Search

Your search keyword '"O, Putignano"' showing total 23 results
Start Over Author "O, Putignano"
23 results on '"O, Putignano"'

1. Development of a multi-layer high-efficiency GEM-based neutron detector for spallation sources

Author

S. Cancelli, F. Caruggi, E. Perelli Cippo, O. Putignano, A. Celora, G. Gorini, M. Krzystyniak, A. Muraro, G. Romanelli, R. S. Pinna, M. Tardocchi, and G. Croci

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Neutron detection is nowadays mostly based on 3He gas detectors, but its shortage and the continuous upgrades of the neutron facilities require new devices to perform experiments with maximum performances. This work presents a new detector based on the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) combined with several boron layers. This detector combines the features of GEM technology with the properties of boron as a neutron converter and the device is produced to sustain high neutron fluxes with high detection efficiency. The detector has been characterised at the ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source (UK). Based on the analysis of our results, the detector has shown a good response to thermal and epithermal neutrons reaching a detection efficiency of 16% at 1.8 Å (25 meV). The good detection efficiency (even increasable with the addition of further boron GEM foils) and the good time resolution, make the detector a unique device for the neutron techniques. In particular, its use can easily be envisaged in techniques involving neutron transmission measurements, that require high fluxes impinging on the detectors, with the added bonus of a 2D-resolved capability due to the padded anode.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

2. Overview of the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation programme in support of ITER and DEMO

Author

E. Joffrin, M. Wischmeier, M. Baruzzo, A. Hakola, A. Kappatou, D. Keeling, B. Labit, E. Tsitrone, N. Vianello, the ASDEX Upgrade Team, JET Contributors, the MAST-U Team, the TCV Team, the WEST Team, the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team:, D. Abate, J. Adamek, M. Agostini, C. Albert, F.C.P. Albert Devasagayam, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, J. Alhage, S. Allan, J. Allcock, M. Alonzo, G. Anastasiou, E. Andersson Sunden, C. Angioni, Y. Anquetin, L. Appel, G.M. Apruzzese, M. Ariola, C. Arnas, J.F. Artaud, W. Arter, O. Asztalos, L. Aucone, M.H. Aumeunier, F. Auriemma, J. Ayllon, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bagnato, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, P. Balázs, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, A. Balestri, M. Baquero Ruiz, T. Barberis, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, S. Benkadda, T. Bensadon, E. Bernard, M. Bernert, H. Betar, R. Bianchetti Morales, J. Bielecki, R. Bilato, P. Bilkova, W. Bin, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, P. Blanchard, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, K. Bogar, P. Bohm, T. Bolzonella, F. Bombarda, N. Bonanomi, L. Boncagni, D. Bonfiglio, R. Bonifetto, M. Bonotto, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, C. Bowman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, F. Brochard, R. Brunet, D. Brunetti, V. Bruno, R. Buchholz, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, J. Cai, R. Calado, J. Caloud, S. Cancelli, F. Cani, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, D. Carnevale, M. Carole, M. Carpita, D. Carralero, F. Caruggi, I.S. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, A. Casolari, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, A. Cathey, F. Causa, J. Cavalier, M. Cavedon, J. Cazabonne, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, A. Celora, J. Cerovsky, C.D. Challis, R. Chandra, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, H. Chen, M. Chernyshova, A.G. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, C. Cianfarani, G. Ciraolo, J. Citrin, F. Clairet, S. Coda, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, C. Colandrea, L. Colas, S. Conroy, C. Contre, N.J. Conway, L. Cordaro, Y. Corre, D. Costa, S. Costea, D. Coster, X. Courtois, C. Cowley, T. Craciunescu, G. Croci, A.M. Croitoru, K. Crombe, D.J. Cruz Zabala, G. Cseh, T. Czarski, A. Da Ros, A. Dal Molin, M. Dalla Rosa, Y. Damizia, O. D’Arcangelo, P. David, M. De Angeli, E. De la Cal, E. De La Luna, G. De Tommasi, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, G. Derks, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, S. Di Genova, L.E. di Grazia, A. Di Siena, M. Dicorato, M. Diez, M. Dimitrova, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J.J. Domínguez Palacios Durán, P. Donnel, D. Douai, S. Dowson, S. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, L. Dubus, R. Dumont, D. Dunai, M. Dunne, A. Durif, F. Durodie, G. Durr Legoupil Nicoud, B. Duval, R. Dux, T. Eich, A. Ekedahl, S. Elmore, G. Ericsson, J. Eriksson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, A. Escarguel, B. Esposito, T. Estrada, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, N. Fakhrayi Mofrad, A. Fanni, T. Farley, M. Farník, N. Fedorczak, F. Felici, X. Feng, J. Ferreira, D. Ferreira, N. Ferron, O. Fevrier, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, N. Fil, D. Fiorucci, M. Firdaouss, R. Fischer, M. Fitzgerald, M. Flebbe, M. Fontana, J. Fontdecaba Climent, A. Frank, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, D. Frigione, S. Futatani, R. Futtersack, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, D. Galassi, K. Galazka, J. Galdon, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, A. Gallo, C. Galperti, M. Gambrioli, S. Garavaglia, J. Garcia, M. Garcia Munoz, J. Gardarein, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, J. Gerardin, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru Miguelanez, G. Gervasini, Z. Ghani, F.M. Ghezzi, G. Ghillardi, L. Giannone, S. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, T. Gleiter, M. Gobbin, V. Goloborodko, A. González Ganzábal, T. Goodman, V. Gopakumar, G. Gorini, T. Görler, S. Gorno, G. Granucci, D. Greenhouse, G. Grenfell, M. Griener, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, O. Grover, M. Gruca, A. Gude, C. Guillemaut, R. Guirlet, J. Gunn, T. Gyergyek, L. Hagg, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, T. Happel, G. Harrer, J. Harrison, D. Harting, N.C. Hawkes, P. Heinrich, S. Henderson, P. Hennequin, R. Henriques, S. Heuraux, J. Hidalgo Salaverri, J. Hillairet, J.C. Hillesheim, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, E. Hodille, M. Hölzl, M. Hoppe, J. Horacek, N. Horsten, L. Horvath, M. Houry, K. Hromasova, J. Huang, Z. Huang, A. Huber, E. Huett, P. Huynh, A. Iantchenko, M. Imrisek, P. Innocente, C. Ionita Schrittwieser, H. Isliker, P. Ivanova, I. Ivanova Stanik, M. Jablczynska, S. Jachmich, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, A. Jansen van Vuuren, A. Jardin, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, T. Jensen, I. Jepu, S. Jessica, T. Johnson, A. Juven, J. Kalis, J. Karhunen, R. Karimov, A.N. Karpushov, S. Kasilov, Y. Kazakov, P.V. Kazantzidis, W. Kernbichler, HT. Kim, D.B. King, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, A. Kit, T. Kiviniemi, F. Kjær, E. Klinkby, A. Knieps, U. Knoche, M. Kochan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, L. Kogan, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Komm, M. Kong, B. Kool, S.B. Korsholm, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, J. Kovacic, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska Strzeciwilk, K. Koziol, M. Kozulia, A. Krämer Flecken, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, U. Kruezi, O. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, U. Kumar, H. Kumpulainen, M.H. Kushoro, R. Kwiatkowski, M. La Matina, M. Lacquaniti, L. Laguardia, P. Lainer, P. Lang, M. Larsen, E. Laszynska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, M.Y.K. Lee, S. Leerink, M. Lehnen, M. Lennholm, E. Lerche, Y. Liang, A. Lier, J. Likonen, O. Linder, B. Lipschultz, A. Listopad, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland Smith, D. Liuzza, T. Loarer, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, N. Lonigro, R. Lorenzini, C. Lowry, T. Luda di Cortemiglia, A. Ludvig Osipov, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, P. Maget, C.F. Maggi, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, A. Mancini, D. Mancini, P. Mantica, M. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, S. Marchioni, A. Mariani, M. Marin, M. Markl, T. Markovic, D. Marocco, S. Marsden, L. Martellucci, P. Martin, C. Martin, F. Martinelli, L. Martinelli, J.R. Martin Solis, R. Martone, M. Maslov, R. Masocco, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, M.L. Mayoral, D. Mazon, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, G. McArdle, R. McDermott, K. McKay, A.G. Meigs, C. Meineri, A. Mele, V. Menkovski, S. Menmuir, A. Merle, H. Meyer, K. Mikszuta Michalik, D. Milanesio, F. Militello, A. Milocco, I.G. Miron, J. Mitchell, R. Mitteau, V. Mitterauer, J. Mlynar, V. Moiseenko, P. Molna, F. Mombelli, C. Monti, A. Montisci, J. Morales, P. Moreau, J.M. Moret, A. Moro, D. Moulton, P. Mulholland, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, P. Muscente, D. Mykytchuk, F. Nabais, Y. Nakeva, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, M.F. Nave, R.D. Nem, A. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, M. Nocente, R. Nouailletas, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, R. Ochoukov, N. Offeddu, S. Olasz, C. Olde, F. Oliva, D. Oliveira, H.J.C. Oliver, P. Ollus, J. Ongena, F.P. Orsitto, N. Osborne, R. Otin, P. Oyola Dominguez, D.I. Palade, S. Palomba, O. Pan, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, P. Papagiannis, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, A. Parrott, K. Paschalidis, M. Passoni, F. Pastore, A. Patel, B. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, E. Pawelec, B. Pegourie, G. Pelka, E. Peluso, A. Perek, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez Von Thun, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, Y. Peysson, V. Piergotti, L. Pigatto, C. Piron, L. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, U. Plank, B. Ploeckl, V. Plyusnin, A. Podolnik, Y. Poels, G. Pokol, J. Poley, G. Por, M. Poradzinski, F. Porcelli, L. Porte, C. Possieri, A. Poulsen, I. Predebon, G. Pucella, M. Pueschel, P. Puglia, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, V. Quadri, A. Quercia, M. Rabinski, L. Radovanovic, R. Ragona, H. Raj, M. Rasinski, J. Rasmussen, G. Ratta, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Refy, M. Reich, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, O. Renders, C. Reux, D. Ricci, M. Richou, S. Rienacker, D. Rigamonti, F. Rigollet, F.G. Rimini, D. Ripamonti, N. Rispoli, N. Rivals, J.F. Rivero Rodriguez, C. Roach, G. Rocchi, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, J. Romazanov, C.F. Romero Madrid, J. Rosato, R. Rossi, G. Rubino, J. Rueda Rueda, J. Ruiz Ruiz, P. Ryan, D. Ryan, S. Saarelma, R. Sabot, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, L. Sanchis, A. Sand, J. Santos, K. Särkimäki, M. Sassano, O. Sauter, G. Schettini, S. Schmuck, P. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, R. Schrittwieser, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, F. Sciortino, M. Scotto D’Abusco, S. Scully, A. Selce, L. Senni, M. Senstius, G. Sergienko, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, U. Sheikh, G. Sias, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, C. Silva, A. Silva, D. Silvagni, B. Simmendefeldt Schmidt, L. Simons, J. Simpson, L. Singh, S. Sipilä, Y. Siusko, S. Smith, A. Snicker, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, M. Sos, C. Sozzi, F. Spineanu, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, L. Spolladore, C. Srinivasan, A. Stagni, Z. Stancar, G. Stankunas, J. Stober, P. Strand, C.I. Stuart, F. Subba, G.Y. Sun, H.J. Sun, W. Suttrop, J. Svoboda, T. Szepesi, G. Szepesi, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, G. Telesca, A. Tenaglia, A. Terra, D. Terranova, D. Testa, C. Theiler, E. Tholerus, B. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, Q. TICHIT, W. Tierens, A. Titarenko, P. Tolias, E. Tomasina, M. Tomes, E. Tonello, A. Tookey, M. Toscano Jiménez, C. Tsironis, C. Tsui, A. Tykhyy, M. Ugoletti, M. Usoltseva, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, SI. Valvis, M. van Berkel, D. Van Eester, S. Van Mulders, M. van Rossem, R. Vann, B. Vanovac, J. Varela Rodriguez, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, M. Vecsei, L. Velarde Gallardo, M. Veranda, T. Verdier, G. Verdoolaege, K. Verhaegh, L. Vermare, G. Verona Rinati, J. Vicente, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, F. Villone, B. Vincent, P. Vincenzi, M.O. Vlad, G. Vogel, I. Voitsekhovitch, I. Voldiner, P. Vondracek, N.M.T. VU, T. Vuoriheimo, C. Wade, E. Wang, T. Wauters, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, N. Wendler, D. Weston, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Wiesenberger, T. Wijkamp, M. Willensdorfer, T. Wilson, A. Wojenski, C. Wuethrich, I. Wyss, L. Xiang, S. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, H. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, B. Zaar, G. Zadvitskiy, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, D. Zarzoso, Y. Zayachuk, J. Zebrowski, M. Zerbini, P. Zestanakis, C. F. B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zohar, V.K. Zotta, X. Zou, M. Zuin, M. Zurita, and I. Zychor

Subjects
JET, ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST, Tokamak Exploitation Task Force, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

Within the 9th European Framework programme, since 2021 EUROfusion is operating five tokamaks under the auspices of a single Task Force called ‘Tokamak Exploitation’. The goal is to benefit from the complementary capabilities of each machine in a coordinated way and help in developing a scientific output scalable to future largre machines. The programme of this Task Force ensures that ASDEX Upgrade, MAST-U, TCV, WEST and JET (since 2022) work together to achieve the objectives of Missions 1 and 2 of the EUROfusion Roadmap: i) demonstrate plasma scenarios that increase the success margin of ITER and satisfy the requirements of DEMO and, ii) demonstrate an integrated approach that can handle the large power leaving ITER and DEMO plasmas. The Tokamak Exploitation task force has therefore organized experiments on these two missions with the goal to strengthen the physics and operational basis for the ITER baseline scenario and for exploiting the recent plasma exhaust enhancements in all four devices (PEX: Plasma EXhaust) for exploring the solution for handling heat and particle exhaust in ITER and develop the conceptual solutions for DEMO. The ITER Baseline scenario has been developed in a similar way in ASDEX Upgrade, TCV and JET. Key risks for ITER such as disruptions and run-aways have been also investigated in TCV, ASDEX Upgrade and JET. Experiments have explored successfully different divertor configurations (standard, super-X, snowflakes) in MAST-U and TCV and studied tungsten melting in WEST and ASDEX Upgrade. The input from the smaller devices to JET has also been proven successful to set-up novel control schemes on disruption avoidance and detachment.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

