 400 µL, 600 µL, 800 µL and 1000 µL. They were found to be effective in protecting HRBC membrane. Leaf and flower extracts has a percentage of stabilization less than that of the reference standard, Diclofenac. Among the plant extracts, leaf shows greater stabilization than that of flower.

The traditional system of medicine is so ingrained in our culture that, about 75% of the Indian population depends on this indigenous system for relief. With such a huge section of an ever increasing population relying on herbal remedies, it is imperative that the plant products which have been in use for such a long time be scientifically supported for their efficacy. Diabetes a metabolic disorders is most frequent occurring disease in India. The present paper reports with the investigation of antidiabetic potential of Eugenia jambolana (Bark), Phyllanthus niruri (Whole plant), Momordica charantia Linn. (Seeds) and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Leaves). Keywords

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (L.) popularly known as ‘Parijat’ belongs to the family Oleaceae and is widely used in the traditional system of medicines in India. It has immense biological properties. In the present study, the shade-dried flowers were extracted in three different solvents such as ethanol, ethyl acetate, and water. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by four different in vitro assays—DPPH free radical scavenging, superoxide radical scavenging, lipid peroxidation, and reducing power determination. Phytoconstituents like total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extracts were also measured. The maximum antioxidant activity was observed in ethanolic extract of the flower. The higher phenolic content was found in aqueous extract (177.0 ± 0.17 µg mg−1 gallic acid equivalent). Flavonoid content was higher in ethanolic extract 29.25 ± 0.13 µg mg−1 equivalent to rutin) of flower than the other two extracts. This indicates that both phenolic and flavonoid contents might be responsible for the antioxidant potential of the flower. Ethanolic extract of the flower was found most potent in antioxidant activity in all assays. Thus, the ethanolic extract of the flower can be used as a cheap natural source of antioxidants.

Natural dye, as dyeing material, delivers beautiful and distinctive color, synthetic chemical free, easy to get, easy to degrade, and produces non-toxic liquid waste. Natural dyes require mordant to attach the dye molecules into the leather fibers. This study aimed to determine the effect of mordant in the leather dyeing process using natural dyes extracted from Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood and Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. flowers. The treatment was using three kinds of mordant, i.e. alum, citric acid, and zinc sulfate, with pre-mordanting method, 3% by weight of the sheepskins crust leather tanned with chrome and syntan. The result of the dry rub fastness was excellent (score 5). The wet rub fastness of dyed leather with citric acid mordant was good (score 4 - 4/5), while for alum mordant was quite good (score 3/4). Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood extract produced better wet rub fastness compared to Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. flowers extract. Citric acid mordant produced colors with the highest brightness level for both natural dyes extracts compared to alum and zinc sulfate. Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam wood extract produced a brighter color compared to Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. flowers extract with the same mordant. The visual result of the dyeing process was brownish-yellow.

The plant release or maintain the level of antioxidants in their response toward heavy metal toxicity which is also a part of plant defense mechanism. Apart from this, the presence of antioxidants and antiradical properties is the principle reason for the popularity of medicinal plants. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis or Parijat is one of them. In the present study, various morphological, biochemical and physiochemical parameters of Parijat were analyzed under the condition of lead stress of varying strengths. An increment was recorded in the concentration of superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and non-protein thiols content with the increasing concentration of lead stress, indicating that they have an essential role in coping the heavy metal stress, whereas the exogenous lead stress treatment imparted a negative effect on the content of chlorophyll and protein in the plant. It can be concluded through the present study that the plant N. arbor-tristis can be potentially used as phytoremediator for heavy metal stress due to its hyperaccumulation and antioxidant properties.

