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1. Using genetics to understand the complex relationships between metabolic and mental health in diverse global settings

Author

O'Loughlin, J., Tyrrell, Jess, Freathy, rachel, and Watkins, ed

Abstract

Obesity and psychiatric diseases are global health challenges and leading causes of disease burden and disability worldwide. There is extensive evidence linking higher body mass index (BMI) to higher odds of depression, anxiety, and lower well-being in adults of European (EUR) ancestry. Whilst several studies have attempted to test the directionality of associations between adiposity and mental health phenotypes, determining causality in many studies is not trivial due to confounding or biases. An alternative method to identify exposures that causally affect mental health and well-being is Mendelian Randomisation (MR), where genetic variants shown to be associated with an exposure are used as instruments to measure the effect on the outcome. Understanding the complex relationships between adiposity and mental health outcomes is crucial to facilitate public health and medical intervention planning. MR can also provide important information about whether and how the relationship differs across cultural settings ('setting-specific causality'), and therefore whether the appropriate public health response should also differ. The primary aim of this thesis is to further explore the relationship between adiposity and mental health and well-being in diverse ancestry populations. This work has provided genetic evidence to support the idea that the sociocultural consequences of obesity are relevant to the relationship between BMI and mental health and well-being. This thesis has demonstrated the importance of extending genetic causal inference analyses to diverse ancestries, as relationships may vary across different cultural contexts. This PhD project shows that it is essential to increase the ancestral and geographic diversity of samples in genetic studies, as well as consider non-linear models in MR analyses, in order to gain a fuller understanding of the relationship between obesity and mental health or well-being. Finally, this thesis has demonstrated the complexity of the relationship between obesity and mental health or well-being, and the potential role of other factors, e.g., chronotype, in this relationship.

Published
2023

5. Tranexamic acid in coronary artery surgery: One-year results of the Aspirin and Tranexamic Acid for Coronary Artery Surgery (ATACAS) trial

Author

Myles, Paul, Smith, Julian, Cooper, D. James, Silbert, Brendan, McNeil, John, Marasco, Silvana, Esmore, Donald, Krum, Henry, Tonkin, A., Buxton, B., Heritier, S., Merry, A., Liew, D., McNeil, J., Forbes, A., Cooper, D.J., Wallace, S., Meehan, A., Myles, P., Galagher, W., Farrington, C., Ditoro, A., Wutzlhofer, L., Story, D., Peyton, P., Baulch, S., Sidiropoulos, S., Potgieter, D., Baker, R.A., Pesudovs, B., O'Loughlin J Wells, E., Coutts, P., Bolsin, S., Osborne, C., Ives, K., Smith, J., Hulley, A., Christie-Taylor, G., Painter, T., Lang, S., Mackay, H., Cokis, C., March, S., Bannon, P.G., Wong, C., Turner, L., Scott, D., Silbert, B., Said, S., Corcoran, P., de Prinse, L., Bussières, J.S., Gagné, N., Lamy, A., Semelhago, L., Chan, M.T.V., Underwood, M., Choi, G.S.Y., Fung, B., Landoni, G., Lembo, R., Monaco, F., Simeone, F., Marianello, D., Alvaro, G., De Vuono, G., van Dijk, D., Dieleman, J., Numan, S., McGuinness, S., Parke, R., Raudkivi, P., Gilder, E., Byrne, K., Dunning, J., Termaat, J., Mans, G., Jayarajah, M., Alderton, J., Waugh, D., Platt, M.J., Pai, A., Sevillano, A., Lal, A., Sinclair, C., Kunst, G., Knighton, A., Cubas, G.M., Saravanan, P., Millner, R., Vasudevan, V., Patteril, M., Lopez, E., Basu, R., Lu, J., Myles, Paul S., Smith, Julian A., Kasza, Jessica, Jayarajah, Mohandas, Painter, Thomas, Bussières, Jean S., McGuinness, Shay, Byrne, Kelly, Chan, Matthew T.V., Landoni, Giovanni, Wallace, Sophie, and Forbes, Andrew

Published
2019
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12. Visual drainage assessment: A standardised visual soil assessment method for use in land drainage design in Ireland

Author

Tuohy P., Humphreys J., Holden N.M., O'Loughlin J., Reidy B., and Fenton O.