3. Overview of T and D–T results in JET with ITER-like wall

Author

C.F. Maggi, D. Abate, N. Abid, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, M. Afzal, I. Ahmad, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, S. Aleiferis, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Alguacil, J. Alhage, M. Ali, H. Allen, M. Allinson, M. Alonzo, E. Alves, R. Ambrosino, E. Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, M. Angelone, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L. Appel, C. Appelbee, C. Aramunde, M. Ariola, G. Arnoux, G. Artaserse, J.-F. Artaud, W. Arter, V. Artigues, F.J. Artola, A. Ash, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, J. Ayllón, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, L. Bähner, F. Bairaktaris, I. Balboa, M. Balden, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, A. Banon Navarro, C. Barcellona, O. Bardsley, M. Barnes, R. Barnsley, M. Baruzzo, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, C. Bearcroft, P. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, S. Benkadda, J. Bentley, E. Bernard, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, P.G. Bhat, S. Bickerton, J. Bielecki, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, R. Bisson, J.P.S. Bizarro, P. Blatchford, A. Bleasdale, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, A. Bock, G. Bodnar, P. Bohm, L. Bonalumi, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, T.O.S.J. Bosman, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, I. Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, B. Breizman, S. Brezinsek, D. Brida, M. Brix, P. Brown, D. Brunetti, M. Buckley, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burckhart, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, R. Canavan, B. Cannas, M. Cannon, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, S. Carli, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, B. Carvalho, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, L. Ceelen, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, R. Chandra, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, P. Chauhan, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, G.-C. Chira, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, J. Cieslik, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, R. Clarkson, M. Cleverly, P. Coates, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, J. Collins, S. Conroy, C. Contré, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, L. Cordaro, C. Corradino, Y. Corre, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, D. Craven, R. Craven, G. Croci, D. Croft, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, A. Dal Molin, S. Dalley, P. David, A. Davies, J. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I. Day, G. De Tommasi, J. Deane, M. Dearing, M. De Bock, J. Decker, R. Dejarnac, E. Delabie, E. de la Cal, E. de la Luna, D. Del Sarto, A. Dempsey, W. Deng, A. Dennett, G.L. Derks, G. De Temmerman, F. Devasagayam, P. de Vries, P. Devynck, A. di Siena, D. Dickinson, T. Dickson, M. Diez, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, L. Dittrich, J. Dobrashian, T. Dochnal, A.J.H. Donné, W. Dorland, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, R. Dotse, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H.G. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, T. Eade, E. Eardley, J. Edwards, T. Eich, A. Eksaeva, H. El-Haroun, R.D. Ellis, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, T. Farmer, I. Farquhar, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, N. Fedorczak, K. Felker, R. Felton, H. Fernandes, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Février, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, P. Fox, O. Franklin, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, R. Fresa, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, S. Gabriellini, D. Gadariya, S. Gadgil, K. Gál, S. Galeani, A. Galkowski, D. Gallart, M. Gambrioli, T. Gans, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, R. Gerru, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, P.-I. Gherghina, F. Ghezzi, L. Giacomelli, C. Gibson, L. Gil, M.R. Gilbert, A. Gillgren, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, G. Giruzzi, J. Goff, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, J.-F. Gomez, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, J. Gonzalez-Martin, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, E. Gow, J.P. Graves, J. Green, H. Greuner, E. Grigore, F. Griph, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, C. Grove, R. Grove, N. Gupta, S. Hacquin, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, J. Hall, C.J. Ham, M. Hamed, M.R. Hardman, Y. Haresawa, G. Harrer, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, S. Hazael, J. Hearmon, P. Heesterman, P. Heinrich, M. Held, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R. Henriques, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, M. Hook, M. Hoppe, J. Horáček, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, Z. Hu, Z. Huang, E. Hubenov, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, Y. Husain, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, D. Iglesias, M.V. Iliasova, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, V. Ioannou-Sougleridis, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, A.S. Jacobsen, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, A. Järvinen, F. Jaulmes, N. Jayasekera, F. Jenko, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, E. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, T.T.C. Jones, A. Joyce, M. Juvonen, A. Kallenbach, P. Kalnina, D. Kalupin, P. Kanth, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, O. Kardaun, J. Karhunen, E. Karsakos, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, W. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, D. Kennedy, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, H.-T. Kim, J. Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, D.J. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. Kiviniemi, G. Kizane, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, U. Knoche, M. Knolker, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, G. Kocsis, J.T.W. Koenders, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, B. Kool, V. Korovin, S.B. Korsholm, B. Kos, D. Kos, M. Koubiti, Y. Kovtun, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, Y. Krasikov, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, A. Kreter, K. Krieger, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, H. Kumpulainen, B. Kurzan, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, B. Labit, M. Lacquaniti, A. Lagoyannis, L. Laguardia, A. Laing, V. Laksharam, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, M. Langley, E. Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, C. Lee, K. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, L.A. Leppin, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, S. Lesnoj, L. Lewin, J. Lewis, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J. Lombardo, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, T. Luce, R. Lucock, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, J. Macdonald, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, H. Maier, J. Mailloux, S. Makarov, P. Manas, A. Manning, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, M. Maraschek, G. Marceca, G. Marcer, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, A. Marin Roldan, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, L. Marot, C. Marren, S. Marsden, S. Marsen, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A.J. Martin, C. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, P. McCullen, R. McDermott, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, V. McKay, L. McNamee, A. McShee, D. Mederick, M. Medland, S. Medley, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Mianowski, P. Middleton, J. Mietelski, K. Mikszuta-Michalik, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, E. Militello-Asp, F. Militello, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, S. Minucci, I. Miron, J. Mitchell, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, A. Montisci, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, R.B. Morales, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, T. Mrowetz, L. Msero, S. Munot, A. Muñoz-Perez, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, B. N’Konga, Y.S. Na, F. Nabais, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, R. Neu, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, D. Nicolai, A.H. Nielsen, S.K. Nielsen, D. Nina, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, H. Nordman, S. Nowak, H. Nyström, J. O’Callaghan, M. O’Mullane, C. O’Neill, C. Olde, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, J. Ongena, G.P. Orsitto, A. Osipov, R. Otin, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, J. Palgrave, O. Pan, N. Panadero, T. Pandya, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, V.V. Parail, A. Parsloe, K. Paschalidis, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C. Paz-Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, I.J. Pearson, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, A. Perdas, T. Pereira, E. Perelli Cippo, C. Perez von Thun, D. Perry, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, L. Pigatto, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, C. Piron, A. Pironti, F. Pisano, R. Pitts, U. Planck, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, M. Poradzinski, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, G. Poulipoulis, A.S. Poulsen, I. Predebon, A. Previti, D. Primetzhofer, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, R. Ragona, M. Rainford, P. Raj, M. Rasinski, D. Rasmussen, J. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, A. Raso, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, R. Rayaprolu, M. Rebai, A. Redl, D. Rees, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, H. Reimerdes, B.C.G. Reman, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, D. Rigamonti, E. Righi, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, J.F. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, J. Roberts, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, S. Rode, P. Rodrigues, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, E. Rose, C. Rose-Innes, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, C. Rowley, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, M. Rud, J. Ruiz Ruiz, F. Ryter, S. Saarelma, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, F. Sanchez, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, F. Sanni, O. Sauter, P. Sauvan, G. Schettini, A. Shevelev, A.A. Schekochihin, K. Schmid, B.S. Schmidt, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, N. Schoonheere, R. Schramm, D. Scoon, S. Scully, M. Segato, J. Seidl, L. Senni, J. Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, R. Sharma, A. Shaw, R. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, N. Shi, P. Shigin, D. Shiraki, G. Sias, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, T. Smart, R.D. Smirnov, N. Smith, P. Smith, T. Smith, J. Snell, L. Snoj, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, L. Spolladore, D. Spong, C. Srinivasan, G. Staebler, A. Stagni, I. Stamatelatos, M.F. Stamp, Ž. Štancar, P.A. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, B. Stein-Lubrano, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, C. Steventon, M. Stojanov, D.A. St-Onge, P. Strand, S. Strikwerda, C.I. Stuart, S. Sturgeon, H.J. Sun, S. Surendran, W. Suttrop, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, G. Szepesi, M. Szoke, T. Tadić, B. Tal, T. Tala, P. Tamain, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, A. Teplukhina, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, B. Thomas, V.K. Thompson, A. Thorman, A.S. Thrysoe, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, L.-P. Turică, A. Turner, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, G. Tvalashvili, A. Tykhyy, S. Tyrrell, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, A. Vadgama, D.F. Valcarcel, A. Valentini, M. Valisa, M. Vallar, M. Valovic, M. Van Berkel, K.L. van de Plassche, M. van Rossem, D. Van Eester, J. Varela, J. Varje, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, M. Veis, P. Veis, S. Ventre, M. Veranda, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G. Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, M. Vlad, I. Voldiner, U. Von Toussaint, P. Vondráček, B. Wakeling, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, R. Walton, E. Wang, F. Warren, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Webster, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Whetham, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, M. Willensdorfer, J. Williams, I. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, R. Woodley, R. Worrall, I. Wyss, T. Xu, D. Yadykin, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, V. Yanovskiy, R. Yi, I. Young, R. Young, B. Zaar, R.J. Zabolockis, L. Zakharov, P. Zanca, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, B. Zimmermann, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, V.K. Zotta, M. Zuin, W. Zwingmann, and I. Zychor

Subjects
magnetic fusion, JET-ILW, D–T, tritium, alpha particles, fusion prediction, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

In 2021 JET exploited its unique capabilities to operate with T and D–T fuel with an ITER-like Be/W wall (JET-ILW). This second major JET D–T campaign (DTE2), after DTE1 in 1997, represented the culmination of a series of JET enhancements—new fusion diagnostics, new T injection capabilities, refurbishment of the T plant, increased auxiliary heating, in-vessel calibration of 14 MeV neutron yield monitors—as well as significant advances in plasma theory and modelling in the fusion community. DTE2 was complemented by a sequence of isotope physics campaigns encompassing operation in pure tritium at high T-NBI power. Carefully conducted for safe operation with tritium, the new T and D–T experiments used 1 kg of T (vs 100 g in DTE1), yielding the most fusion reactor relevant D–T plasmas to date and expanding our understanding of isotopes and D–T mixture physics. Furthermore, since the JET T and DTE2 campaigns occurred almost 25 years after the last major D–T tokamak experiment, it was also a strategic goal of the European fusion programme to refresh operational experience of a nuclear tokamak to prepare staff for ITER operation. The key physics results of the JET T and DTE2 experiments, carried out within the EUROfusion JET1 work package, are reported in this paper. Progress in the technological exploitation of JET D–T operations, development and validation of nuclear codes, neutronic tools and techniques for ITER operations carried out by EUROfusion (started within the Horizon 2020 Framework Programme and continuing under the Horizon Europe FP) are reported in (Litaudon et al Nucl. Fusion accepted), while JET experience on T and D–T operations is presented in (King et al Nucl. Fusion submitted).

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

4. RFX-mod2 diagnostic capability enhancements for the exploration of multi-magnetic-configurations

Author

L. Carraro, M. Zuin, D. Abate, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, D. Aprile, M. Barbisan, A. Belpane, G. Berton, M. Bonotto, M. Brombin, R. Cavazzana, L. Cinnirella, S. Ciufo, G. Croci, L. Cordaro, F. D’Isa, S. Dal Bello, A. Dal Molin, G. De Masi, G. Emma, M. Fadone, A. Fassina, D. Fiorucci, P. Franz, L. Grando, F. Guiotto, M. La Matina, G. Marchiori, N. Marconato, I. Mario, L. Marrelli, R. Milazzo, S. Molisani, M. Moresco, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, S. Peruzzo, P. Porcu, N. Pomaro, M.E. Puiatti, O. Putignano, D. Rigamonti, A. Rigoni Garola, A. Rizzolo, F. Ruffini, P. Scarin, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Ugoletti, M. Valisa, N. Vianello, and B. Zaniol

Subjects
reversed-field pinch, diagnostic, tokamak, helical equilibrium, H-mode, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The RFX-mod2 device, the upgraded version of the previous RFX-mod with a modified magnetic boundary, is presently under realization and will start to be operated in 2025. Significant upgrades of the diagnostic capabilities have been proposed and are under development. These include a largely increased number of in-vessel magnetic and electrostatic sensors, a new fast reciprocating manipulator for the exploration of the edge plasma in a wide range of experimental conditions, the improved Thomson scattering and soft x-ray diagnostics system for a detailed determination of the behavior of the electron temperature profile, new dedicated systems for the space and time resolved analysis of x-ray spectra and neutron rate, a reflectometric diagnostic for real-time determination of plasma position, two diagnostics devoted to the imaging of light impurities and influxes behavior along with arrays of halo current sensors. These diagnostic upgrades will be accompanied by a significant effort to improve the control of the electron density and of the impurity influxes by means of proper treatment of plasma facing components with in-vessel fixed electrodes distributed over the first wall. The described advancements will allow a deeper understanding of physics phenomena in the wide variety of magnetic configurations, including the tokamak, the reversed-field pinch and the Ultra-low q, which can be produced in RFX-mod2 thanks to its flexibility and unique MHD control capabilities.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

5. Conceptual design of a GEM (gas electron multiplier) based gas Cherenkov detector for measurement of 17 MeV gamma rays from T(D, γ)5He in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas

Author

O. Putignano, G. Croci, A. Muraro, S. Cancelli, F. Caruggi, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, M. H. Kushoro, G. Marcer, M. Nocente, E. Perelli Cippo, M. Rebai, D. Rigamonti, M. Tardocchi, Putignano, O, Croci, G, Muraro, A, Cancelli, S, Caruggi, F, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Nocente, M, Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, and Tardocchi, M

Subjects
Cherenkov detector, Gas Electron Multiplier, Instrumentation
Abstract

The only method for assessing the fusion power throughput of a deuterium–tritium (DT) reactor presently relies on determining the absolute number of 14 MeV neutrons produced in the DT plasma. An independent method, developed and investigated during the recent DT campaign at the Joint European Torus, is based on the absolute counting of 17 MeV gamma rays produced by the competing T(D, γ)5He reaction that features a very weak branching ratio (about 3–6 × 10−6) when compared to the main T(D, n)4He reaction. The state-of-the-art spectrometer used for gamma-ray measurements in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas is LaBr3(Ce) scintillator detectors, although they require significant neutron shielding to extract a relatively weak gamma-ray signal from a much more abundant neutron field. A better approach relies on a gamma-ray detector that is intrinsically insensitive to neutrons. We have advanced the design of a gamma-ray counter based on the Cherenkov effect for gamma-rays whose energy exceeds 11 MeV, optimized to work in the neutron-rich environment of a steady-state, magnetically confined fusion plasma device. The gamma-rays interact with an aluminum window and extract electrons that move into the radiator emitting photons via the Cherenkov effect. Since the Cherenkov light consists of few photons (25 on average) in the far UV band (100–200 nm), a pre-amplifier is required to transport the photons to the neutron-shielded location, which may be a few meters away, where the readout elements of the detector, either a silicon or standard photomultiplier tube, are placed. The present work focuses on the development of a scintillating GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) based pre-amplifier that acts as a Cherenkov photon pre-amplifier and wavelength shifter. This paper presents the result of a set of Garfield++ simulations developed to find the optimal GEM working parameters. A photon gain of 100 is obtained by biasing a single GEM foil to 1 kV.

Published
2023

6. Analytical and MonteCarlo approaches to infer the total gamma ray emission from the JET tokamak

Author

G. Marcer, A. Zohar, A. Dal Molin, D. Rigamonti, M. Rebai, M. Nocente, E. Panontin, G. Croci, G. Gorini, G. Grosso, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, O. Putignano, E. de la Luna, Z. Ghani, S. Conroy, J. Garcia, Y. Kazakov, V. Kiptily, M. Maslov, M.F.F. Nave, J. Ongena, and M. Tardocchi

Subjects
Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

A single gamma-ray spectrometer installed at the end of a collimator can be used to infer the total emission from a tokamak plasma if the transport of gamma-rays from the plasma to the detector is known. In such analysis, the plasma emission profile plays a fundamental role, since it impacts the fraction of plasma volume intercepted by the detector line of sight. In this work, the DT 17 MeV fusion gamma-rays emission profile of the JET discharge #99608 from second 46 to 48 has been estimated both with the TRANSP code and reconstructed through tomographic inversion based on the neutron camera data, assuming that fusion gamma-rays have the same profile as the 14 MeV fusion neutrons. The gamma-ray transport has been evaluated both by MonteCarlo simulations and analytical calculations. By combining MonteCarlo and analytical evaluations of the gamma-ray transport in different ways with the estimated radiation emission profile, we provide four different routes to determine the total gamma-ray yield from measurements whose results agree within better than 10%.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

7. Characterisation of N2-GEM: a beam monitor based on Ar-N2 gas mixture

Author

S. Cancelli, H. Alimagno, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, F. Caruggi, G. Grosso, G. Gorini, M.H. Kushoro, G. Marcer, O. Putignano, J. Scionti, M. Tardocchi, and G. Croci

Subjects
Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The gas recycle is nowadays an important issue for gaseous detectors operation under study and for this reason, scientists are testing new gas systems for GEM detectors. Since some gas purifier does not allow to use oxygen, the standard Ar-CO2 (70%–30%) cannot be used; thus, new gas mixtures are under investigation. This paper presents the study of a triple GEM detector filled with new gas mixture based on Argon and Nitrogen (Ar-N2) at different concentrations: 90%–10%, 80%–20% and 70%–30%. The GEM detector characterisation has provided the High Voltage working point for the gas mixtures and a comparison between the Ar-CO2 and the Ar-N2.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

8. Performance of a thick 250 μm silicon carbide detector: stability and energy resolution

Author

M.H. Kushoro, M. Rebai, F. La Via, A. Meli, L. Meda, M. Parisi, E.P. Cippo, O. Putignano, A. Trotta, and M. Tardocchi

Subjects
Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

Silicon carbide detectors represent an alternative to diamond detectors for fast neutron detection in harsh environments, especially fusion plasmas. Previous studies on thin prototypes (either 10 μm or 100 μm thick) suggested that thicker active volumes might be better suited for spectroscopy measurements, due to the higher chance of retaining the neutron interaction products inside the active volume. Therefore, in this work two 250 μm SiC prototypes are tested with alpha particles following the same process conducted in the past for thinner prototypes. A stable detection is demonstrated, along an energy resolution that, if projected to DT neutrons, could become the lowest achieved so far with a SiC detector (1.3%). Some difficulties in reaching a full depletion are highlighted, as long as perspectives of a partial polarization operation of the detectors.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. Electronic readout characterisation of a new soft X-ray diagnostic for burning plasma

Author

S. Cancelli, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, A. Abba, G. Corradi, G. Grosso, G. Gorini, M.H. Kushoro, F. Murtas, O. Putignano, J. Scionti, D. Tagnani, M. Tardocchi, G. Croci, Cancelli, S, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Abba, A, Corradi, G, Grosso, G, Gorini, G, Kushoro, M, Murtas, F, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Tagnani, D, Tardocchi, M, and Croci, G

Subjects
X-ray detector, Gaseous detector, Micropattern gaseous detectors (MSGC, GEM, THGEM, RETHGEM, MHSP, MICROPIC, MICROMEGAS, InGrid, etc.), Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

In fusion plasma scenario, soft X-rays are important tools to study impurities inside plasma. However state-of-the-art silicon detectors cannot survive for long time to the heavy damages due to harsh conditions in tokamaks. GEM detectors are a good alternative thanks to their resilience to radiation damage. In this paper, a GEM detector coupled with new dedicated electronic readout based on GEMINI chip is described. In particular, the detector response has been studied comparing the well established PH method and the ToT method implemented in GEMINI. The results indicate the possibility of using this electronic readout to do soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements in the energy range up to about 10–20 keV.