Herbal medicine also known as botanical medicine refers to using plants seeds, flowers, roots for medicinal purpose. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn is a large shrub or small tree, found throughout in India as well as chitrakoot region. It is commonly known as Harshingar, night jasmine, and parijat. It is used for its antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective, immune potential, antipyretic, antioxidant and antifungal activity. The present investigation deals with preliminary phytochemical screening and High Performance Thin layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprints profile of Parijat –leaf. For Phytochemical screening two various extracts (ethanolic extract and aqueous extract) of leaf were used and found the Alkaloids, Resins Saponins, Tannins, Terpinoids and Cardiac glycoside present. HPTLC finger printing were carried out on Toluene: Ethyl acetate Original Research Article Prajapati et al.; IJBCRR, 11(4): 1-7, 2016; Article no.IJBCRR.25118 2 (7:3); as a mobile phase. The plate ware developed over a distance of 9 cm in a saturated development chamber Twin through chamber 10X10 cm with SS lid and visualized under at 254nm, 366nm, under ultraviolet before and after derivatization. After spraying with 5% methanolic sulphuric acid followed by heating at 105°C for 5-10 minutes. Rf values were noted with colour before and after derivatization. Rf values are before derivatization at 366 nm 0.05, 0.27, 0.31, 0.37, 0.44, 0.51, 0.69, 0.85, 0.92, 0.96 (all red); under ultraviolet: 0.36, 0.41, 0.50, 0.55, 0.95 (light yellow). After derivatization at 366 nm 0.09 (faint white), 0.31, 0.38, 0.49 (orange), 0.58 (yellow), 0.54, 0.84 (both violet), 0.90 (light pink), 0.96(white); under ultraviolet 0.36, 0.51 (both light brown), 0.58 (light black), 0.98 (brown).

Background: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the pharmacological efficacy of ethanolic extract of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (EENA) LINN as an analgesic agent in comparison with standard non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Methods: The extract was prepared by soxhlet method and acute toxicity test was performed as per OECD guidelines. The peripheral analgesic activity was assessed using acetic acid induced writhing method. The central analgesic activity was assessed using tail-flick method. Results: It has been shown that EENA 400mg/kg and aspirin 100mg/kg significantly increased the pain threshold as assessed by increase in the latency period or basal reaction time. EENA (200mg, 400 mg/kg) and aspirin 100 mg/kg also significantly reduced acetic acid induced writhing response showing peripheral analgesic activity. Conclusions: Since prostaglandins are involved in the pain perception and are inhibited by flavonoids, it could be suggested that the analgesic effect of Nyctanthes arbortristis might be due to its inhibitory action on PG biosynthesis.

The leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. (Oleaceae) are used in Ayurvedic medicine for the management of a range of diseases, but reports on its phytochemicals and pharmacological properties are inadequate. Herein, we report purification of an antioxidative polysaccharide (F2) extracted from its leaves by water. The presence of a highly branched polysaccharide (75 kDa) containing esterified phenolic acids was revealed by chemical, chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses. Particularly, ESMS analysis of per acetylated oligomeric fragments derived by Smith degradation provides important structural information on a spectrum of glycerol tagged oligosaccharides. This polysaccharide showed dose dependent free radical scavenging capacity as evidenced by DPPH and Ferric reducing power assay. This pharmacologically active compound (F2) formed a water soluble complex with bovine serum albumin over pH 4.0–7.4. Accordingly, traditional aqueous extraction method provides a molecular entity that induces a pharmacological effect: this could epitomize a smart approach in phytotherapeutic management.

The present study was undertaken to use corolla of Nyctanthes arbortristis L. as a natural colour for dyeing and painting of cotton and silk with Kalamkari technique using bamboo stick. From the present work it can be concluded that cotton and silk painted and dyed with Corolla of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn exhibited fair to excellent wash and sunlight fastness. Further four different dresses were designed and evaluated for fabric elements and colour which rated very good to excellent by the panel judges. Therefore the study suggest the use of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn corolla extract as very good option for yellow, and yellow orange colour as a value addition to fashion fabric and ultimately in eco-friendly clothing.