Subjects
design, land drainage, site-specific, visual soil assessment, Agriculture (General), S1-972, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, TX341-641
Abstract

The implementation of site-specific land drainage system designs is usually disregarded by landowners in favour of locally established ‘standard practice’ land drainage designs. This is due to a number of factors such as a limited understanding of soil–water interactions, lack of facilities for the measurement of soil’s physical or hydrological parameters and perceived time wastage and high costs. Hence there is a need for a site-specific drainage system design methodology that does not rely on inaccessible, time-consuming and/or expensive measurements of soil physical or hydrological properties. This requires a standardised process for deciphering the drainage characteristics of a given soil in the field. As an initial step, a new visual soil assessment method, referred to as visual drainage assessment (VDA), is presented whereby an approximation of the permeability of specific soil horizons is made using seven indicators (water seepage, pan layers, texture, porosity, consistence, stone content and root development) to provide a basis for the design of a site-specific drainage system. Across six poorly drained sites (1.3 ha to 2.6 ha in size) in south-west Ireland a VDA-based design was compared with (i) an ideal design (utilising soil physical measurements to elucidate soil hydraulic parameters) and (ii) a standard design (0.8 m deep drains at a 15 m spacing) by model estimate of water table control and rainfall recharge/drain discharge capacity. The VDA method, unlike standard design equivalents, provided a good approximation of an ideal (from measured hydrological properties) design and prescribed an equivalent land drainage system in the field. Mean modelled rainfall recharge/drain discharge capacity for the VDA (13.3 mm/day) and ideal (12.0 mm/day) designs were significantly higher (P < 0.001, s.e. 1.42 mm/day) than for the standard designs (0.5 mm/day), when assuming a design minimum water table depth of 0.45 m.

Published
2016
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20. One effect to rule them all? A comment on climate and conflict

Author

Buhaug, H., Nordkvelle, J., Bernauer, T., Böhmelt, T., Brzoska, M., Busby, J. W., Ciccone, A., Fjelde, H., Gartzke, E., Gleditsch, N. P., Goldstone, J. A., Hegre, H., Holtermann, H., Koubi, V., Link, J. S. A., Link, P. M., Lujala, P., O′Loughlin, J., Raleigh, C., Scheffran, J., Schilling, J., Smith, T. G., Theisen, O. M., Tol, R. S. J., Urdal, H., and von Uexkull, N.

Published
2014
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38. Irish Association for Cancer Research: Proceedings of annual scientific meeting held at Kinsale on April 15–16th, 1994