Published
2022

10. A high-resolution neutron spectroscopic camera for the SPARC tokamak based on the Jet European Torus deuterium–tritium experience

Author

M, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, D, Rigamonti, R A, Tinguely, F, Caruggi, G, Croci, A, Dal Molin, Z, Ghani, L, Giacomelli, M, Girolami, G, Grosso, M, Kushoro, G, Marcer, M, Mastellone, A, Muraro, M, Nocente, E, Perelli Cippo, M, Petruzzo, O, Putignano, J, Scionti, V, Serpente, D M, Trucchi, S, Mackie, A A, Saltos, E, De Marchi, M, Parisi, A, Trotta, E, de la Luna, J, Garcia, Y, Kazakov, M, Maslov, Z, Stancar, G, Gorini, Tardocchi, M, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Tinguely, R, Caruggi, F, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Ghani, Z, Giacomelli, L, Girolami, M, Grosso, G, Kushoro, M, Marcer, G, Mastellone, M, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Petruzzo, M, Putignano, O, Scionti, J, Serpente, V, Trucchi, D, Mackie, S, Saltos, A, De Marchi, E, Parisi, M, Trotta, A, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Maslov, M, Stancar, Z, and Gorini, G

Subjects
Neutron spectroscopy, neutron camera, Instrumentation
Abstract

Dedicated nuclear diagnostics have been designed, developed, and built within EUROFUSION enhancement programs in the last ten years for installation at the Joint European Torus and capable of operation in high power Deuterium–Tritium (DT) plasmas. The recent DT Experiment campaign, called DTE2, has been successfully carried out in the second half of 2021 and provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the new nuclear diagnostics and for an understanding of their behavior in the record high 14 MeV neutron yields (up to 4.7 × 1018 n/s) and total number of neutrons (up to 2 × 1019 n) achieved on a tokamak. In this work, we will focus on the 14 MeV high resolution neutron spectrometers based on artificial diamonds which, for the first time, have extensively been used to measure 14 MeV DT neutron spectra with unprecedented energy resolution (Full Width at Half Maximum of ≈1% at 14 MeV). The work will describe their long-term stability and operation over the DTE2 campaign as well as their performance as neutron spectrometers in terms of achieved energy resolution and high rate capability. This important experience will be used to outline the concept of a spectroscopic neutron camera for the SPARC tokamak. The proposed neutron camera will be the first one to feature the dual capability to measure (i) the 2.5 and 14 MeV neutron emissivity profile via the conventional neutron detectors based on liquid or plastics scintillators and (ii) the 14 MeV neutron spectral emission via the use of high-resolution diamond-based spectrometers. The new opportunities opened by the spectroscopic neutron camera to measure plasma parameters will be discussed.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

11. A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power deuterium–tritium plasma scenarios in tokamaks

Author

G, Marcer, E, Khilkevitch, A, Shevelev, G, Croci, A, Dal Molin, G, Gorini, G, Grosso, A, Muraro, M, Nocente, E, Perelli Cippo, O, Putignano, M, Rebai, D, Rigamonti, E, de la Luna, J, Garcia, Y, Kazakov, V, Kiptily, M, Maslov, M F F, Nave, J, Ongena, M, Tardocchi, Marcer, G, Khilkevitch, E, Shevelev, A, Croci, G, Dal Molin, A, Gorini, G, Grosso, G, Muraro, A, Nocente, M, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, de la Luna, E, Garcia, J, Kazakov, Y, Kiptily, V, Maslov, M, Nave, M, Ongena, J, and Tardocchi, M

Subjects
Gamma-ray diagnostics, nuclear fusion, Instrumentation
Abstract

The most performant deuterium–tritium (DT) plasma discharges realized by the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak in the recent DT campaign have produced neutron yields on the order of 1018 n/s. At such high neutron yields, gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements with scintillators are challenging as events from the neutron-induced background often dominate over the signal, leading to a significant fraction of pileup events and instability of the photodetector gain along with the consequent degradation of the reconstructed spectrum. Here, we describe the solutions adopted for the tangential lanthanum bromide spectrometer installed at JET. A data acquisition system with free streaming mode digitization capabilities for the entire duration of the discharge has been used to solve dead-time related issues and a data reconstruction code with pileup recovery and photodetector gain drift restoration has been implemented for off-line analysis of the data. This work focuses on the acquired data storage and parsing, with a detailed explanation of the pileup recovery and gain drift restoration algorithms.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. Experimental investigation of beam-ion losses induced by magnetic perturbations using the light ion beam probe technique in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak

Author

J. Galdon-Quiroga, L. Sanchis-Sanchez, X. Chen, G. Birkenmeier, K. Gage, P. Cano-Megias, J. Gonzalez-Martin, W.W. Heidbrink, O. Putignano, D. Ryan, G. Suarez Lopez, B. Tal, M.A. VanZeeland, E. Viezzer, M. Willensdorfer, null the ASDEX Upgrade Team, null the EUROfusion MST1 Team, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, and EUROfusion MST1 Team

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The impact of externally applied magnetic perturbations (MPs) on fast-ion losses has been investigated by means of the light ion beam probe (LIBP) technique in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak. The LIBP technique allows to experimentally infer the fast-ion orbit displacement induced by MPs via first-orbit losses using scintillator based fast-ion loss detector (FILD) measurements. The fast-ion orbit displacement against different applied MP spectra has been studied. These shots were conducted in ELM mitigated H-mode plasmas. A rigid rotation of the MP coils was applied with a frequency of 1 Hz, with an n = 2 configuration and changing the differential phase between the upper and lower set of coils (ΔΦul) on a shot-to-shot basis. Beam sources Q7 (tangential) and Q8 (radial) were used to probe different fast-ion orbits with FILD1. The measured fast-ion orbit displacement ranges from 3 to 20 mm approximately, and no qualitative difference is observed between ions from beam sources Q7 and Q8. The minimum is found for a ΔΦul ∼ 50°, which is shifted with respect to the minimum of the plasma boundary displacement, found at ΔΦul ∼ 0°. A first attempt to validate the orbit following code ASCOT—including the plasma response calculated with the MARS-F code—against these experimental measurements is performed. While the dependence of the first-orbit fast-ion displacement with ΔΦul does not match the experimental measurements, these simulations do capture other features such as the order of magnitude of the orbit displacement and the importance of the toroidal spectrum of the applied perturbation.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

13. The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

M. Tardocchi, P. Lu, Silvia Bonfanti, C. Fricbergs, J. M. Cela Ruiz, M. Del Tutto, R. Brown, D. Salomoni, C. Jillings, A. Visioli, A. Abba, B. Smith, P. Stringari, Valerio Ippolito, K. Olchanski, S. Yue, A. Razeto, L. Parmeggiano, M. Beschi, I. Palumbo, C. C. James, M. Daley, Andrea Bombarda, Eugenio Scapparone, T. Boccali, D. Vonica, G. Luzón, E. Panontin, Nigel Hessey, E. Elliott, O. Putignano, R. Maharaj, M. H. L. S. Wang, M. Laclaustra, A. Sher, E. Gramellini, P. Napoli, S. Parmeggiano, E. Meazzi, S. Sala, A. Muraro, T. Girma, D. Trask, A. Lennarz, F. Golf, G. Magni, C. Di Guardo, A. S. Slutsky, C. Lim, B. Shaw, C. Duma, V. Pesudo, S. Gillespie, A. Devoto, E. Guetre, L. Camozzi, B. Bell, C. E. Dahl, M. Dossi, E. Alessi, M. MacDonald, A. J. Noble, F. Ardellier Desages, O. Davignon, B. Morrison, R. D. Fournier, Alberto Annovi, S. Kuula, Elvinia Riccobene, A. Rizzi, G. Hersak, J. Bagger, S. Brice, S. Khan, L. VanPagee, P. Salvo, R. Lubna, A. Bayo, M. Bouchard, J. Romualdez, G. Bianchi, H. Wang, S. Bicelli, T. A. Mohayai, A. Dal Molin, M. Breviario, C. Ienzi, M. Carlini, K. Hayashi, G. Monzani, G. A. Lukhanin, R. J. Ford, D. Yates, B. Velghe, G. Finocchiaro, C. Charette, M.H. Kushoro, E. Sansoucy, D. Reed, Pierre-Andre Amaudruz, A. Pocar, S. Scorza, M. Camozzi, T. Reilly, C. Crippa, S. Pordes, F. Padula, S. Westerdale, C. Straubel, P. Garcia Abia, A. Shi, D. Giorgi, A. Capra, S. Shawyer, S. Martin, F. Prelz, S. Back, D. Sablone, L. Takeuchi, D. Franco, L. Martin, An. Ianni, L. Tseng, P. McClurg, M. I. Martínez, D. Wood, A. Norrick, C. Pellegrino, J. Tseng, C. Ratti, M. Constable, V. Vedia, L. M. Tosatti, L. S. Giarratana, G. Fiorillo, M. Razeti, A. Patel, C. R. Natzke, S. Manni, M. Wada, S. Tacchino, M. Paterno, P. Gorel, P. Diaz Gomez Maqueo, N. Massacret, S. Cudmore, Marco Pallavicini, A. Heavey, Gabriele Croci, E. Kim, B. Celano, G. Batignani, E. Druszkiewicz, A. L. Renshaw, L. Giacomelli, D. Walter, S. Viel, Angelo Gargantini, D. Goeldi, P. Liimatainen, N. J. T. Smith, T. Schaubel, G. Cogliati, G. Foti, C. Mapelli, F. Retriere, Giuseppe Gorini, K. Patel, R. Tartaglia, N. Papini, M. Settimo, P. Pelliccione, P. Skensved, M. Leyton, V. Basile, A. Kittmer, G. D'Avenio, D. Rigamonti, R. Krücken, F. Guescini, F. Giacomini, E. Thomas, K. Hudson, Claudio Moretti, R. Santorelli, G. Hackman, R. Gobui, L. Viviani, C. Savarese, I. Kochanek, R. Migalla, J. Rode, F. Gabriele, D. Farina, F. Ferroni, F. Di Francesco, J. M. Calvo-Mozota, M. Suchenek, G. Hockin, J. Refsgaard, J. Kowalkowski, A. Pope, T. Lomonaco, S. King, Bhaskar Sur, C. L. Kendziora, M. Caravati, A. Ceccanti, W. Hawkins, W. Bonivento, C. Fernandes, G. Leblond, M. Mountaniol, A. B. McDonald, C. Accorsi, A. Stenzler, Federico Nati, V. Zambrano, D. Bishop, M. King, A. Sandoval, X. Li, P. Margetak, P. Agnes, J. L. Raaf, J. De Ruiter, Cristiano Galbiati, Giovanni Grosso, L. Lee, A. Ortiz de Solórzano, T. Hadden, T. Lindner, D. Biagini, L. Russel, C. Badia, Abba, A., Accorsi, C., Agnes, P., Alessi, E., Amaudruz, P., Annovi, A., Desages, F. A., Back, S., Badia, C., Bagger, J., Basile, V., Batignani, G., Bayo, A., Bell, B., Beschi, M., Biagini, D., Bianchi, G., Bicelli, S., Bishop, D., Boccali, T., Bombarda, A., Bonfanti, S., Bonivento, W. M., Bouchard, M., Breviario, M., Brice, S., Brown, R., Calvo-Mozota, J. M., Camozzi, L., Camozzi, M., Capra, A., Caravati, M., Carlini, M., Ceccanti, A., Celano, B., Cela Ruiz, J. M., Charette, C., Cogliati, G., Constable, M., Crippa, C., Croci, G., Cudmore, S., Dahl, C. E., Dal Molin, A., Daley, M., Di Guardo, C., D'Avenio, G., Davignon, O., Del Tutto, M., De Ruiter, J., Devoto, A., Diaz Gomez Maqueo, P., Di Francesco, F., Dossi, M., Druszkiewicz, E., Duma, C., Elliott, E., Farina, D., Fernandes, C., Ferroni, F., Finocchiaro, G., Fiorillo, G., Ford, R., Foti, G., Fournier, R. D., Franco, D., Fricbergs, C., Gabriele, F., Galbiati, C., Garcia Abia, P., Gargantini, A., Giacomelli, L., Giacomini, F., Giarratana, L. S., Gillespie, S., Giorgi, D., Girma, T., Gobui, R., Goeldi, D., Golf, F., Gorel, P., Gorini, G., Gramellini, E., Grosso, G., Guescini, F., Guetre, E., Hackman, G., Hadden, T., Hawkins, W., Hayashi, K., Heavey, A., Hersak, G., Hessey, N., Hockin, G., Hudson, K., Ianni, A., Ienzi, C., Ippolito, V., James, C. C., Jillings, C., Kendziora, C., Khan, S., Kim, E., King, M., King, S., Kittmer, A., Kochanek, I., Kowalkowski, J., Krucken, R., Kushoro, M., Kuula, S., Laclaustra, M., Leblond, G., Lee, L., Lennarz, A., Leyton, M., Li, X., Liimatainen, P., Lim, C., Lindner, T., Lomonaco, T., Lu, P., Lubna, R., Lukhanin, G. A., Luzon, G., Macdonald, M., Magni, G., Maharaj, R., Manni, S., Mapelli, C., Margetak, P., Martin, L., Martin, S., Martinez, M., Massacret, N., Mcclurg, P., Mcdonald, A. B., Meazzi, E., Migalla, R., Mohayai, T., Tosatti, L. M., Monzani, G., Moretti, C., Morrison, B., Mountaniol, M., Muraro, A., Napoli, P., Nati, F., Natzke, C. R., Noble, A. J., Norrick, A., Olchanski, K., Ortiz De Solorzano, A., Padula, F., Pallavicini, M., Palumbo, I., Panontin, E., Papini, N., Parmeggiano, L., Parmeggiano, S., Patel, K., Patel, A., Paterno, M., Pellegrino, C., Pelliccione, P., Pesudo, V., Pocar, A., Pope, A., Pordes, S., Prelz, F., Putignano, O., Raaf, J. L., Ratti, C., Razeti, M., Razeto, A., Reed, D., Refsgaard, J., Reilly, T., Renshaw, A., Retriere, F., Riccobene, E., Rigamonti, D., Rizzi, A., Rode, J., Romualdez, J., Russel, L., Sablone, D., Sala, S., Salomoni, D., Salvo, P., Sandoval, A., Sansoucy, E., Santorelli, R., Savarese, C., Scapparone, E., Schaubel, T., Scorza, S., Settimo, M., Shaw, B., Shawyer, S., Sher, A., Shi, A., Skensved, P., Slutsky, A., Smith, B., Smith, N. J. T., Stenzler, A., Straubel, C., Stringari, P., Suchenek, M., Sur, B., Tacchino, S., Takeuchi, L., Tardocchi, M., Tartaglia, R., Thomas, E., Trask, D., Tseng, J., Tseng, L., Vanpagee, L., Vedia, V., Velghe, B., Viel, S., Visioli, A., Viviani, L., Vonica, D., Wada, M., Walter, D., Wang, H., Wang, M. H. L. S., Westerdale, S., Wood, D., Yates, D., Yue, S., Zambrano, V., AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Laboratoire de physique subatomique et des technologies associées (SUBATECH), Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), École des Mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Abba, A, Accorsi, C, Agnes, P, Alessi, E, Amaudruz, P, Annovi, A, Desages, F, Back, S, Badia, C, Bagger, J, Basile, V, Batignani, G, Bayo, A, Bell, B, Beschi, M, Biagini, D, Bianchi, G, Bicelli, S, Bishop, D, Boccali, T, Bombarda, A, Bonfanti, S, Bonivento, W, Bouchard, M, Breviario, M, Brice, S, Brown, R, Calvo-Mozota, J, Camozzi, L, Camozzi, M, Capra, A, Caravati, M, Carlini, M, Ceccanti, A, Celano, B, Cela Ruiz, J, Charette, C, Cogliati, G, Constable, M, Crippa, C, Croci, G, Cudmore, S, Dahl, C, Dal Molin, A, Daley, M, Di Guardo, C, D'Avenio, G, Davignon, O, Del Tutto, M, De Ruiter, J, Devoto, A, Diaz Gomez Maqueo, P, Di Francesco, F, Dossi, M, Druszkiewicz, E, Duma, C, Elliott, E, Farina, D, Fernandes, C, Ferroni, F, Finocchiaro, G, Fiorillo, G, Ford, R, Foti, G, Fournier, R, Franco, D, Fricbergs, C, Gabriele, F, Galbiati, C, Garcia Abia, P, Gargantini, A, Giacomelli, L, Giacomini, F, Giarratana, L, Gillespie, S, Giorgi, D, Girma, T, Gobui, R, Goeldi, D, Golf, F, Gorel, P, Gorini, G, Gramellini, E, Grosso, G, Guescini, F, Guetre, E, Hackman, G, Hadden, T, Hawkins, W, Hayashi, K, Heavey, A, Hersak, G, Hessey, N, Hockin, G, Hudson, K, Ianni, A, Ienzi, C, Ippolito, V, James, C, Jillings, C, Kendziora, C, Khan, S, Kim, E, King, M, King, S, Kittmer, A, Kochanek, I, Kowalkowski, J, Krucken, R, Kushoro, M, Kuula, S, Laclaustra, M, Leblond, G, Lee, L, Lennarz, A, Leyton, M, Li, X, Liimatainen, P, Lim, C, Lindner, T, Lomonaco, T, Lu, P, Lubna, R, Lukhanin, G, Luzon, G, Macdonald, M, Magni, G, Maharaj, R, Manni, S, Mapelli, C, Margetak, P, Martin, L, Martin, S, Martinez, M, Massacret, N, Mcclurg, P, Mcdonald, A, Meazzi, E, Migalla, R, Mohayai, T, Tosatti, L, Monzani, G, Moretti, C, Morrison, B, Mountaniol, M, Muraro, A, Napoli, P, Nati, F, Natzke, C, Noble, A, Norrick, A, Olchanski, K, Ortiz De Solorzano, A, Padula, F, Pallavicini, M, Palumbo, I, Panontin, E, Papini, N, Parmeggiano, L, Parmeggiano, S, Patel, K, Patel, A, Paterno, M, Pellegrino, C, Pelliccione, P, Pesudo, V, Pocar, A, Pope, A, Pordes, S, Prelz, F, Putignano, O, Raaf, J, Ratti, C, Razeti, M, Razeto, A, Reed, D, Refsgaard, J, Reilly, T, Renshaw, A, Retriere, F, Riccobene, E, Rigamonti, D, Rizzi, A, Rode, J, Romualdez, J, Russel, L, Sablone, D, Sala, S, Salomoni, D, Salvo, P, Sandoval, A, Sansoucy, E, Santorelli, R, Savarese, C, Scapparone, E, Schaubel, T, Scorza, S, Settimo, M, Shaw, B, Shawyer, S, Sher, A, Shi, A, Skensved, P, Slutsky, A, Smith, B, Smith, N, Stenzler, A, Straubel, C, Stringari, P, Suchenek, M, Sur, B, Tacchino, S, Takeuchi, L, Tardocchi, M, Tartaglia, R, Thomas, E, Trask, D, Tseng, J, Tseng, L, Vanpagee, L, Vedia, V, Velghe, B, Viel, S, Visioli, A, Viviani, L, Vonica, D, Wada, M, Walter, D, Wang, H, Wang, M, Westerdale, S, Wood, D, Yates, D, Yue, S, and Zambrano, V

Subjects
ventilator, Emergency Use Authorization, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Fault conditions, Computational Mechanics, Certification, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Mechanical parts, Food and drug administration, Compressed oxygen, Food and Drug Administration, Health care professionals, Industrial partners, Intensive therapy, Ventilation mode, Mechanical ventilator, law, 0103 physical sciences, Pandemic, medicine, 010306 general physics, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Mechanical Engineering, healthcare, Articles, Condensed Matter Physics, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, Medical gas supply, Mechanical Ventilation, COVID-19 Pandemic, covid-19, Mechanics of Materials, Others, Ventilation (architecture), Medical emergency, Settore ING-INF/05 - Sistemi di Elaborazione delle Informazioni, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; This paper presents the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel intensive therapy mechanical ventilator designed for rapid, large-scale, low-cost production for the COVID-19 pandemic. Free of moving mechanical parts and requiring only a source of compressed oxygen and medical air to operate, the MVM is designed to support the long-term invasive ventilation often required for COVID-19 patients and operates in pressure-regulated ventilation modes, which minimize the risk of furthering lung trauma. The MVM was extensively tested against ISO standards in the laboratory using a breathing simulator, with good agreement between input and measured breathing parameters and performing correctly in response to fault conditions and stability tests. The MVM has obtained Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and Health Canada Medical Device Authorization for Importation or Sale, under Interim Order for Use in Relation to COVID-19. Following these certifications, mass production is ongoing and distribution is under way in several countries. The MVM was designed, tested, prepared for certification, and mass produced in the space of a few months by a unique collaboration of respiratory healthcare professionals and experimental physicists, working with industrial partners, and is an excellent ventilator candidate for this pandemic anywhere in the world

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

14. Characterization of the response of Fast Ion Loss Detectors to fusion neutrons for applications at JT-60SA and ITER

Author

O. Putignano, E. Perelli Cippo, Giovanni Grosso, Massimo Nocente, M. Garcia-Munoz, J. Ayllon-Guerola, Mario Pillon, Marica Rebai, Putignano, O, Perelli Cippo, E, Rebai, M, Grosso, G, Nocente, M, Pillon, M, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Putignano, O., Perelli Cippo, E., Rebai, M., Grosso, G., Nocente, M., Pillon, M., Ayllon-Guerola, J., and Garcia-Munoz, M.

