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Premise: Whole‐genome duplication (neopolyploidy) can instantly differentiate the phenotype of neopolyploids from their diploid progenitors. These phenotypic shifts in organs such as roots and leaves could also differentiate the way neopolyploids interact with microbial species. While some studies have addressed how specific microbial interactions are affected by neopolyploidy, we lack an understanding of how genome duplication affects the diversity and composition of microbial communities. Methods: We performed a common garden experiment with multiple clones of artificially synthesized autotetraploids and their ancestral diploids, derived from 13 genotypes of wild strawberry, Fragaria vesca. We sequenced epiphytic bacteria and fungi from roots and leaves and characterized microbial communities and leaf functional traits. Results: Autotetraploidy had no effect on bacterial alpha diversity of either organ, but it did have a genotype‐dependent effect on the diversity of fungi on leaves. In contrast, autotetraploidy restructured the community composition of leaf bacteria and had a genotype‐dependent effect on fungal community composition in both organs. The most differentially abundant bacterial taxon on leaves belonged to the Sphingomonas, while a member of the Trichoderma was the most differentially abundant fungal taxon on roots. Ploidy‐induced change in leaf size was strongly correlated with a change in bacterial but not fungal leaf communities. Conclusions: Genome duplication can immediately alter aspects of the plant microbiome, but this effect varies by host genotype and bacterial and fungal community. Expanding these studies to wild settings where plants are exposed continuously to microbes are needed to confirm the patterns observed here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms that favour rare species are key to the maintenance of diverse communities.sup.1-3. One of the most critical tasks for conservation of flowering plant biodiversity is to understand how plant-pollinator interactions contribute to the maintenance of rare species.sup.4-7. Here we show that niche partitioning in pollinator use and asymmetric facilitation confer fitness advantage of rarer species in a biodiversity hotspot using phylogenetic structural equation modelling that integrates plant-pollinator and interspecific pollen transfer networks with floral functional traits. Co-flowering species filtered pollinators via floral traits, and rarer species showed greater pollinator specialization leading to higher pollination-mediated male and female fitness than more abundant species. When plants shared pollinator resources, asymmetric facilitation via pollen transport dynamics benefitted the rarer species at the cost of more abundant species, serving as an alternative diversity-promoting mechanism. Our results emphasize the importance of community-wide plant-pollinator interactions that affect reproduction for biodiversity maintenance. The authors show that plant-pollinator interactions confer a fitness advantage to rare plant species in a biodiversity hotspot., Author(s): Na Wei [sup.1] [sup.2] , Rainee L. Kaczorowski [sup.1] , Gerardo Arceo-Gómez [sup.1] [sup.3] , Elizabeth M. O'Neill [sup.1] , Rebecca A. Hayes [sup.1] , Tia-Lynn Ashman [sup.1] Author [...]

Transcription factor, kinase and replication factor movements between nucleus and cytoplasm are important in activity control. The way in which phosphorylation promotes protein export from the nucleus is not well understood. The export of the yeast transcription factor Pho4 was investigated to determine how it is regulated in response to alterations in phosphate availability. The importin-beta-family member MSn5 is the shuttling receptor used by Pho4 for nuclear export.

DNA-binding and transcriptional-activation domains are preserved in the Drosophila and Drosophila melanogaster species as revealed by the comparison of the sequences of the glass genes of the species and a functional detailed analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster glass gene. Analysis of glass's DNA-binding domain shows that the three carboxyl-terminal zinc fingers are enough for DNA binding and a deletion mutant of glass retaining only the DNA-binding domain may act in a dominant-negative behaviour.

Ets-related proteins function downstream of MAPK in signal transduction cascade resulting in photoreceptor determination in Drosophila eye development. One is a repressor protein, negatively activated by the pathway while the other is an activator protein positively regulated by the pathway. The Ets-related proteins are substrates of MAPK and are modified in response to distinct signals.

M. Wahi and A.D. Johnson have investigated the SRB genes and discovered that the SRB10 and SRB11 are actively involved in the phosphorylation of the II carboxy-terminal domain (CTD). The CTD is phylogenetically conserved and the SRB10 and SRB11 facilitate the conservation process. CTD are sometimes removed by deletion mutations that are lethal to cells. The SRB genes restrict the deletion mutations thereby enhancing the phylogenetic conservation of the CTD.