Author

Lawler, M., Locasciulli, A., Bacigalupo, A., Humphries, P., Ljungman, P., McCann, S. R., Nolan, N., McDermott, E. W., Reynolds, J. R., McCann, A., Rafferty, R., Sweeney, P., Carney, D., O’Higgins, N. J., Duffy, M. J., Gardiner, C., Reen, D. J., O’Connell, M. A., Kelleher, D., Hall, N., O’Neill, L. A. J., Long, A., McCarthy, J. V., Fernandes, R. S., Cotter, T. G., Ryan, E., Kitching, A., MacMathuna, P., Mulligan, E., Merriman, R., Dervan, P., Kelly, P., Gorey, T. F., Lennon, J. R., Crowe, J., Bennett, M. A., Kay, E. W., Curran, B., O’Donoghue, D. P., Leader, M., Croke, D. T., O’Connor, J. M., McKelvey-Martin, V. J., McKenna, P. G., O’Riordan, J. M., Tobin, A., O’Mahoney, M., Keogh, F. M., O’Riordan, J., McNamara, C., McEneaney, P., Daly, P. A., Farrell, M., Young, S., Gibbons, D., McCarthy, P., Mulcahy, H., Parfrey, N. A., Sheahan, K., Lambkin, H., Mothersill, C., Chin, D., Sheehan, K., Kelehan, P., Parfrey, N., Morrin, M., Khan, F., Delaney, P., Rowan, D. M., Orminston, W. J., Donnellan, P. P., Khalid, A., Kerin, M., O’Hanlon, D. M., Kent, P., Given, H. F., Kennedy, S. M., McGeoch, G., Spurr, N. K., Barrett, J., O’Sullivan, G., Collins, J. K., Willcocks, T., Kennedy, S., Dolan, J., Gallagher, W., McDermott, E., O’Higgins, N., Hagan, R., McManus, R., Ormiston, W., Daly, P., Sheils, O., McDermott, M., O’Briain, D. S., Maher, D., Costello, P., Flanagan, F., Stack, J., Ennis, J., Grimes, H., Yanni, A., Harrison, M., Lowry, W. S., Russell, S. E. H., Atkinson, R. J., White, P., Hickey, I., Bell, D. W., Biggart, D., Doyle, J., Staunton, M. J., Gaffney, E. F., Dervan, P. A., McCabe, M. M., Fennelly, J. J., Carney, D. N., O’Reilly, M., McMahon, J. N., Moriarty, M., Hurson, B., O’Neill, A. J., Magee, H., O’Loughlin, J., Dervan, P. A., Cremin, P., Orminston, W., McCarthy, J., Redmond, P., Duggan, S., Rea, S., Bouchier-Hayes, D., O’Donnell, J., Duggan, C., Crown, J., Bermingham, D., Nugent, A., Fleming, C., Crosby, P., Wolff, S., McCarthy, D., Walsh, C. Barry, Cassidy, M., Husain, S., Kay, E., Thornhilll, M., Whelan, D., Barry, D., Turner, M., Prenderville, W., Murphy, F., Prendiville, W., Gibson, G., O’Grady, T., Carmody, M., Donohoe, J., Walshe, J., Murphy, G. M., O’Donoghue, J., Kerin, K., Ahern, S., Molloy, K., Goulden, N., Pamphilon, D. H., O’Connell, M., Power, C., Leroux, A., Perricaudet, M., Walls, D., Britton, F., Brennan, L., Barnett, Y. A., Madden, B., Wakelin, L. P. G., Loughrey, H. C., Corley, P., Redmond, H. P., Watson, R. W. G., Keogh, I., O’Hanlon, D., Walsh, S., Callaghan, J., McNamara, M., Benedict-Smith, A., Barnes, C., Neylon, D., Fenton, M., Searcey, M., Topham, C. M., Wakelin, L. G., Howarth, N. M., Purohit, A., Reed, M. J., Potter, B. V. L., Hatton, W. J., McKerr, G., Harvey, D., Carson, J., Hannigan, B. M., McCarthy, P. J., McClean, S., Hill, B. T., Costelloe, C., Denny, W. A., Fingleton, B., McDonnell, S., Butler, M., Corbally, N., Dervan, P. A., Stephens, J. F., Martin, G., McGirl, A., Lawlor, E., Gardiner, N., Lynch, S., Arce, M. de, O’Brien, F., Duggan, A., O’Herlihy, S., Shanahan, F., O’Keeffe, G., McCann, S., Sweeney, K., Neill, A. O., Pamphilon, D., Sheridan, M., Reid, I., Seymour, C. B., Walshe, T., Hennessy, T. P., O’Mahony, A., O’Connell’, J., Lawlor, C., Nolan, S., Morrisey, D., Pedlow, P. J., Walsh, M., Lowry, S. W., McAleer, J. J. A., McKeown, S. R., Afrasiabi, M., Lappin, T. R. J., Joiner, B., Hirst, K. V., Hirst, D. G., Sweeney, E., VanderSpek, J., Murphy, J., and Foss, F.

Published
1995
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40. Directions for Research on Climate and Conflict

Author

Mach, K.J., Adger, W.N., Buhaug, H., Burke, M., Fearon, J.D., Field, C.B., Hendrix, C.S., Kraan, C.M., Maystadt, J.-F., O'Loughlin, J., Roessler, P., Scheffran, J., Schultz, K.A., von Uexkull, N., Mach, K.J., Adger, W.N., Buhaug, H., Burke, M., Fearon, J.D., Field, C.B., Hendrix, C.S., Kraan, C.M., Maystadt, J.-F., O'Loughlin, J., Roessler, P., Scheffran, J., Schultz, K.A., and von Uexkull, N.

Abstract

The potential links between climate and conflict are well studied, yet disagreement about the specific mechanisms and their significance for societies persists. Here, we build on assessment of the relationship between climate and organized armed conflict to define crosscutting priorities for future directions of research. They include (1) deepening insight into climate-conflict linkages and conditions under which they manifest, (2) ambitiously integrating research designs, (3) systematically exploring future risks and response options, responsive to ongoing decision-making, and (4) evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to manage climate-conflict links. The implications of this expanding scientific domain unfold in real time.

Published
2020

41. Reporting of ethnicity in research on chronic disease: update

Author

O'Loughlin, J., Dugas, E., Maximova, K., and Kishchuk, N.

Subjects
Ethnicity -- Influence, Racial distribution (Demography) -- Influence, Chronic diseases -- Risk factors, Chronic diseases -- Research, Medical research -- Reports, Medicine, Experimental -- Reports, Health
Published
2006

45. Assessment at nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescents: a comparison of five indicators. (Research Paper)

Author

O'Loughlin, J., DiFranza, J., Tarasuk, J., Meshefedjian, G., McMillan-Davey, E., Paradis, G., Tyndale, R.F., Clarke, P., and Hanley, J.