Subjects
Tokamak, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Geant4, Neutron, JT-60SA, Scintillator, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Neutron generator, law, ITER, General Materials Science, Nuclear Experiment, Civil and Structural Engineering, Background radiation, Neutrons, Physics, Range (particle radiation), Mechanical Engineering, Collimator, Charged particle, ___, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, FILD
Abstract

One of the main configuration of Fast Ion Loss Detectors (FILD) installed in present day tokamaks and stellarators consists of a collimator and a scintillator coupled to a suitable optical system. In view of their use at the JT-60SA and ITER tokamaks, the impact of the background radiation induced by fusion born neutrons on the instrument must be quantified. In JT-60SA the interaction is predominantly due to 2.5 MeV neutrons born from D –D reactions while, at ITER, 14 MeV neutrons born from D –T are of additional concern, as their flux is expected to be the same as the one from the escaping ions at the position of the FILD. In particular, the generation of background charged particles when neutrons interact with the FILD supporting structure is of most relevance, both at JT-60SA and ITER. In this work we present the results of a study on the neutron sensitivity of the whole FILD setup to 2.5 MeV and 14 MeV neutrons. A set of GEANT4 simulations with a detector geometry derived from the current CAD model of the proposed FILD design has been carried out. Modelling has been validated at the Frascati Neutron Generator, where aspects of the interaction of MeV range neutrons with the FILD setup have been tested. Based on our simulations, we predict that neutrons will induce a measurable background on the FILD, both at JT-60SA and ITER, but they will also not impede measurements.

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

15. New thick silicon carbide detectors: Response to 14 MeV neutrons and comparison with single-crystal diamonds

Author

Gabriele Croci, C. Altana, Annamaria Muoio, P. Ottanelli, Giuseppe Gorini, G.A.P. Cirrone, S. M. R. Puglia, L. Labate, O. Putignano, S. Loreti, Massimo Angelone, D. Rigamonti, Mario Pillon, Salvatore Tudisco, Antonio Trifiro, C. Ciampi, F. La Via, Gabriele Pasquali, E. Perelli Cippo, S. Cancelli, Alberto Fazzi, Dario Giove, G. Lanzalone, Antonello Santangelo, Giacomo Borghi, Marica Rebai, M. Tardocchi, Maurizio Boscardin, Rebai, M., Rigamonti, D., Cancelli, S., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Perelli Cippo, E., Putignano, O., Tardocchi, M., Altana, C., Angelone, M., Borghi, G., Boscardin, M., Ciampi, C., Cirrone, G. A. P., Fazzi, A., Giove, D., Labate, L., Lanzalone, G., La Via, F., Loreti, S., Muoio, A., Ottanelli, P., Pasquali, G., Pillon, M., Puglia, S. M. R., Santangelo, A., Trifiro, A., Tudisco, S., Rebai, M, Rigamonti, D, Cancelli, S, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Perelli Cippo, E, Putignano, O, Tardocchi, M, Altana, C, Angelone, M, Borghi, G, Boscardin, M, Ciampi, C, Cirrone, G, Fazzi, A, Giove, D, Labate, L, Lanzalone, G, La Via, F, Loreti, S, Muoio, A, Ottanelli, P, Pasquali, G, Pillon, M, Puglia, S, Santangelo, A, Trifiro, A, and Tudisco, S

Subjects
single-crystal diamonds, SiC, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Area, Tokamak, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Detectors, SiC, Large Area, silicon carbide detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, Neutron generator, law, 0103 physical sciences, Silicon carbide, 14 MeV neutrons, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Detectors, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, chemistry, engineering, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

In this work we present the response of a new large volume 4H Silicon Carbide (SiC) detector to 14 MeV neutrons. The device has an active thickness of 100 μ m (obtained by epitaxial growing) and an active area of 25 mm2. Tests were conducted at the ENEA-Frascati Neutron Generator facility by using 14.1 MeV neutrons. The SiC detector performance was compared to that of Single-Crystal Diamond (SCD) detectors. The SiC response function was successfully measured and revealed a very complex structure due to the presence in the detector of both Silicon and Carbon atoms. Nevertheless, the flexibility in the SiC manufacturing and the new achievements in terms of relatively large areas (up 1x1 cm2) and a wide range of thicknesses makes them an interesting alternative to diamond detectors in environments where limited space and high neutron fluxes are an issue, i.e. modern neutron cameras or in-vessel tokamak measurements for the new generation fusion machines such as ITER. The absence of instabilities during neutron irradiation and the capability to withstand high neutron fluences and to follow the neutron yield suggest a straightforward use of these detectors as a neutron diagnostics.

Published
2019
Full Text
View/download PDF

16. Thermo-mechanical assessment of the JT-60SA fast-ion loss detector

Author

M. Garcia-Munoz, N. Hajnal, Carlo Sozzi, J. Hidalgo-Salaverri, Valerio Tomarchio, M. Wanner, C. Cobacho-Rodriguez, J. Ayllon-Guerola, E. Perelli Cippo, D. García-Vallejo, M. Vallar, M. Verrecchia, Massimo Nocente, S. Davis, Guy Phillips, C. Piccinni, J. Segado-Fernandez, J. Nunez-Portillo, O. Putignano, A. Mancini, Ayllon-Guerola, J, Cobacho-Rodriguez, C, Segado-Fernandez, J, Hidalgo-Salaverri, J, Mancini, A, Nunez-Portillo, J, Garcia-Vallejo, D, Garcia-Munoz, M, Davis, S, Tomarchio, V, Hajnal, N, Piccinni, C, Verrecchia, M, Phillips, G, Vallar, M, Cippo, E, Nocente, M, Putignano, O, Sozzi, C, and Wanner, M

Subjects
Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Tokamak, Plasma diagnostic, Nuclear engineering, fild, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Ion, law.invention, law, 11. Sustainability, 0103 physical sciences, Thermal, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Civil and Structural Engineering, fast ion loss detector, plasma diagnostics, Mechanical Engineering, Detector, Finite element method, jt-60sa, FILDJT-60SA, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Head (vessel), simulations, mechanical assessment, thermal assessment, Thermo mechanical
Abstract

A fast-ion loss detector (FILD) is being designed for the JT-60SA tokamak. In this work, the preliminary mechanical design of this diagnostic is described. The expected motion needed to move the probe head between the parking and the measuring positions has been estimated by numerical simulations. A finite element thermal assessment of the detector is presented, to characterize its thermal response during the operation of the machine. Finally, the results of a preliminary electromagnetic analysis are reported to evaluate the impact of major disruptions on the structural components the system.