Background Skin forms an important part of human innate immune system. Wrinkles, thinning and roughening of skin are some of the symptoms that affect the skin as it ages. Reactive oxygen species induced oxidative stress plays a major role in skin aging by modulating the elastase enzyme level in the skin. Extrinsic factors that affect skin aging such as UV radiation can also cause malignant melanoma. Here we selected four medicinal plant materials, namely, leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, unripe and ripe Aegle marmelos fruit pulp and the terminal meristem of Musa paradisiaca flower and investigated their anti-aging properties and cytotoxicity in vitro individually as well as in a poly herbal formulation containing the four plant extracts in different ratios. Methods The phytochemical contents of the plant extracts were investigated for radical scavenging activity and total reducing power. Based upon its anti-oxidant properties, a poly herbal formulation containing leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, unripe and ripe fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos, and the terminal meristem of Musa paradisiaca flower in the ratio 6:2:1:1 (Poly Herbal Formulation 1) and 1:1:1:1 (Poly Herbal Formulation 2), respectively were formulated. Result It has been observed that the Poly Herbal Formulation 1 was more potent than Poly Herbal Formulation 2 due to better anti-oxidant and anti-elastase activities in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition Poly Herbal formulation 1 also had better anti-cancer activity in human malignant melanoma cells. Conclusion Based on these results these beneficial plant extracts were identified for its potential application as an anti-aging agent in skin creams as well as an anti-proliferation compound against cancer cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-018-2097-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Green synthesis, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles have become an important branch of nanotechnology now a day. In this paper, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis as a reducing and stabilizing agent, has been discussed. Present synthetic method is very handy, cost-effective and reproducible. Formation of AgNPs was characterized by X-ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and UV-visible spectroscopy techniques. The phytochemicals responsible for nano-transformation were principally flavonoids, phenols and glycosides present in the leaves. Further, the dose dependent cytotoxicity assay of biosynthesized AgNPs against THP-1 human leukemia cell lines showed the encouraging results.

Here we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis, UVvisible spectra and TEM indicated the successful formation of silver nanoparticles. Crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy analysis established the capping of the synthesized silver nanoparticles with phytochemicals naturally occurring in the ethanolic flower extract of N. arbortristis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli MTCC 443. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticles was tested on mouse fibroblastic cell line (L929) and found to be non-toxic, which thus proved their biocompatibility. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity assay carried out in this study open up an important perspective of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Flowers of the plant Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) are widely used in the traditional medicinal systems of several Asian countries. In the present study, potential genotoxicity and modulatory effects of ethanolic extract of NAT flower calyx (NAT FCE) and crocin, a carotenoid principle were evaluated employing standard Salmonella assay. Experiments evaluating the genotoxic potential of NAT FCE and crocin, with and without the S9-activation in TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 showed a lack of increase in revertant mutants. Evaluation of modulatory effects of NAT FCE and crocin, without the S9, showed significant decrease in the number of 4-nitro-o-phenylenediamine-, sodium azide- and ethyl methanesulfonate-induced revertants. However, with S9, NAT FCE and crocin moderately increased the 2-aminoanthracene-induced revertants in TA 98; they moderately decreased revertants in TA 100 and TA 102. Both NAT FCE and crocin have been shown to be non-genotoxic and to be able to modulate responses of standard mutagens.

Aim of Study: The main of study is to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of some Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants in FCA Induced Arthritis in Rats. Material & Methods: All the selected medicinal plants were extracted by using methanol using soxhlet apparatus. Arthritis was induced by FCA in rats and body weight; hematological parameters were measured at the end of experiment. Results: The assessment made on the 21 st day showed that the N. arbor-tristis and A. scholaris treatments at both doses (low and high) had moderately significant and highly significant effect and reduced ( p < 0.01& p

The present study was aimed to find out the actual status of selected medicinal plant, their relation with other plant species of Rajaji national park and their contribution to make the definite community structure. Several quadrats were laid down to study trees in the different parts of the selected area. On Site 1, three medicinal plant species Cassia fistula, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, and Bauhinia variegata were found. Cassia fistula was also found on Site 2 with Terminalia arjuna. Sites 3, 4 and 5 showed the presence of Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna and Emblica officinalis respectively.

The drugs which are used as analgesic and anti inflammatory agents cause many side effects and toxic effects. Many medicines of plant origin have been used from many years without any side effects. In Ayurvedic ancient text named Gada Nigraha, it has been mentioned that Mahanimba (Melia azedarach Linn.) Moola can be used in the management of Gridhrasi (Sciatica). In Gridhrasi pain and inflammation of Sciatic nerve is the main cardinal symptoms. So, in this pharmacological study evaluation of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of test drug Mahanimba Moola have been assessed with compare to Standard drug Parijata Patra (Nyctanthes arbortristis).