Subjects
Drugs and youth -- Research -- Health aspects -- Social aspects, Nicotine -- Social aspects -- Research -- Health aspects, Health, Sociology and social work
Abstract

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties, test-retest reliability, and convergent construct validity of five indicators of nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms in adolescents. Design: Analysis of baseline data from a prospective [...]

Published
2002

49. Tranexamic acid in coronary artery surgery: One-year results of the Aspirin and Tranexamic Acid for Coronary Artery Surgery (ATACAS) trial.

Author

Krum H., Marianello D., Alvaro G., De Vuono G., van Dijk D., Dieleman J., Numan S., Parke R., Raudkivi P., Gilder E., Dunning J., Termaat J., Mans G., Alderton J., Waugh D., Platt M.J., Pai A., Sevillano A., Lal A., Sinclair C., Kunst G., Knighton A., Cubas G.M., Saravanan P., Myles P.S., Smith J.A., Kasza J., Silbert B., Jayarajah M., Painter T., Cooper D.J., Marasco S., McNeil J., Bussieres J.S., McGuinness S., Byrne K., Chan M.T.V., Landoni G., Wallace S., Forbes A., Esmore D., Tonkin A., Buxton B., Heritier S., Merry A., Liew D., Meehan A., Galagher W., Farrington C., Ditoro A., Wutzlhofer L., Story D., Peyton P., Baulch S., Sidiropoulos S., Potgieter D., Baker R.A., Pesudovs B., O'Loughlin J Wells E., Coutts P., Bolsin S., Osborne C., Ives K., Hulley A., Christie-Taylor G., Lang S., Mackay H., Cokis C., March S., Bannon P.G., Wong C., Turner L., Scott D., Said S., Corcoran P., de Prinse L., Gagne N., Lamy A., Semelhago L., Underwood M., Choi G.S.Y., Fung B., Lembo R., Monaco F., Simeone F., Millner R., Vasudevan V., Patteril M., Lopez E., Basu R., Lu J., Krum H., Marianello D., Alvaro G., De Vuono G., van Dijk D., Dieleman J., Numan S., Parke R., Raudkivi P., Gilder E., Dunning J., Termaat J., Mans G., Alderton J., Waugh D., Platt M.J., Pai A., Sevillano A., Lal A., Sinclair C., Kunst G., Knighton A., Cubas G.M., Saravanan P., Myles P.S., Smith J.A., Kasza J., Silbert B., Jayarajah M., Painter T., Cooper D.J., Marasco S., McNeil J., Bussieres J.S., McGuinness S., Byrne K., Chan M.T.V., Landoni G., Wallace S., Forbes A., Esmore D., Tonkin A., Buxton B., Heritier S., Merry A., Liew D., Meehan A., Galagher W., Farrington C., Ditoro A., Wutzlhofer L., Story D., Peyton P., Baulch S., Sidiropoulos S., Potgieter D., Baker R.A., Pesudovs B., O'Loughlin J Wells E., Coutts P., Bolsin S., Osborne C., Ives K., Hulley A., Christie-Taylor G., Lang S., Mackay H., Cokis C., March S., Bannon P.G., Wong C., Turner L., Scott D., Said S., Corcoran P., de Prinse L., Gagne N., Lamy A., Semelhago L., Underwood M., Choi G.S.Y., Fung B., Lembo R., Monaco F., Simeone F., Millner R., Vasudevan V., Patteril M., Lopez E., Basu R., and Lu J.

Abstract

Background: Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery but may increase the risk of coronary graft thrombosis. We previously reported the 30-day results of a trial evaluating tranexamic acid for coronary artery surgery. Here we report the 1-year clinical outcomes. Method(s): Using a factorial design, we randomly assigned patients undergoing coronary artery surgery to receive aspirin or placebo and tranexamic acid or placebo. The results of the tranexamic acid comparison are reported here. The primary 1-year outcome was death or severe disability, the latter defined as living with a modified Katz activities of daily living score of less than 8. Secondary outcomes included a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from any cause through to 1 year after surgery. Result(s): The rate of death or disability at 1 year was 3.8% in the tranexamic acid group and 4.4% in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-1.13; P =.27), and this did not significantly differ according to aspirin exposure at the time of surgery (interaction P =.073). The composite rate of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death up to 1 year after surgery was 14.3% in the tranexamic acid group and 16.4% in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76-1.00; P =.053). Conclusion(s): In this trial of patients having coronary artery surgery, tranexamic acid did not affect death or severe disability through to 1 year after surgery. Further work should be done to explore possible beneficial effects on late cardiovascular events.Copyright © 2018 The American Association for Thoracic Surgery

Published
2019

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