Full Text
View/download PDF

17. Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation

Author

J. Mailloux, N. Abid, K. Abraham, P. Abreu, O. Adabonyan, P. Adrich, V. Afanasev, M. Afzal, T. Ahlgren, L. Aho-Mantila, N. Aiba, M. Airila, M. Akhtar, R. Albanese, M. Alderson-Martin, D. Alegre, S. Aleiferis, A. Aleksa, A.G. Alekseev, E. Alessi, P. Aleynikov, J. Algualcil, M. Ali, M. Allinson, B. Alper, E. Alves, G. Ambrosino, R. Ambrosino, V. Amosov, E.Andersson Sundén, P. Andrew, B.M. Angelini, C. Angioni, I. Antoniou, L.C. Appel, C. Appelbee, S. Aria, M. Ariola, G. Artaserse, W. Arter, V. Artigues, N. Asakura, A. Ash, N. Ashikawa, V. Aslanyan, M. Astrain, O. Asztalos, D. Auld, F. Auriemma, Y. Austin, L. Avotina, E. Aymerich, A. Baciero, F. Bairaktaris, J. Balbin, L. Balbinot, I. Balboa, M. Balden, C. Balshaw, N. Balshaw, V.K. Bandaru, J. Banks, Yu.F. Baranov, C. Barcellona, A. Barnard, M. Barnard, R. Barnsley, A. Barth, M. Baruzzo, S. Barwell, M. Bassan, A. Batista, P. Batistoni, L. Baumane, B. Bauvir, L. Baylor, P.S. Beaumont, D. Beckett, A. Begolli, M. Beidler, N. Bekris, M. Beldishevski, E. Belli, F. Belli, É. Belonohy, M. Ben Yaala, J. Benayas, J. Bentley, H. Bergsåker, J. Bernardo, M. Bernert, M. Berry, L. Bertalot, H. Betar, M. Beurskens, S. Bickerton, B. Bieg, J. Bielecki, A. Bierwage, T. Biewer, R. Bilato, P. Bílková, G. Birkenmeier, H. Bishop, J.P.S. Bizarro, J. Blackburn, P. Blanchard, P. Blatchford, V. Bobkov, A. Boboc, P. Bohm, T. Bohm, I. Bolshakova, T. Bolzonella, N. Bonanomi, D. Bonfiglio, X. Bonnin, P. Bonofiglo, S. Boocock, A. Booth, J. Booth, D. Borba, D. Borodin, I. Borodkina, C. Boulbe, C. Bourdelle, M. Bowden, K. Boyd, I.Božičević Mihalić, S.C. Bradnam, V. Braic, L. Brandt, R. Bravanec, B. Breizman, A. Brett, S. Brezinsek, M. Brix, K. Bromley, B. Brown, D. Brunetti, R. Buckingham, M. Buckley, R. Budny, J. Buermans, H. Bufferand, P. Buratti, A. Burgess, A. Buscarino, A. Busse, D. Butcher, E.de la Cal, G. Calabrò, L. Calacci, R. Calado, Y. Camenen, G. Canal, B. Cannas, M. Cappelli, S. Carcangiu, P. Card, A. Cardinali, P. Carman, D. Carnevale, M. Carr, D. Carralero, L. Carraro, I.S. Carvalho, P. Carvalho, I. Casiraghi, F.J. Casson, C. Castaldo, J.P. Catalan, N. Catarino, F. Causa, M. Cavedon, M. Cecconello, C.D. Challis, B. Chamberlain, C.S. Chang, A. Chankin, B. Chapman, M. Chernyshova, A. Chiariello, P. Chmielewski, A. Chomiczewska, L. Chone, G. Ciraolo, D. Ciric, J. Citrin, Ł. Ciupinski, M. Clark, R. Clarkson, C. Clements, M. Cleverly, J.P. Coad, P. Coates, A. Cobalt, V. Coccorese, R. Coelho, J.W. Coenen, I.H. Coffey, A. Colangeli, L. Colas, C. Collins, J. Collins, S. Collins, D. Conka, S. Conroy, B. Conway, N.J. Conway, D. Coombs, P. Cooper, S. Cooper, C. Corradino, G. Corrigan, D. Coster, P. Cox, T. Craciunescu, S. Cramp, C. Crapper, D. Craven, R. Craven, M.Crialesi Esposito, G. Croci, D. Croft, A. Croitoru, K. Crombé, T. Cronin, N. Cruz, C. Crystal, G. Cseh, A. Cufar, A. Cullen, M. Curuia, T. Czarski, H. Dabirikhah, A.Dal Molin, E. Dale, P. Dalgliesh, S. Dalley, J. Dankowski, P. David, A. Davies, S. Davies, G. Davis, K. Dawson, S. Dawson, I.E. Day, M. De Bock, G. De Temmerman, G. De Tommasi, K. Deakin, J. Deane, R. Dejarnac, D. Del Sarto, E. Delabie, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete, A. Dempsey, R.O. Dendy, P. Devynck, A. Di Siena, C. Di Troia, T. Dickson, P. Dinca, T. Dittmar, J. Dobrashian, R.P. Doerner, A.J.H. Donné, S. Dorling, S. Dormido-Canto, D. Douai, S. Dowson, R. Doyle, M. Dreval, P. Drewelow, P. Drews, G. Drummond, Ph. Duckworth, H. Dudding, R. Dumont, P. Dumortier, D. Dunai, T. Dunatov, M. Dunne, I. Ďuran, F. Durodié, R. Dux, A. Dvornova, R. Eastham, J. Edwards, Th. Eich, A. Eichorn, N. Eidietis, A. Eksaeva, H. El Haroun, G. Ellwood, C. Elsmore, O. Embreus, S. Emery, G. Ericsson, B. Eriksson, F. Eriksson, J. Eriksson, L.G. Eriksson, S. Ertmer, S. Esquembri, A.L. Esquisabel, T. Estrada, G. Evans, S. Evans, E. Fable, D. Fagan, M. Faitsch, M. Falessi, A. Fanni, A. Farahani, I. Farquhar, A. Fasoli, B. Faugeras, S. Fazinić, F. Felici, R. Felton, A. Fernandes, H. Fernandes, J. Ferrand, D.R. Ferreira, J. Ferreira, G. Ferrò, J. Fessey, O. Ficker, A.R. Field, A. Figueiredo, J. Figueiredo, A. Fil, N. Fil, P. Finburg, D. Fiorucci, U. Fischer, G. Fishpool, L. Fittill, M. Fitzgerald, D. Flammini, J. Flanagan, K. Flinders, S. Foley, N. Fonnesu, M. Fontana, J.M. Fontdecaba, S. Forbes, A. Formisano, T. Fornal, L. Fortuna, E. Fortuna-Zalesna, M. Fortune, C. Fowler, E. Fransson, L. Frassinetti, M. Freisinger, R. Fresa, R. Fridström, D. Frigione, T. Fülöp, M. Furseman, V. Fusco, S. Futatani, D. Gadariya, K. Gál, D. Galassi, K. Gałązka, S. Galeani, D. Gallart, R. Galvão, Y. Gao, J. Garcia, M. García-Muñoz, M. Gardener, L. Garzotti, J. Gaspar, R. Gatto, P. Gaudio, D. Gear, T. Gebhart, S. Gee, M. Gelfusa, R. George, S.N. Gerasimov, G. Gervasini, M. Gethins, Z. Ghani, M. Gherendi, F. Ghezzi, J.C. Giacalone, L. Giacomelli, G. Giacometti, C. Gibson, K.J. Gibson, L. Gil, A. Gillgren, D. Gin, E. Giovannozzi, C. Giroud, R. Glen, S. Glöggler, J. Goff, P. Gohil, V. Goloborodko, R. Gomes, B. Gonçalves, M. Goniche, A. Goodyear, S. Gore, G. Gorini, T. Görler, N. Gotts, R. Goulding, E. Gow, B. Graham, J.P. Graves, H. Greuner, B. Grierson, J. Griffiths, S. Griph, D. Grist, W. Gromelski, M. Groth, R. Grove, M. Gruca, D. Guard, N. Gupta, C. Gurl, A. Gusarov, L. Hackett, S. Hacquin, R. Hager, L. Hägg, A. Hakola, M. Halitovs, S. Hall, S.A. Hall, S. Hallworth-Cook, C.J. Ham, D. Hamaguchi, M. Hamed, C. Hamlyn-Harris, K. Hammond, E. Harford, J.R. Harrison, D. Harting, Y. Hatano, D.R. Hatch, T. Haupt, J. Hawes, N.C. Hawkes, J. Hawkins, T. Hayashi, S. Hazael, S. Hazel, P. Heesterman, B. Heidbrink, W. Helou, O. Hemming, S.S. Henderson, R.B. Henriques, D. Hepple, J. Herfindal, G. Hermon, J. Hill, J.C. Hillesheim, K. Hizanidis, A. Hjalmarsson, A. Ho, J. Hobirk, O. Hoenen, C. Hogben, A. Hollingsworth, S. Hollis, E. Hollmann, M. Hölzl, B. Homan, M. Hook, D. Hopley, J. Horáček, D. Horsley, N. Horsten, A. Horton, L.D. Horton, L. Horvath, S. Hotchin, R. Howell, Z. Hu, A. Huber, V. Huber, T. Huddleston, G.T.A. Huijsmans, P. Huynh, A. Hynes, M. Iliasova, D. Imrie, M. Imríšek, J. Ingleby, P. Innocente, K. Insulander Björk, N. Isernia, I. Ivanova-Stanik, E. Ivings, S. Jablonski, S. Jachmich, T. Jackson, P. Jacquet, H. Järleblad, F. Jaulmes, J.Jenaro Rodriguez, I. Jepu, E. Joffrin, R. Johnson, T. Johnson, J. Johnston, C. Jones, G. Jones, L. Jones, N. Jones, T. Jones, A. Joyce, R. Juarez, M. Juvonen, P. Kalniņa, T. Kaltiaisenaho, J. Kaniewski, A. Kantor, A. Kappatou, J. Karhunen, D. Karkinsky, Yu Kashchuk, M. Kaufman, G. Kaveney, Ye.O. Kazakov, V. Kazantzidis, D.L. Keeling, R. Kelly, M. Kempenaars, C. Kennedy, D. Kennedy, J. Kent, K. Khan, E. Khilkevich, C. Kiefer, J. Kilpeläinen, C. Kim, Hyun-Tae Kim, S.H. Kim, D.B. King, R. King, D. Kinna, V.G. Kiptily, A. Kirjasuo, K.K. Kirov, A. Kirschner, T. kiviniemi, G. Kizane, M. Klas, C. Klepper, A. Klix, G. Kneale, M. Knight, P. Knight, R. Knights, S. Knipe, M. Knolker, S. Knott, M. Kocan, F. Köchl, I. Kodeli, Y. Kolesnichenko, Y. Kominis, M. Kong, V. Korovin, B. Kos, D. Kos, H.R. Koslowski, M. Kotschenreuther, M. Koubiti, E. Kowalska-Strzęciwilk, K. Koziol, A. Krasilnikov, V. Krasilnikov, M. Kresina, K. Krieger, N. Krishnan, A. Krivska, U. Kruezi, I. Książek, A.B. Kukushkin, H. Kumpulainen, T. Kurki-Suonio, H. Kurotaki, S. Kwak, O.J. Kwon, L. Laguardia, E. Lagzdina, A. Lahtinen, A. Laing, N. Lam, H.T. Lambertz, B. Lane, C. Lane, E.Lascas Neto, E. Łaszyńska, K.D. Lawson, A. Lazaros, E. Lazzaro, G. Learoyd, Chanyoung Lee, S.E. Lee, S. Leerink, T. Leeson, X. Lefebvre, H.J. Leggate, J. Lehmann, M. Lehnen, D. Leichtle, F. Leipold, I. Lengar, M. Lennholm, E. Leon Gutierrez, B. Lepiavko, J. Leppänen, E. Lerche, A. Lescinskis, J. Lewis, W. Leysen, L. Li, Y. Li, J. Likonen, Ch. Linsmeier, B. Lipschultz, X. Litaudon, E. Litherland-Smith, F. Liu, T. Loarer, A. Loarte, R. Lobel, B. Lomanowski, P.J. Lomas, J.M. López, R. Lorenzini, S. Loreti, U. Losada, V.P. Loschiavo, M. Loughlin, Z. Louka, J. Lovell, T. Lowe, C. Lowry, S. Lubbad, T. Luce, R. Lucock, A. Lukin, C. Luna, E.de la Luna, M. Lungaroni, C.P. Lungu, T. Lunt, V. Lutsenko, B. Lyons, A. Lyssoivan, M. Machielsen, E. Macusova, R. Mäenpää, C.F. Maggi, R. Maggiora, M. Magness, S. Mahesan, H. Maier, R. Maingi, K. Malinowski, P. Manas, P. Mantica, M.J. Mantsinen, J. Manyer, A. Manzanares, Ph. Maquet, G. Marceca, N. Marcenko, C. Marchetto, O. Marchuk, A. Mariani, G. Mariano, M. Marin, M. Marinelli, T. Markovič, D. Marocco, L. Marot, S. Marsden, J. Marsh, R. Marshall, L. Martellucci, A. Martin, A.J. Martin, R. Martone, S. Maruyama, M. Maslov, S. Masuzaki, S. Matejcik, M. Mattei, G.F. Matthews, D. Matveev, E. Matveeva, A. Mauriya, F. Maviglia, M. Mayer, M.-L. Mayoral, S. Mazzi, C. Mazzotta, R. McAdams, P.J. McCarthy, K.G. McClements, J. McClenaghan, P. McCullen, D.C. McDonald, D. McGuckin, D. McHugh, G. McIntyre, R. McKean, J. McKehon, B. McMillan, L. McNamee, A. McShee, A. Meakins, S. Medley, C.J. Meekes, K. Meghani, A.G. Meigs, G. Meisl, S. Meitner, S. Menmuir, K. Mergia, S. Merriman, Ph. Mertens, S. Meshchaninov, A. Messiaen, R. Michling, P. Middleton, D. Middleton-Gear, J. Mietelski, D. Milanesio, E. Milani, F. Militello, A.Militello Asp, J. Milnes, A. Milocco, G. Miloshevsky, C. Minghao, S. Minucci, I. Miron, M. Miyamoto, J. Mlynář, V. Moiseenko, P. Monaghan, I. Monakhov, T. Moody, S. Moon, R. Mooney, S. Moradi, J. Morales, R.B. Morales, S. Mordijck, L. Moreira, L. Morgan, F. Moro, J. Morris, K.-M. Morrison, L. Msero, D. Moulton, T. Mrowetz, T. Mundy, M. Muraglia, A. Murari, A. Muraro, N. Muthusonai, B. N’Konga, Yong-Su Na, F. Nabais, M. Naden, J. Naish, R. Naish, F. Napoli, E. Nardon, V. Naulin, M.F.F. Nave, I. Nedzelskiy, G. Nemtsev, V. Nesenevich, I. Nestoras, R. Neu, V.S. Neverov, S. Ng, M. Nicassio, A.H. Nielsen, D. Nina, D. Nishijima, C. Noble, C.R. Nobs, M. Nocente, D. Nodwell, K. Nordlund, H. Nordman, R. Normanton, J.M. Noterdaeme, S. Nowak, E. Nunn, H. Nyström, M. Oberparleiter, B. Obryk, J. O'Callaghan, T. Odupitan, H.J.C. Oliver, R. Olney, M. O’Mullane, J. Ongena, E. Organ, F. Orsitto, J. Orszagh, T. Osborne, R. Otin, T. Otsuka, A. Owen, Y. Oya, M. Oyaizu, R. Paccagnella, N. Pace, L.W. Packer, S. Paige, E. Pajuste, D. Palade, S.J.P. Pamela, N. Panadero, E. Panontin, A. Papadopoulos, G. Papp, P. Papp, V.V. Parail, C. Pardanaud, J. Parisi, F.Parra Diaz, A. Parsloe, M. Parsons, N. Parsons, M. Passeri, A. Patel, A. Pau, G. Pautasso, R. Pavlichenko, A. Pavone, E. Pawelec, C.Paz Soldan, A. Peacock, M. Pearce, E. Peluso, C. Penot, K. Pepperell, R. Pereira, T. Pereira, E.Perelli Cippo, P. Pereslavtsev, C. Perez von Thun, V. Pericoli, D. Perry, M. Peterka, P. Petersson, G. Petravich, N. Petrella, M. Peyman, M. Pillon, S. Pinches, G. Pintsuk, W. Pires de Sá, A. Pires dos Reis, C. Piron, L. Pionr, A. Pironti, R. Pitts, K.L. van de Plassche, N. Platt, V. Plyusnin, M. Podesta, G. Pokol, F.M. Poli, O.G. Pompilian, S. Popovichev, M. Poradziński, M.T. Porfiri, M. Porkolab, C. Porosnicu, M. Porton, G. Poulipoulis, I. Predebon, G. Prestopino, C. Price, D. Price, M. Price, D. Primetzhofer, P. Prior, G. Provatas, G. Pucella, P. Puglia, K. Purahoo, I. Pusztai, O. Putignano, T. Pütterich, A. Quercia, E. Rachlew, G. Radulescu, V. Radulovic, M. Rainford, P. Raj, G. Ralph, G. Ramogida, D. Rasmussen, J.J. Rasmussen, G. Rattá, S. Ratynskaia, M. Rebai, D. Réfy, R. Reichle, M. Reinke, D. Reiser, C. Reux, S. Reynolds, M.L. Richiusa, S. Richyal, D. Rigamonti, F.G. Rimini, J. Risner, M. Riva, J. Rivero-Rodriguez, C.M. Roach, R. Robins, S. Robinson, D. Robson, R. Rodionov, P. Rodrigues, M.Rodriguez Ramos, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, F. Romanelli, M. Romanelli, S. Romanelli, J. Romazanov, R. Rossi, S. Rowe, D. Rowlands, M. Rubel, G. Rubinacci, G. Rubino, L. Ruchko, M. Ruiz, J.Ruiz Ruiz, C. Ruset, J. Rzadkiewicz, S. Saarelma, E. Safi, A. Sahlberg, M. Salewski, A. Salmi, R. Salmon, F. Salzedas, I. Sanders, D. Sandiford, B. Santos, A. Santucci, K. Särkimäki, R. Sarwar, I. Sarychev, O. Sauter, P. Sauwan, N. Scapin, F. Schluck, K. Schmid, S. Schmuck, M. Schneider, P.A. Schneider, D. Schwörer, G. Scott, M. Scott, D. Scraggs, S. Scully, M. Segato, Jaemin Seo, G. Sergienko, M. Sertoli, S.E. Sharapov, A. Shaw, H. Sheikh, U. Sheikh, A. Shepherd, A. Shevelev, P. Shigin, K. Shinohara, S. Shiraiwa, D. Shiraki, M. Short, G. Sias, S.A. Silburn, A. Silva, C. Silva, J. Silva, D. Silvagni, D. Simfukwe, J. Simpson, D. Sinclair, S.K. Sipilä, A.C.C. Sips, P. Sirén, A. Sirinelli, H. Sjöstrand, N. Skinner, J. Slater, N. Smith, P. Smith, J. Snell, G. Snoep, L. Snoj, P. Snyder, S. Soare, E.R. Solano, V. Solokha, A. Somers, C. Sommariva, K. Soni, E. Sorokovoy, M. Sos, J. Sousa, C. Sozzi, S. Spagnolo, T. Spelzini, F. Spineanu, D. Spong, D. Sprada, S. Sridhar, C. Srinivasan, G. Stables, G. Staebler, I. Stamatelatos, Z. Stancar, P. Staniec, G. Stankūnas, M. Stead, E. Stefanikova, A. Stephen, J. Stephens, P. Stevenson, M. Stojanov, P. Strand, H.R. Strauss, S. Strikwerda, P. Ström, C.I. Stuart, W. Studholme, M. Subramani, E. Suchkov, S. Sumida, H.J. Sun, T.E. Susts, J. Svensson, J. Svoboda, R. Sweeney, D. Sytnykov, T. Szabolics, G. Szepesi, B. Tabia, T. Tadić, B. Tál, T. Tala, A. Tallargio, P. Tamain, H. Tan, K. Tanaka, W. Tang, M. Tardocchi, D. Taylor, A.S. Teimane, G. Telesca, N. Teplova, A. Teplukhina, D. Terentyev, A. Terra, D. Terranova, N. Terranova, D. Testa, E. Tholerus, J. Thomas, E. Thoren, A. Thorman, W. Tierens, R.A. Tinguely, A. Tipton, H. Todd, M. Tokitani, P. Tolias, M. Tomeš, A. Tookey, Y. Torikai, U. von Toussaint, P. Tsavalas, D. Tskhakaya, I. Turner, M. Turner, M.M. Turner, M. Turnyanskiy, G. Tvalashvili, S. Tyrrell, M. Tyshchenko, A. Uccello, V. Udintsev, G. Urbanczyk, A. Vadgama, D. Valcarcel, M. Valisa, P.Vallejos Olivares, O. Vallhagen, M. Valovič, D. Van Eester, J. Varje, S. Vartanian, T. Vasilopoulou, G. Vayakis, M. Vecsei, J. Vega, S. Ventre, G. Verdoolaege, C. Verona, G.Verona Rinati, E. Veshchev, N. Vianello, E. Viezzer, L. Vignitchouk, R. Vila, R. Villari, F. Villone, P. Vincenzi, I. Vinyar, B. Viola, A.J. Virtanen, A. Vitins, Z. Vizvary, G. Vlad, M. Vlad, P. Vondráček, P.de Vries, B. Wakeling, N.R. Walkden, M. Walker, R. Walker, M. Walsh, E. Wang, N. Wang, S. Warder, R. Warren, J. Waterhouse, C. Watts, T. Wauters, A. Weckmann, H.Wedderburn Maxwell, M. Weiland, H. Weisen, M. Weiszflog, P. Welch, N. Wendler, A. West, M. Wheatley, S. Wheeler, A. Whitehead, D. Whittaker, A. Widdowson, S. Wiesen, J. Wilkinson, J.C. Williams, D. Willoughby, I. Wilson, J. Wilson, T. Wilson, M. Wischmeier, P. Wise, G. Withenshaw, A. Withycombe, D. Witts, A. Wojcik-Gargula, E. Wolfrum, R. Wood, C. Woodley, R. Woodley, B. Woods, J. Wright, J.C. Wright, T. Xu, D. Yadikin, M. Yajima, Y. Yakovenko, Y. Yang, W. Yanling, V. Yanovskiy, I. Young, R. Young, R.J. Zabolockis, J. Zacks, R. Zagorski, F.S. Zaitsev, L. Zakharov, A. Zarins, D. Zarzoso Fernandez, K.