The present study was designed to evaluate in vitro antifungal activity of herbal extracts against three plant pathogenic fungi (viz. Rhizopus stolonifer, Botrytis cinerea and Colletotrichum coccodes). Extracts of leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica, rhizomes of Curcuma aromatica, roots of Glycyrrhiza gahliae, leaves of Nyctanthes arbour-tristis and seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica were used for screening. Screening was done using poisoned food technique. Relatively potent extracts were shortlisted from this study and were further assayed to find out their minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). From the above studies, it was observed that ethyl acetate extract of rhizomes of C. aromatica and unripe fruit rinds of G. indica have shown the lowest MFC values amongst the other tested plant extracts. This study indicates that the potential of these plant extracts in the management of diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (Oleaceae) is a mythological plant; has high medicinal values in Ayurveda. The popular medicinal use of this plant are anti-helminthic and anti-pyretic besides its use as a laxative, in rheumatism, skin ailments and as a sedative. Vitally, the natives plant it in their home gardens to pass on its medicinal usage to oncoming generations. Aim of the review The present review encompasses an ethnopharmacological evaluation focusing on information on the chemical constituents, pharmacological actions and toxicology in order to reveal the therapeutic potential and gaps requiring research involvement. Materials and methods The present review is based on searches in Scifinder®, Pubmed (National Library of Medicine) and books published on the subject during the period 1933 to 2012. Results Nyctanthes arbor-tristis is most important in local and traditional medicines especially in India for treating intermittent fevers, arthritis and obstinate sciatica. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from the plant were shown to be pharmacologically active against inflammation, malaria, viral infection, leishmanisis and as an immunostimulant. The major class of biologically active compounds are the iridoid glucosides incl., Arbortristoside A, B and C from the seeds active as anticancer, anti-leishmania, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, immunomodulatory and antiviral. Other molecules; calceolarioside A, 4-hydroxyhexahydrobenzofuran-7one and β-sitosterol from leaves have been reported to be active as anti-leishmanial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory, respectively. The crude extracts have been found to be safe with an LD50 of 16 gm/kg, while the LD50 of arbortristoside-A isolated from the seeds was found to be 0.5 g/kg. Conclusion Mostly in-vitro or in some cases in-vivo models provide some evidence especially in the treatment of inflammatory conditions like arthritis, fevers related to malaria and protozoan diseases especially leishmaniasis. The only clinical study found, is for treating malaria, but with crude extract only. Further, more detailed safety data pertaining to the acute and sub-acute toxicity, cardio and immunotoxicity also needs to be generated for crude extracts or pure compounds.

Aim: Traditional medicine practitioners use leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis for symptomatic relief of arthritis. Studies indicate the anti-inflammatory effect of this extract. The objective of the present study was to investigate the analgesic effect of leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis linn in rodents. Methods: The leaf extract was prepared by and #8220;maceration and #8221; with 90% ethanol at room temperature, filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The extract was suspended in Tween 80 and used intra peritoneally in rodents. Peripheral analgesic activity of the extract at doses 100, 200, 400 mg/kg was evaluated in mice using acetic acid induced writhing test, central analgesic activity was tested in rats using tail flick latency test. Results: The leaf extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis produced significant analgesic activity in a dose dependent manner (both peripheral and central at doses 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg). But when compared to the standard drugs (aspirin for peripheral analgesia and pethidine for central analgesia) the efficacy of the test drug was found to be inferior even at highest dose (400 mg/kg). The onset of action of the test drug was found to be between 30 minutes to one hour and duration of action was up to three hours in central analgesia and significant peripheral analgesia was seen even after four hours of administration of NALE at 400 mg/kg dose. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential analgesic effect of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis leaf which supports the claim of traditional medicine practitioners. [J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 2013; 2(2.000): 105-112]