-D. Zastrow, Y. Zayachuk, M. Zerbini, W. Zhang, Y. Zhou, M. Zlobinski, A. Zocco, A. Zohar, V. Zoita, S. Zoletnik, V.K. Zotta, I. Zoulias, W. Zwingmann, I. Zychor, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Culham Science Centre, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Uppsala University, European Commission, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Universidade Lisboa, Fusion and Plasma Physics, University of Milan - Bicocca, General Atomics, ITER, University of Toyama, CEA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical University of Madrid, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Royal Military Academy, Seoul National University, Chalmers University of Technology, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, JET Contributor, Mailloux, Joelle, Chiariello, Andrea, Martone, Raffaele, Formisano, Alessandro, Mattei, Massimiliano, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Mecànica de Fluids, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Albanese, Raffaele, Ambrosino, Giuseppe, Ambrosino, Roberto, Coccorese, Vincenzo, De Tommasi, Gianmaria, Fresa, Raffaele, Pironti, Alfredo, Quercia, Antonio, Rubinacci, Guglielmo, Et, Al, Mailloux, J, Abid, N, Abraham, K, Abreu, P, Adabonyan, O, Adrich, P, Afanasev, V, Afzal, M, Ahlgren, T, Aho-Mantila, L, Aiba, N, Airila, M, Akhtar, M, Albanese, R, Alderson-Martin, M, Alegre, D, Aleiferis, S, Aleksa, A, Alekseev, A, Alessi, E, Aleynikov, P, Algualcil, J, Ali, M, Allinson, M, Alper, B, Alves, E, Ambrosino, G, Ambrosino, R, Amosov, V, Sunden, E, Andrew, P, Angelini, B, Angioni, C, Antoniou, I, Appel, L, Appelbee, C, Aria, S, Ariola, M, Artaserse, G, Arter, W, Artigues, V, Asakura, N, Ash, A, Ashikawa, N, Aslanyan, V, Astrain, M, Asztalos, O, Auld, D, Auriemma, F, Austin, Y, Avotina, L, Aymerich, E, Baciero, A, Bairaktaris, F, Balbin, J, Balbinot, L, Balboa, I, Balden, M, Balshaw, C, Balshaw, N, Bandaru, V, Banks, J, Baranov, Y, Barcellona, C, Barnard, A, Barnard, M, Barnsley, R, Barth, A, Baruzzo, M, Barwell, S, Bassan, M, Batista, A, Batistoni, P, Baumane, L, Bauvir, B, Baylor, L, Beaumont, P, Beckett, D, Begolli, A, Beidler, M, Bekris, N, Beldishevski, M, Belli, E, Belli, F, Belonohy, E, Ben Yaala, M, Benayas, J, Bentley, J, Bergsaker, H, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Berry, M, Bertalot, L, Betar, H, Beurskens, M, Bickerton, S, Bieg, B, Bielecki, J, Bierwage, A, Biewer, T, Bilato, R, Bilkova, P, Birkenmeier, G, Bishop, H, Bizarro, J, Blackburn, J, Blanchard, P, Blatchford, P, Bobkov, V, Boboc, A, Bohm, P, Bohm, T, Bolshakova, I, Bolzonella, T, Bonanomi, N, Bonfiglio, D, Bonnin, X, Bonofiglo, P, Boocock, S, Booth, A, Booth, J, Borba, D, Borodin, D, Borodkina, I, Boulbe, C, Bourdelle, C, Bowden, M, Boyd, K, Mihalic, I, Bradnam, S, Braic, V, Brandt, L, Bravanec, R, Breizman, B, Brett, A, Brezinsek, S, Brix, M, Bromley, K, Brown, B, Brunetti, D, Buckingham, R, Buckley, M, Budny, R, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Burgess, A, Buscarino, A, Busse, A, Butcher, D, de la Cal, E, Calabro, G, Calacci, L, Calado, R, Camenen, Y, Canal, G, Cannas, B, Cappelli, M, Carcangiu, S, Card, P, Cardinali, A, Carman, P, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carraro, L, Carvalho, I, Carvalho, P, Casiraghi, I, Casson, F, Castaldo, C, Catalan, J, Catarino, N, Causa, F, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Challis, C, Chamberlain, B, Chang, C, Chankin, A, Chapman, B, Chernyshova, M, Chiariello, A, Chmielewski, P, Chomiczewska, A, Chone, L, Ciraolo, G, Ciric, D, Clark, M, Clarkson, R, Clements, C, Cleverly, M, Coad, J, Coates, P, Cobalt, A, Coccorese, V, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Coffey, I, Colangeli, A, Colas, L, Collins, C, Collins, J, Collins, S, Conka, D, Conroy, S, Conway, B, Conway, N, Coombs, D, Cooper, P, Cooper, S, Corradino, C, Corrigan, G, Coster, D, Cox, P, Craciunescu, T, Cramp, S, Crapper, C, Craven, D, Craven, R, Esposito, M, Croci, G, Croft, D, Croitoru, A, Crombe, K, Cronin, T, Cruz, N, Crystal, C, Cseh, G, Cufar, A, Cullen, A, Curuia, M, Czarski, T, Dabirikhah, H, Dal Molin, A, Dale, E, Dalgliesh, P, Dalley, S, Dankowski, J, David, P, Davies, A, Davies, S, Davis, G, Dawson, K, Dawson, S, Day, I, De Bock, M, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Deakin, K, Deane, J, Dejarnac, R, Del Sarto, D, Delabie, E, Del-Castillo-Negrete, D, Dempsey, A, Dendy, R, Devynck, P, Di Siena, A, Di Troia, C, Dickson, T, Dinca, P, Dittmar, T, Dobrashian, J, Doerner, R, Donne, A, Dorling, S, Dormido-Canto, S, Douai, D, Dowson, S, Doyle, R, Dreval, M, Drewelow, P, Drews, P, Drummond, G, Duckworth, P, Dudding, H, Dumont, R, Dumortier, P, Dunai, D, Dunatov, T, Dunne, M, Durodie, F, Dux, R, Dvornova, A, Eastham, R, Edwards, J, Eich, T, Eichorn, A, Eidietis, N, Eksaeva, A, El Haroun, H, Ellwood, G, Elsmore, C, Embreus, O, Emery, S, Ericsson, G, Eriksson, B, Eriksson, F, Eriksson, J, Eriksson, L, Ertmer, S, Esquembri, S, Esquisabel, A, Estrada, T, Evans, G, Evans, S, Fable, E, Fagan, D, Faitsch, M, Falessi, M, Fanni, A, Farahani, A, Farquhar, I, Fasoli, A, Faugeras, B, Fazinic, S, Felici, F, Felton, R, Fernandes, A, Fernandes, H, Ferrand, J, Ferreira, D, Ferreira, J, Ferro, G, Fessey, J, Ficker, O, Field, A, Figueiredo, A, Figueiredo, J, Fil, A, Fil, N, Finburg, P, Fiorucci, D, Fischer, U, Fishpool, G, Fittill, L, Fitzgerald, M, Flammini, D, Flanagan, J, Flinders, K, Foley, S, Fonnesu, N, Fontana, M, Fontdecaba, J, Forbes, S, Formisano, A, Fornal, T, Fortuna, L, Fortuna-Zalesna, E, Fortune, M, Fowler, C, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Freisinger, M, Fresa, R, Fridstrom, R, Frigione, D, Fulop, T, Furseman, M, Fusco, V, Futatani, S, Gadariya, D, Gal, K, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Galvao, R, Gao, Y, Garcia, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardener, M, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gatto, R, Gaudio, P, Gear, D, Gebhart, T, Gee, S, Gelfusa, M, George, R, Gerasimov, S, Gervasini, G, Gethins, M, Ghani, Z, Gherendi, M, Ghezzi, F, Giacalone, J, Giacomelli, L, Giacometti, G, Gibson, C, Gibson, K, Gil, L, Gillgren, A, Gin, D, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Glen, R, Gloggler, S, Goff, J, Gohil, P, Goloborodko, V, Gomes, R, Goncalves, B, Goniche, M, Goodyear, A, Gore, S, Gorini, G, Gorler, T, Gotts, N, Goulding, R, Gow, E, Graham, B, Graves, J, Greuner, H, Grierson, B, Griffiths, J, Griph, S, Grist, D, Gromelski, W, Groth, M, Grove, R, Gruca, M, Guard, D, Gupta, N, Gurl, C, Gusarov, A, Hackett, L, Hacquin, S, Hager, R, Hagg, L, Hakola, A, Halitovs, M, Hall, S, Hallworth-Cook, S, Ham, C, Hamaguchi, D, Hamed, M, Hamlyn-Harris, C, Hammond, K, Harford, E, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hatano, Y, Hatch, D, Haupt, T, Hawes, J, Hawkes, N, Hawkins, J, Hayashi, T, Hazael, S, Hazel, S, Heesterman, P, Heidbrink, B, Helou, W, Hemming, O, Henderson, S, Henriques, R, Hepple, D, Herfindal, J, Hermon, G, Hill, J, Hillesheim, J, Hizanidis, K, Hjalmarsson, A, Ho, A, Hobirk, J, Hoenen, O, Hogben, C, Hollingsworth, A, Hollis, S, Hollmann, E, Holzl, M, Homan, B, Hook, M, Hopley, D, Horsley, D, Horsten, N, Horton, A, Horton, L, Horvath, L, Hotchin, S, Howell, R, Hu, Z, Huber, A, Huber, V, Huddleston, T, Huijsmans, G, Huynh, P, Hynes, A, Iliasova, M, Imrie, D, Imrisek, M, Ingleby, J, Innocente, P, Bjork, K, Isernia, N, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Ivings, E, Jablonski, S, Jachmich, S, Jackson, T, Jacquet, P, Jarleblad, H, Jaulmes, F, Rodriguez, J, Jepu, I, Joffrin, E, Johnson, R, Johnson, T, Johnston, J, Jones, C, Jones, G, Jones, L, Jones, N, Jones, T, Joyce, A, Juarez, R, Juvonen, M, Kaltiaisenaho, T, Kaniewski, J, Kantor, A, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karkinsky, D, Kashchuk, Y, Kaufman, M, Kaveney, G, Kazakov, Y, Kazantzidis, V, Keeling, D, Kelly, R, Kempenaars, M, Kennedy, C, Kennedy, D, Kent, J, Khan, K, Khilkevich, E, Kiefer, C, Kilpelainen, J, Kim, C, Kim, H, Kim, S, King, D, King, R, Kinna, D, Kiptily, V, Kirjasuo, A, Kirov, K, Kirschner, A, Kiviniemi, T, Kizane, G, Klas, M, Klepper, C, Klix, A, Kneale, G, Knight, M, Knight, P, Knights, R, Knipe, S, Knolker, M, Knott, S, Kocan, M, Kochl, F, Kodeli, I, Kolesnichenko, Y, Kominis, Y, Kong, M, Korovin, V, Kos, B, Kos, D, Koslowski, H, Kotschenreuther, M, Koubiti, M, Koziol, K, Krasilnikov, A, Krasilnikov, V, Kresina, M, Krieger, K, Krishnan, N, Krivska, A, Kruezi, U, Kukushkin, A, Kumpulainen, H, Kurki-Suonio, T, Kurotaki, H, Kwak, S, Kwon, O, Laguardia, L, Lagzdina, E, Lahtinen, A, Laing, A, Lam, N, Lambertz, H, Lane, B, Lane, C, Neto, E, Lawson, K, Lazaros, A, Lazzaro, E, Learoyd, G, Lee, C, Lee, S, Leerink, S, Leeson, T, Lefebvre, X, Leggate, H, Lehmann, J, Lehnen, M, Leichtle, D, Leipold, F, Lengar, I, Lennholm, M, Gutierrez, E, Lepiavko, B, Leppanen, J, Lerche, E, Lescinskis, A, Lewis, J, Leysen, W, Li, L, Li, Y, Likonen, J, Linsmeier, C, Lipschultz, B, Litaudon, X, Litherland-Smith, E, Liu, F, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Lobel, R, Lomanowski, B, Lomas, P, Lopez, J, Lorenzini, R, Loreti, S, Losada, U, Loschiavo, V, Loughlin, M, Louka, Z, Lovell, J, Lowe, T, Lowry, C, Lubbad, S, Luce, T, Lucock, R, Lukin, A, Luna, C, de la Luna, E, Lungaroni, M, Lungu, C, Lunt, T, Lutsenko, V, Lyons, B, Lyssoivan, A, Machielsen, M, Macusova, E, Maenpaa, R, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magness, M, Mahesan, S, Maier, H, Maingi, R, Malinowski, K, Manas, P, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Manyer, J, Manzanares, A, Maquet, P, Marceca, G, Marcenko, N, Marchetto, C, Marchuk, O, Mariani, A, Mariano, G, Marin, M, Marinelli, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marot, L, Marsden, S, Marsh, J, Marshall, R, Martellucci, L, Martin, A, Martone, R, Maruyama, S, Maslov, M, Masuzaki, S, Matejcik, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Matveev, D, Matveeva, E, Mauriya, A, Maviglia, F, Mayer, M, Mayoral, M, Mazzi, S, Mazzotta, C, Mcadams, R, Mccarthy, P, Mcclements, K, Mcclenaghan, J, Mccullen, P, Mcdonald, D, Mcguckin, D, Mchugh, D, Mcintyre, G, Mckean, R, Mckehon, J, Mcmillan, B, Mcnamee, L, Mcshee, A, Meakins, A, Medley, S, Meekes, C, Meghani, K, Meigs, A, Meisl, G, Meitner, S, Menmuir, S, Mergia, K, Merriman, S, Mertens, P, Meshchaninov, S, Messiaen, A, Michling, R, Middleton, P, Middleton-Gear, D, Mietelski, J, Milanesio, D, Milani, E, Militello, F, Asp, A, Milnes, J, Milocco, A, Miloshevsky, G, Minghao, C, Minucci, S, Miron, I, Miyamoto, M, Mlynar, J, Moiseenko, V, Monaghan, P, Monakhov, I, Moody, T, Moon, S, Mooney, R, Moradi, S, Morales, J, Morales, R, Mordijck, S, Moreira, L, Morgan, L, Moro, F, Morris, J, Morrison, K, Msero, L, Moulton, D, Mrowetz, T, Mundy, T, Muraglia, M, Murari, A, Muraro, A, Muthusonai, N, Na, Y, Nabais, F, Naden, M, Naish, J, Naish, R, Napoli, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nave, M, Nedzelskiy, I, Nemtsev, G, Nesenevich, V, Nestoras, I, Neu, R, Neverov, V, Ng, S, Nicassio, M, Nielsen, A, Nina, D, Nishijima, D, Noble, C, Nobs, C, Nocente, M, Nodwell, D, Nordlund, K, Nordman, H, Normanton, R, Noterdaeme, J, Nowak, S, Nunn, E, Nystrom, H, Oberparleiter, M, Obryk, B, O'Callaghan, J, Odupitan, T, Oliver, H, Olney, R, O'Mullane, M, Ongena, J, Organ, E, Orsitto, F, Orszagh, J, Osborne, T, Otin, R, Otsuka, T, Owen, A, Oya, Y, Oyaizu, M, Paccagnella, R, Pace, N, Packer, L, Paige, S, Pajuste, E, Palade, D, Pamela, S, Panadero, N, Panontin, E, Papadopoulos, A, Papp, G, Papp, P, Parail, V, Pardanaud, C, Parisi, J, Diaz, F, Parsloe, A, Parsons, M, Parsons, N, Passeri, M, Patel, A, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pavlichenko, R, Pavone, A, Pawelec, E, Soldan, C, Peacock, A, Pearce, M, Peluso, E, Penot, C, Pepperell, K, Pereira, R, Pereira, T, Cippo, E, Pereslavtsev, P, von Thun, C, Pericoli, V, Perry, D, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petravich, G, Petrella, N, Peyman, M, Pillon, M, Pinches, S, Pintsuk, G, de Sa, W, dos Reis, A, Piron, C, Pionr, L, Pironti, A, Pitts, R, van de Plassche, K, Platt, N, Plyusnin, V, Podesta, M, Pokol, G, Poli, F, Pompilian, O, Popovichev, S, Poradzinski, M, Porfiri, M, Porkolab, M, Porosnicu, C, Porton, M, Poulipoulis, G, Predebon, I, Prestopino, G, Price, C, Price, D, Price, M, Primetzhofer, D, Prior, P, Provatas, G, Pucella, G, Puglia, P, Purahoo, K, Pusztai, I, Putignano, O, Putterich, T, Quercia, A, Rachlew, E, Radulescu, G, Radulovic, V, Rainford, M, Raj, P, Ralph, G, Ramogida, G, Rasmussen, D, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ratynskaia, S, Rebai, M, Refy, D, Reichle, R, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Reux, C, Reynolds, S, Richiusa, M, Richyal, S, Rigamonti, D, Rimini, F, Risner, J, Riva, M, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Roach, C, Robins, R, Robinson, S, Robson, D, Rodionov, R, Rodrigues, P, Ramos, M, Rodriguez-Fernandez, P, Romanelli, F, Romanelli, M, Romanelli, S, Romazanov, J, Rossi, R, Rowe, S, Rowlands, D, Rubel, M, Rubinacci, G, Rubino, G, Ruchko, L, Ruiz, M, Ruiz, J, Ruset, C, Rzadkiewicz, J, Saarelma, S, Safi, E, Sahlberg, A, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Salmon, R, Salzedas, F, Sanders, I, Sandiford, D, Santos, B, Santucci, A, Sarkimaki, K, Sarwar, R, Sarychev, I, Sauter, O, Sauwan, P, Scapin, N, Schluck, F, Schmid, K, Schmuck, S, Schneider, M, Schneider, P, Schworer, D, Scott, G, Scott, M, Scraggs, D, Scully, S, Segato, M, Seo, J, Sergienko, G, Sertoli, M, Sharapov, S, Shaw, A, Sheikh, H, Sheikh, U, Shepherd, A, Shevelev, A, Shigin, P, Shinohara, K, Shiraiwa, S, Shiraki, D, Short, M, Sias, G, Silburn, S, Silva, A, Silva, C, Silva, J, Silvagni, D, Simfukwe, D, Simpson, J, Sinclair, D, Sipila, S, Sips, A, Siren, P, Sirinelli, A, Sjostrand, H, Skinner, N, Slater, J, Smith, N, Smith, P, Snell, J, Snoep, G, Snoj, L, Snyder, P, Soare, S, Solano, E, Solokha, V, Somers, A, Sommariva, C, Soni, K, Sorokovoy, E, Sos, M, Sousa, J, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Spelzini, T, Spineanu, F, Spong, D, Sprada, D, Sridhar, S, Srinivasan, C, Stables, G, Staebler, G, Stamatelatos, I, Stancar, Z, Staniec, P, Stankunas, G, Stead, M, Stefanikova, E, Stephen, A, Stephens, J, Stevenson, P, Stojanov, M, Strand, P, Strauss, H, Strikwerda, S, Strom, P, Stuart, C, Studholme, W, Subramani, M, Suchkov, E, Sumida, S, Sun, H, Susts, T, Svensson, J, Svoboda, J, Sweeney, R, Sytnykov, D, Szabolics, T, Szepesi, G, Tabia, B, Tadic, T, Tal, B, Tala, T, Tallargio, A, Tamain, P, Tan, H, Tanaka, K, Tang, W, Tardocchi, M, Taylor, D, Teimane, A, Telesca, G, Teplova, N, Teplukhina, A, Terentyev, D, Terra, A, Terranova, D, Terranova, N, Testa, D, Tholerus, E, Thomas, J, Thoren, E, Thorman, A, Tierens, W, Tinguely, R, Tipton, A, Todd, H, Tokitani, M, Tolias, P, Tomes, M, Tookey, A, Torikai, Y, von Toussaint, U, Tsavalas, P, Tskhakaya, D, Turner, I, Turner, M, Turnyanskiy, M, Tvalashvili, G, Tyrrell, S, Tyshchenko, M, Uccello, A, Udintsev, V, Urbanczyk, G, Vadgama, A, Valcarcel, D, Valisa, M, Olivares, P, Vallhagen, O, Van Eester, D, Varje, J, Vartanian, S, Vasilopoulou, T, Vayakis, G, Vecsei, M, Vega, J, Ventre, S, Verdoolaege, G, Verona, C, Rinati, G, Veshchev, E, Vianello, N, Viezzer, E, Vignitchouk, L, Vila, R, Villari, R, Villone, F, Vincenzi, P, Vinyar, I, Viola, B, Virtanen, A, Vitins, A, Vizvary, Z, Vlad, G, Vlad, M, Vondracek, P, de Vries, P, Wakeling, B, Walkden, N, Walker, M, Walker, R, Walsh, M, Wang, E, Wang, N, Warder, S, Warren, R, Waterhouse, J, Watts, C, Wauters, T, Weckmann, A, Maxwell, H, Weiland, M, Weisen, H, Weiszflog, M, Welch, P, Wendler, N, West, A, Wheatley, M, Wheeler, S, Whitehead, A, Whittaker, D, Widdowson, A, Wiesen, S, Wilkinson, J, Williams, J, Willoughby, D, Wilson, I, Wilson, J, Wilson, T, Wischmeier, M, Wise, P, Withenshaw, G, Withycombe, A, Witts, D, Wojcik-Gargula, A, Wolfrum, E, Wood, R, Woodley, C, Woodley, R, Woods, B, Wright, J, Xu, T, Yadikin, D, Yajima, M, Yakovenko, Y, Yang, Y, Yanling, W, Yanovskiy, V, Young, I, Young, R, Zabolockis, R, Zacks, J, Zagorski, R, Zaitsev, F, Zakharov, L, Zarins, A, Fernandez, D, Zastrow, K, Zayachuk, Y, Zerbini, M, Zhang, W, Zhou, Y, Zlobinski, M, Zocco, A, Zohar, A, Zoita, V, Zoletnik, S, Zotta, V, Zoulias, I, Zwingmann, W, and Zychor, I

Subjects
Technology, TOKAMAKS, PLASMAS, overview, CONFINEMENT, plasma facing components (PFC), ILW, tritium operations, d-t preparation, deuterium, D–T preparation, nuclear technology, JET with ITER-like wall, isotope, Física::Física de fluids::Física de plasmes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], Settore FIS/01, GAS HANDLING-SYSTEM, JET, Overview, ITER-like wall (ILW), D-T preparation, energetic particles, scenario development, Shattered Pellet Injection (SPI), plasma-wall interactions (PWI), tritium, Physics, Settore ING-IND/18 - Fisica dei Reattori Nucleari, shutdown dose-rate, gas handling-system, Condensed Matter Physics, simulation, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, ilw, confinement, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, JET with ITER-like wallisotope, ddc:620, performance, plasma facing components (pfc), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, DEUTERIUM, jet with iter-like wall, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Physics, Fluids & Plasmas, BERYLLIUM, divertor, TRITIUM, Science & Technology, Reactors de fusió, tritium operation, Nuclear energy, PERFORMANCE, beryllium, SHUTDOWN DOSE-RATE, Fusion reactors, Physics and Astronomy, JET programme, Energia nuclear, DIVERTOR, ddc:600
Abstract

The JET 2019–2020 scientific and technological programme exploited the results of years of concerted scientific and engineering work, including the ITER-like wall (ILW: Be wall and W divertor) installed in 2010, improved diagnostic capabilities now fully available, a major neutral beam injection upgrade providing record power in 2019–2020, and tested the technical and procedural preparation for safe operation with tritium. Research along three complementary axes yielded a wealth of new results. Firstly, the JET plasma programme delivered scenarios suitable for high fusion power and alpha particle (a) physics in the coming D–T campaign (DTE2), with record sustained neutron rates, as well as plasmas for clarifying the impact of isotope mass on plasma core, edge and plasma-wall interactions, and for ITER pre-fusion power operation. The efficacy of the newly installed shattered pellet injector for mitigating disruption forces and runaway electrons was demonstrated. Secondly, research on the consequences of long-term exposure to JET-ILW plasma was completed, with emphasis on wall damage and fuel retention, and with analyses of wall materials and dust particles that will help validate assumptions and codes for design and operation of ITER and DEMO. Thirdly, the nuclear technology programme aiming to deliver maximum technological return from operations in D, T and D–T benefited from the highest D–D neutron yield in years, securing results for validating radiation transport and activation codes, and nuclear data for ITER. This work has been carried out within the framework of the EUROfusion Consortium and has received funding from the Euratom research and training programme 2014–2018 and 2019–2020 under Grant Agreement No. 633053. Peer Reviewed Article signat per 1223 autors/autores: J. Mailloux1, N. Abid1, K. Abraham1, P. Abreu2, O. Adabonyan1, P. Adrich3, V. Afanasev4, M. Afzal1, T. Ahlgren5, L. Aho-Mantila6, N. Aiba7, M. Airila6, M. Akhtar1, R. Albanese8, M. Alderson-Martin1, D. Alegre9, S. Aleiferis10, A. Aleksa1, A.G. Alekseev11, E. Alessi12, P. Aleynikov13, J. Algualcil14, M. Ali1, M. Allinson1, B. Alper1, E. Alves2, G. Ambrosino8, R. Ambrosino8, V. Amosov15, E.Andersson Sunden16, P. Andrew13, B.M. Angelini17, C. Angioni18, I. Antoniou1, L.C. Appel1, C. Appelbee1, S. Aria1, M. Ariola8, G. Artaserse17, W. Arter1, V. Artigues18, N. Asakura7, A. Ash1, N. Ashikawa19, V. Aslanyan20, M. Astrain21, O. Asztalos22, D. Auld1, F. Auriemma23, Y. Austin1, L. Avotina24, E. Aymerich25, A. Baciero9, F. Bairaktaris26, J. Balbin27, L. Balbinot23, I. Balboa1, M. Balden18, C. Balshaw1, N. Balshaw1, V.K. Bandaru18, J. Banks1, Yu.F. Baranov1, C. Barcellona28, A. Barnard1, M. Barnard1, R. Barnsley13, A. Barth1, M. Baruzzo17, S. Barwell1, M. Bassan13, A. Batista2, P. Batistoni17, L. Baumane24, B. Bauvir13, L. Baylor29, P.S. Beaumont1, D. Beckett1, A. Begolli1, M. Beidler29, N. Bekris30,31, M. Beldishevski1, E. Belli32, F. Belli17, É. Belonohy1, M. Ben Yaala33, J. Benayas1, J. Bentley1, H. Bergsåker34, J. Bernardo2, M. Bernert18, M. Berry1, L. Bertalot13, H. Betar35, M. Beurskens36, S. Bickerton1, B. Bieg37, J. Bielecki38, A. Bierwage7, T. Biewer29, R. Bilato18, P. Bílková39, G. Birkenmeier18, H. Bishop1, J.P.S. Bizarro2, J. Blackburn1, P. Blanchard40, P. Blatchford1, V. Bobkov18, A. Boboc1, P. Bohm39, T. Bohm41, I. Bolshakova42, T. Bolzonella23, N. Bonanomi18, D. Bonfiglio23, X. Bonnin13, P. Bonofiglo43, S. Boocock1, A. Booth1, J. Booth1, D. Borba2,30, D. Borodin44, I. Borodkina39,44, C. Boulbe45, C. Bourdelle27, M. Bowden1, K. Boyd1, I.Bozicevic Mihalic46, S.C. Bradnam1, V. Braic47, L. Brandt48, R. Bravanec49, B. Breizman50, A. Brett1, S. Brezinsek44, M. Brix1, K. Bromley1, B. Brown1, D. Brunetti1,12, R. Buckingham1, M. Buckley1, R. Budny, J. Buermans51, H. Bufferand27, P. Buratti17, A. Burgess1, A. Buscarino28, A. Busse1, D. Butcher1, E.de la Cal9, G. Calabrò52, L. Calacci53, R. Calado2, Y. Camenen54, G. Canal55, B. Cannas25, M. Cappelli17, S. Carcangiu25, P. Card1, A. Cardinali17, P. Carman1, D. Carnevale53, M. Carr1, D. Carralero9, L. Carraro23, I.S. Carvalho2, P. Carvalho2, I. Casiraghi56, F.J. Casson1, C. Castaldo17, J.P. Catalan14, N. Catarino2, F. Causa12, M. Cavedon18, M. Cecconello16, C.D. Challis1, B. Chamberlain1, C.S. Chang43, A. Chankin18, B. Chapman1,57, M. Chernyshova58, A. Chiariello8, P. Chmielewski58, A. Chomiczewska58, L. Chone59, G. Ciraolo27, D. Ciric1, J. Citrin60, Ł. Ciupinski61, M. Clark1, R. Clarkson1, C. Clements1, M. Cleverly1, J.P. Coad1, P. Coates1, A. Cobalt1, V. Coccorese8, R. Coelho2, J.W. Coenen44, I.H. Coffey62, A. Colangeli17, L. Colas27, C. Collins29, J. Collins1, S. Collins1, D. Conka24, S. Conroy16, B. Conway1, N.J. Conway1, D. Coombs1, P. Cooper1, S. Cooper1, C. Corradino28, G. Corrigan1, D. Coster18, P. Cox1, T. Craciunescu63, S. Cramp1, C. Crapper1, D. Craven1, R. Craven1, M.Crialesi Esposito48, G. Croci56, D. Croft1, A. Croitoru63, K. Crombe51,64, T. Cronin1, N. Cruz2, C. Crystal32, G. Cseh22, A. Cufar65, A. Cullen1, M. Curuia66, T. Czarski58, H. Dabirikhah1, A.Dal Molin56, E. Dale1, P. Dalgliesh1, S. Dalley1, J. Dankowski38, P. David18, A. Davies1, S. Davies1, G. Davis1, K. Dawson1, S. Dawson1, I.E. Day1, M. De Bock13, G. De Temmerman13, G. De Tommasi8, K. Deakin1, J. Deane1, R. Dejarnac39, D. Del Sarto35, E. Delabie29, D. Del-Castillo-Negrete29, A. Dempsey67, R.O. Dendy1,57, P. Devynck27, A. Di Siena18, C. Di Troia17, T. Dickson1, P. Dinca63, T. Dittmar44, J. Dobrashian1, R.P. Doerner68, A.J.H. Donne´69, S. Dorling1, S. Dormido-Canto70, D. Douai27, S. Dowson1, R. Doyle67, M. Dreval71, P. Drewelow36, P. Drews44, G. Drummond1, Ph. Duckworth13, H. Dudding1,72, R. Dumont27, P. Dumortier51, D. Dunai22, T. Dunatov46, M. Dunne18, I. Duran39, F. Durodie51, R. Dux18, A. Dvornova27, R. Eastham1, J. Edwards1, Th. Eich18, A. Eichorn1, N. Eidietis32, A. Eksaeva44, H. El Haroun1, G. Ellwood13, C. Elsmore1, O. Embreus73, S. Emery1, G. Ericsson16, B. Eriksson16, F. Eriksson74, J. Eriksson16, L.G. Eriksson75, S. Ertmer44, S. Esquembri21, A.L. Esquisabel76, T. Estrada9, G. Evans1, S. Evans1, E. Fable18, D. Fagan1, M. Faitsch18, M. Falessi17, A. Fanni25, A. Farahani1, I. Farquhar1, A. Fasoli40, B. Faugeras45, S. Fazinic46, F. Felici40, R. Felton1, A. Fernandes2, H. Fernandes2, J. Ferrand1, D.R. Ferreira2, J. Ferreira2, G. Ferrò53, J. Fessey1, O. Ficker39, A.R. Field1, A. Figueiredo2, J. Figueiredo2,30, A. Fil1, N. Fil1,20, P. Finburg1, D. Fiorucci23, U. Fischer31, G. Fishpool1, L. Fittill1, M. Fitzgerald1, D. Flammini17, J. Flanagan1, K. Flinders1, S. Foley1, N. Fonnesu17, M. Fontana40, J.M. Fontdecaba9, S. Forbes1, A. Formisano8, T. Fornal58, L. Fortuna28, E. Fortuna-Zalesna61, M. Fortune1, C. Fowler1, E. Fransson74, L. Frassinetti34, M. Freisinger44, R. Fresa8, R. Fridström34, D. Frigione53, T. Fülöp73, M. Furseman1, V. Fusco24, S. Futatani17, D. Gadariya77, K. Gál69, D. Galassi40, K. Gałazka58, S. Galeani53, D. Gallart78, R. Galvao55, Y. Gao44, J. Garcia27, M. García-Muñoz79, M. Gardener1, L. Garzotti1, J. Gaspar80, R. Gatto81, P. Gaudio53, D. Gear1, T. Gebhart29, S. Gee1, M. Gelfusa53, R. George1, S.N. Gerasimov1, G. Gervasini12, M. Gethins1, Z. Ghani1, M. Gherendi63, F. Ghezzi12, J.C. Giacalone27, L. Giacomelli12, G. Giacometti54, C. Gibson1, K.J. Gibson72, L. Gil2, A. Gillgren74, D. Gin4, E. Giovannozzi17, C. Giroud1, R. Glen1, S. Glöggler18, J. Goff1, P. Gohil32, V. Goloborodko82, R. Gomes2, B. Gonçalves2, M. Goniche27, A. Goodyear1, S. Gore1, G. Gorini56, T. Görler18, N. Gotts1, R. Goulding43, E. Gow1, B. Graham1, J.P. Graves40, H. Greuner18, B. Grierson43, J. Griffiths1, S. Griph1, D. Grist1, W. Gromelski58, M. Groth59, R. Grove29, M. Gruca58, D. Guard1, N. Gupta1, C. Gurl1, A. Gusarov83, L. Hackett1, S. Hacquin27,30, R. Hager43, L. Hägg16, A. Hakola6, M. Halitovs24, S. Hall1, S.A. Hall1, S. Hallworth-Cook1, C.J. Ham1, D. Hamaguchi7, M. Hamed27, C. Hamlyn-Harris1, K. Hammond1, E. Harford1, J.R. Harrison1, D. Harting1, Y. Hatano84, D.R. Hatch50, T. Haupt1, J. Hawes1, N.C. Hawkes1, J. Hawkins1, T. Hayashi7, S. Hazael1, S. Hazel1, P. Heesterman1, B. Heidbrink85, W. Helou13, O. Hemming1, S.S. Henderson1, R.B. Henriques2, D. Hepple1, J. Herfindal29, G. Hermon1, J. Hill1, J.C. Hillesheim1, K. Hizanidis26, A. Hjalmarsson16, A. Ho60, J. Hobirk18, O. Hoenen13, C. Hogben1, A. Hollingsworth1, S. Hollis1, E. Hollmann68, M. Hölzl18, B. Homan45, M. Hook1, D. Hopley1, J. Horácek39, D. Horsley1, N. Horsten59, A. Horton1, L.D. Horton30,40, L. Horvath1,72, S. Hotchin1, R. Howell1, Z. Hu56, A. Huber44, V. Huber44, T. Huddleston1, G.T.A. Huijsmans13, P. Huynh27, A. Hynes1, M. Iliasova4, D. Imrie1, M. Imrísek39, J. Ingleby1, P. Innocente23, K. Insulander Björk73, N. Isernia8, I. Ivanova-Stanik58, E. Ivings1, S. Jablonski58, S. Jachmich13,30,51, T. Jackson1, P. Jacquet1, H. Järleblad86, F. Jaulmes39, J.Jenaro Rodriguez1, I. Jepu63, E. Joffrin27, R. Johnson1, T. Johnson34, J. Johnston1, C. Jones1, G. Jones1, L. Jones1, N. Jones1, T. Jones1, A. Joyce1, R. Juarez14, M. Juvonen1, P. Kalnin¸ a24, T. Kaltiaisenaho6, J. Kaniewski1, A. Kantor1, A. Kappatou18, J. Karhunen5, D. Karkinsky1, Yu Kashchuk87, M. Kaufman29, G. Kaveney1, Ye.O. Kazakov51, V. Kazantzidis26, D.L. Keeling1, R. Kelly1, M. Kempenaars13, C. Kennedy1, D. Kennedy1, J. Kent1, K. Khan1, E. Khilkevich4, C. Kiefer18, J. Kilpeläinen59, C. Kim32, Hyun-Tae Kim1,30, S.H. Kim13, D.B. King1, R. King1, D. Kinna1, V.G. Kiptily1, A. Kirjasuo6, K.K. Kirov1, A. Kirschner44, T. kiviniemi59, G. Kizane24, M. Klas88, C. Klepper29, A. Klix31, G. Kneale1, M. Knight1, P. Knight1, R. Knights1, S. Knipe1, M. Knolker32, S. Knott89, M. Kocan13, F. Köchl1, I. Kodeli65, Y. Kolesnichenko82, Y. Kominis26, M. Kong1, V. Korovin71, B. Kos65, D. Kos1, H.R. Koslowski44, M. Kotschenreuther50, M. Koubiti54, E. Kowalska-Strzeciwilk ˛ 58, K. Koziol3, A. Krasilnikov87, V. Krasilnikov13,15, M. Kresina1,27, K. Krieger18, N. Krishnan1, A. Krivska51, U. Kruezi13, I. Ksia˛zek ˙ 90, A.B. Kukushkin11, H. Kumpulainen59, T. Kurki-Suonio59, H. Kurotaki7, S. Kwak36, O.J. Kwon91, L. Laguardia12, E. Lagzdina24, A. Lahtinen5, A. Laing1, N. Lam1, H.T. Lambertz44, B. Lane1, C. Lane1, E.Lascas Neto40, E. Łaszynska58, K.D. Lawson1, A. Lazaros26, E. Lazzaro12, G. Learoyd1, Chanyoung Lee92, S.E. Lee84, S. Leerink59, T. Leeson1, X. Lefebvre1, H.J. Leggate67, J. Lehmann1, M. Lehnen13, D. Leichtle31,93, F. Leipold13, I. Lengar65, M. Lennholm1,75, E. Leon Gutierrez9, B. Lepiavko82, J. Leppänen6, E. Lerche51, A. Lescinskis24, J. Lewis1, W. Leysen83, L. Li44, Y. Li44, J. Likonen6, Ch. Linsmeier44, B. Lipschultz72, X. Litaudon27,30, E. Litherland-Smith1, F. Liu27,30, T. Loarer27, A. Loarte13, R. Lobel1, B. Lomanowski29, P.J. Lomas1, J.M. Lopez21, R. Lorenzini23, S. Loreti17, U. Losada9, V.P. Loschiavo8, M. Loughlin13, Z. Louka1, J. Lovell29, T. Lowe1, C. Lowry1,75, S. Lubbad1, T. Luce13, R. Lucock1, A. Lukin94, C. Luna95, E.de la Luna9, M. Lungaroni53, C.P. Lungu63, T. Lunt18, V. Lutsenko82, B. Lyons32, A. Lyssoivan51, M. Machielsen40, E. Macusova39, R. Mäenpää59, C.F. Maggi1, R. Maggiora96, M. Magness1, S. Mahesan1, H. Maier18, R. Maingi43, K. Malinowski58, P. Manas18,54, P. Mantica12, M.J. Mantsinen97, J. Manyer78, A. Manzanares98, Ph. Maquet13, G. Marceca40, N. Marcenko87, C. Marchetto99, O. Marchuk44, A. Mariani12, G. Mariano17, M. Marin60, M. Marinelli53, T. Markovicˇ39, D. Marocco17, L. Marot33, S. Marsden1, J. Marsh1, R. Marshall1, L. Martellucci53, A. Martin1, A.J. Martin1, R. Martone8, S. Maruyama13, M. Maslov1, S. Masuzaki19, S. Matejcik88, M. Mattei8, G.F. Matthews1, D. Matveev44, E. Matveeva39, A. Mauriya2, F. Maviglia8, M. Mayer18, M.-L. Mayoral1,69, S. Mazzi54, C. Mazzotta17, R. McAdams1, P.J. McCarthy89 K.G. McClements1, J. McClenaghan32, P. McCullen1, D.C. McDonald1, D. McGuckin1, D. McHugh1, G. McIntyre1, R. McKean1, J. McKehon1, B. McMillan57, L. McNamee1, A. McShee1, A. Meakins1, S. Medley1, C.J. Meekes60,100, K. Meghani1, A.G. Meigs1, G. Meisl18, S. Meitner29, S. Menmuir1, K. Mergia10, S. Merriman1, Ph. Mertens44, S. Meshchaninov15, A. Messiaen51, R. Michling57, P. Middleton1, D. Middleton-Gear1, J. Mietelski38, D. Milanesio96, E. Milani53, F. Militello1, A.Militello Asp1, J. Milnes1, A. Milocco56, G. Miloshevsky101, C. Minghao1, S. Minucci52, I. Miron63, M. Miyamoto102, J. Mlynár39,103, V. Moiseenko71, P. Monaghan1, I. Monakhov1, T. Moody1, S. Moon34, R. Mooney1, S. Moradi51, J. Morales27, R.B. Morales1, S. Mordijck104, L. Moreira1, L. Morgan1, F. Moro17, J. Morris1, K.-M. Morrison1, L. Msero13,33, D. Moulton1, T. Mrowetz1, T. Mundy1, M. Muraglia54, A. Murari23,30, A. Muraro12, N. Muthusonai1, B. N’Konga45, Yong-Su Na92, F. Nabais2, M. Naden1, J. Naish1, R. Naish1, F. Napoli17, E. Nardon27, V. Naulin86, M.F.F. Nave2, I. Nedzelskiy3, G. Nemtsev15, V. Nesenevich4, I. Nestoras1, R. Neu18, V.S. Neverov11, S. Ng1, M. Nicassio1, A.H. Nielsen86, D. Nina2, D. Nishijima105, C. Noble1, C.R. Nobs1, M. Nocente56, D. Nodwell1, K. Nordlund5, H. Nordman13, R. Normanton1, J.M. Noterdaeme18, S. Nowak12, E. Nunn1, H. Nyström34, M. Oberparleiter74, B. Obryk38, J. O’Callaghan1, T. Odupitan1, H.J.C. Oliver1,50, R. Olney1, M. O’Mullane106, J. Ongena51, E. Organ1, F. Orsitto8, J. Orszagh88, T. Osborne32, R. Otin1, T. Otsuka107, A. Owen1, Y. Oya108, M. Oyaizu7, R. Paccagnella23, N. Pace1, L.W. Packer1, S. Paige1, E. Pajuste24, D. Palade63, S.J.P. Pamela1, N. Panadero9, E. Panontin56, A. Papadopoulos26, G. Papp18, P. Papp88, V.V. Parail1, C. Pardanaud54, J. Parisi1,109, F.Parra Diaz109, A. Parsloe1, M. Parsons29, N. Parsons1, M. Passeri53, A. Patel1, A. Pau40, G. Pautasso18, R. Pavlichenko71, A. Pavone36, E. Pawelec90, C.Paz Soldan110, A. Peacock1,75, M. Pearce1, E. Peluso53, C. Penot13, K. Pepperell1, R. Pereira2, T. Pereira2, E.Perelli Cippo12, P. Pereslavtsev107, C. Perez von Thun58, V. Pericoli58, D. Perry1, M. Peterka39, P. Petersson34, G. Petravich22, N. Petrella1, M. Peyman1, M. Pillon17, S. Pinches13, G. Pintsuk44, W. Pires de Sá55, A. Pires dos Reis55, C. Piron17, L. Pionr23,111, A. Pironti8, R. Pitts13, K.L. van de Plassche60, N. Platt1, V. Plyusnin2, M. Podesta43, G. Pokol22, F.M. Poli43, O.G. Pompilian63, S. Popovichev1, M. Poradzinski58, M.T. Porfiri17, M. Porkolab20, C. Porosnicu63, M. Porton1, G. Poulipoulis112, I. Predebon23, G. Prestopino53, C. Price1, D. Price1, M. Price1, D. Primetzhofer16, P. Prior1, G. Provatas46, G. Pucella17, P. Puglia40, K. Purahoo1, I. Pusztai73, O. Putignano56, T. Pütterich18, A. Quercia8, E. Rachlew73, G. Radulescu29, V. Radulovic65, M. Rainford1, P. Raj31, G. Ralph1, G. Ramogida17, D. Rasmussen29, J.J. Rasmussen86, G. Rattá9, S. Ratynskaia113, M. Rebai12, D. Refy22, R. Reichle13, M. Reinke29, D. Reiser44, C. Reux27, S. Reynolds1, M.L. Richiusa1, S. Richyal1, D. Rigamonti12, F.G. Rimini1, J. Risner29, M. Riva17, J. Rivero-Rodriguez79, C.M. Roach1, R. Robins1, S. Robinson1, D. Robson1, R. Rodionov87, P. Rodrigues2, M.Rodriguez Ramos109, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez3, F. Romanelli74, M. Romanelli1, S. Romanelli1, J. Romazanov44, R. Rossi53, S. Rowe1, D. Rowlands1,30, M. Rubel34, G. Rubinacci8, G. Rubino52, L. Ruchko55, M. Ruiz21, J.Ruiz Ruiz109, C. Ruset63, J. Rzadkiewicz3, S. Saarelma1, E. Safi5, A. Sahlberg16, M. Salewski86, A. Salmi6, R. Salmon1, F. Salzedas2,114, I. Sanders1, D. Sandiford1, B. Santos2, A. Santucci17, K. Särkimäki73, R. Sarwar1, I. Sarychev1, O. Sauter40, P. Sauwan14, N. Scapin48, F. Schluck44, K. Schmid18, S. Schmuck12, M. Schneider13, P.A. Schneider18, D. Schwörer67, G. Scott1, M. Scott1, D. Scraggs1, S. Scully1, M. Segato1, Jaemin Seo92, G. Sergienko44, M. Sertoli1, S.E. Sharapov1, A. Shaw1, H. Sheikh1, U. Sheikh40, A. Shepherd1, A. Shevelev4, P. Shigin13, K. Shinohara115, S. Shiraiwa43, D. Shiraki29, M. Short1, G. Sias25, S.A. Silburn1, A. Silva2, C. Silva2, J. Silva1, D. Silvagni18, D. Simfukwe1, J. Simpson1,59, D. Sinclair1, S.K. Sipilä59, A.C.C. Sips75, P. Siren5, A. Sirinelli13, H. Sjöstrand16, N. Skinner1, J. Slater1, N. Smith1, P. Smith1, J. Snell1, G. Snoep60, L. Snoj65, P. Snyder32, S. Soare63, E.R. Solano9, V. Solokha59, A. Somers67, C. Sommariva40, K. Soni33, E. Sorokovoy71, M. Sos39, J. Sousa2, C. Sozzi12, S. Spagnolo23, T. Spelzini1, F. Spineanu63, D. Spong29, D. Sprada1, S. Sridhar27, C. Srinivasan1, G. Stables1, G. Staebler32, I. Stamatelatos10, Z. Stancar65, P. Staniec1, G. Stankunas116, M. Stead1, E. Stefanikova34, A. Stephen1, J. Stephens1, P. Stevenson1, M. Stojanov1, P. Strand74, H.R. Strauss117, S. Strikwerda1, P. Ström34, C.I. Stuart1, W. Studholme1, M. Subramani1, E. Suchkov88, S. Sumida7, H.J. Sun1, T.E. Susts24, J. Svensson36, J. Svoboda39, R. Sweeney20, D. Sytnykov71, T. Szabolics22, G. Szepesi1, B. Tabia1, T. Tadic´46, B. Tál18, T. Tala6, A. Tallargio1, P. Tamain27, H. Tan1, K. Tanaka19, W. Tang43, M. Tardocchi12, D. Taylor1, A.S. Teimane24, G. Telesca58, N. Teplova4, A. Teplukhina43, D. Terentyev83, A. Terra44, D. Terranova23, N. Terranova17, D. Testa40, E. Tholerus1,34, J. Thomas1, E. Thoren113, A. Thorman1, W. Tierens18, R.A. Tinguely20, A. Tipton1, H. Todd1, M. Tokitani19, P. Tolias113, M. Tomes39, A. Tookey1, Y. Torikai118, U. von Toussaint18, P. Tsavalas10, D. Tskhakaya39,119, I. Turner1, M. Turner1, M.M. Turner67, M. Turnyanskiy1,69, G. Tvalashvili1, S. Tyrrell1, M. Tyshchenko82, A. Uccello12, V. Udintsev13, G. Urbanczyk27, A. Vadgama1, D. Valcarcel1, M. Valisa23, P.Vallejos Olivares34, O. Vallhagen73, M. Valovicˇ1, D. Van Eester51, J. Varje59, S. Vartanian27, T. Vasilopoulou10, G. Vayakis13, M. Vecsei22, J. Vega9, S. Ventre8, G. Verdoolaege64, C. Verona53, G.Verona Rinati53, E. Veshchev13, N. Vianello23, E. Viezzer79, L. Vignitchouk113, R. Vila9, R. Villari17, F. Villone8, P. Vincenzi23, I. Vinyar94, B. Viola17, A.J. Virtanen59, A. Vitins24, Z. Vizvary1, G. Vlad17, M. Vlad63, P. Vondrácek39, P.de Vries13, B. Wakeling1, N.R. Walkden1, M. Walker1, R. Walker1, M. Walsh13, E. Wang44, N. Wang1, S. Warder1, R. Warren1, J. Waterhouse1, C. Watts13, T. Wauters51, A. Weckmann34, H.Wedderburn Maxwell1, M. Weiland18, H. Weisen40, M. Weiszflog16, P. Welch1, N. Wendler58, A. West1, M. Wheatley1, S. Wheeler1, A. Whitehead1, D. Whittaker1, A. Widdowson1, S. Wiesen44, J. Wilkinson1, J.C. Williams1, D. Willoughby1, I. Wilson1, J. Wilson1, T. Wilson1, M. Wischmeier18, P. Wise1, G. Withenshaw1, A. Withycombe1, D. Witts1, A. Wojcik-Gargula38, E. Wolfrum18, R. Wood1, C. Woodley1, R. Woodley1, B. Woods1, J. Wright1, J.C. Wright20, T. Xu1, D. Yadikin74, M. Yajima19, Y. Yakovenko82, Y. Yang13, W. Yanling44, V. Yanovskiy39, I. Young1, R. Young1, R.J. Zabolockis24, J. Zacks1, R. Zagorski3, F.S. Zaitsev88, L. Zakharov5, A. Zarins24, D. Zarzoso Fernandez54, K.-D. Zastrow1, Y. Zayachuk1, M. Zerbini17, W. Zhang18, Y. Zhou34, M. Zlobinski44, A. Zocco36, A. Zohar65, V. Zoita63, S. Zoletnik22, V.K. Zotta81, I. Zoulias1, W. Zwingmann2 and I. Zychor3 // 1 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2 Instituto de Plasmas e Fusao Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal 3 National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), 05-400 Otwock-Swierk, Poland 4 Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, St Petersburg 194021, Russia 5 University of Helsinki, PO Box 43, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland 6 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044 VTT, Finland 7 National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka, Ibaraki 311-0193, Japan 8 Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy 9 Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain 10 NCSR ‘Demokritos’ 153 10, Agia Paraskevi Attikis, Greece 11 NRC Kurchatov Institute, 1 Kurchatov Square, Moscow 123182, Russia 12 Institute for Plasma Science and Technology, CNR, via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy 13 ITER Organization, Route de Vinon-sur-Verdon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint Paul Lez Durance Cedex, France 14 Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia, Dept Ingn Energet, Calle Juan del Rosal 12, E-28040 Madrid, Spain 15 Troitsk Insitute of Innovating and Thermonuclear Research (TRINITI), Troitsk 142190, Moscow Region, Russia 16 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden 17 Dip.to Fusione e Tecnologie per la Sicurezza Nucleare, ENEA C. R. Frascati, via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati (Roma), Italy 18 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, D-85748 Garching, Germany 19 National Institute for Fusion Science, Oroshi, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan 20 MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America 21 Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Grupo I2A2, Madrid, Spain 22 Centre for Energy Research, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary 23 Consorzio RFX, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy 24 University of Latvia, 19 Raina Blvd., Riga, LV 1586, Latvia 25 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Piazza d’Armi 09123 Cagliari, Italy 26 National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Politechniou 9, 157 73 Zografou, Athens, Greece 27 CEA, IRFM, F-13108 Saint Paul Lez Durance, France 28 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica Elettronica e Informatica, Università degli Studi di Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy 29 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, TN, United States of America 30 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Culham Science Centre, Culham, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 31 Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, PO Box 3640, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 32 General Atomics, PO Box 85608, San Diego, CA 92186-5608, United States of America 33 Department of Physics, University of Basel, Switzerland 34 Fusion Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden 35 Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198, CNRS-Université de Lorraine, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France 36 Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Teilinsitut Greifswald, D-17491 Greifswald, Germany 37 Maritime University of Szczecin Faculty of Marine Engineering, Waly Chrobrego 1-2, 70-500 Szczecin, Poland 38 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland 39 Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czech Republic 40 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, United States of America 42 Magnetic Sensor Laboratory, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine 43 Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08543, NJ, United States of America 44 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Plasmaphysik, 52425 Jülich, Germany 45 Université Cote d’Azur, CNRS, Inria, LJAD, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 02, France 46 Ruder Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia 47 The National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 48 Mechanics, SCI, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 49 Fourth State Research, 503 Lockhart Dr, Austin, TX, United States of America 50 University of Texas at Austin, Institute for Fusion Studies, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America 51 Laboratory for Plasma Physics LPP-ERM/KMS, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium 52 University of Tuscia, DEIM, Via del Paradiso 47, 01100 Viterbo, Italy 53 Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, Roma, Italy 54 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, PIIM, UMR 7345, 13013 Marseille, France 55 Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Mat˜ao Travessa R Nr.187, CEP 05508-090 Cidade Universitária, Sao Paulo, Brasil 56 University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy 57 Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 58 Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland 59 Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FIN-00076 Aalto, Finland 60 FOM Institute DIFFER, Eindhoven, The Netherlands 61 Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland 62 Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 63 The National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest, Romania 64 Department of Applied Physics, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 65 Slovenian Fusion Association (SFA), Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 66 The National Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technology, Ramnicu Valcea, Romania 67 Dublin City University (DCU), Dublin, Ireland 68 University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States of America 69 EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany 70 UNED, Dpto. Informática y Automática, Madrid, Spain 71 National Science Center ‘Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology’, Akademichna 1, Kharkiv 61108, Ukraine 72 York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 73 Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 74 Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden 75 European Commission, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium 76 University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, TN, United States of America 77 Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 78 Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 79 Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain 80 Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IUSTI, UMR 7343, 13013 Marseille, France 81 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Astronautica, Elettrica ed Energetica, SAPIENZA Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy 82 Institute for Nuclear Research, Prospekt Nauky 47, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 83 Studiecentrum voor Kernenergie—Centre d’Etude de l’Energie Nucléaire, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium 84 University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan 85 University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States of America 86 Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Bldg 309, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark 87 Institution ‘Project Center ITER’, Moscow, 123182, Russia 88 Faculty of Mathematics, Department of Experimental Physics, Physics and Informatics Comenius University Mlynska dolina F2, 84248 Bratislava, Slovakia 89 University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland 90 Institute of Physics, Opole University, Oleska 48, 45-052 Opole, Poland 91 Daegu University, Jillyang, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-174, Republic of Korea 92 Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 93 Fusion for Energy Joint Undertaking, Josep Pl. 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019, Barcelona, Spain 94 PELIN LLC, 27a, Gzhatskaya Ulitsa, Saint Petersburg, 195220, Russia 95 Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America 96 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, I-10129 Torino, Italy 97 ICREA and Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain 98 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain 99 Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi—CNR and Dipartimento di Energia—Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy 100 Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands 101 Purdue University, 610 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States of America 102 Department of Material Science, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504, Japan 103 Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Brehová 78/7, 115 19 Praha 1, Czech Republic 104 College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, United States of America 105 University of California, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, CA 94607, United States of America 106 University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 107 Kindai University, Higashi-Osaka, 577-8502, Japan 108 Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 109 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 110 Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America 111 Dipartimento di Fisica ‘G. Galilei’, Universita’ degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy 112 Space and Plasma Physics, EECS, KTH SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden 113 University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupoli Ioanninon, PO Box 1186, 45110 Ioannina, Greece 114 Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Engenharia, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal 115 The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan 116 Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos g. 3, LT-44403, Kaunas, Lithuania 117 HRS Fusion, West Orange, NJ, United States of America 118 Ibaraki University Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 119 Technische Universität Wien, Fusion@ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Austria

Full Text
View/download PDF

18. Design studies on electronics and data acquisition of a real time diamond spectrometer for the SPARC neutron camera.

Author

Petruzzo M, Celora A, Croci G, Gallo E, Gorini G, Grosso G, Nocente M, Parisi M, Putignano O, Raj P, Rigamonti D, Rebai M, Reinke M, Scioscioli F, Tardocchi M, and Tedoldi L

Abstract

The design of a compact 2 × 2 diamond matrix with independent and redundant pixels optimized for the spectrometric neutron camera of the SPARC tokamak is presented in this article. Such a matrix overcomes the constraints in dynamic range posed by the size of a single diamond sensor while keeping the ability to perform energy spectral analysis, marking a significant advancement in tokamak neutron diagnostics. A charge pre-amplifier based on radio frequency amplifiers based on InGaP technology transistors, offering up to 2 GHz bandwidth with high robustness against radiation, has been developed. A first single-channel device has been tested and proven to provide a fast signal development time of 20-25 ns, necessary to mitigate pileup effects while offering precise energy measurements. As the diamond sensors may suffer from polarization effects due to the trapping of charges at the diamond/metal interface, a periodical bias inversion can guarantee optimal performance. To facilitate that, a reversible high voltage power supply has been developed. The ongoing development of data acquisition equipment and real-time processing algorithms based on programmable gate arrays further enhances the neutron camera's capabilities., (© 2024 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.)

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

19. Measurement of the Gamma-Ray-to-Neutron Branching Ratio for the Deuterium-Tritium Reaction in Magnetic Confinement Fusion Plasmas.

Author

Dal Molin A, Marcer G, Nocente M, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, Angelone M, Bracco A, Camera F, Cazzaniga C, Craciunescu T, Croci G, Dalla Rosa M, Giacomelli L, Gorini G, Kazakov Y, Khilkevitch EM, Muraro A, Panontin E, Perelli Cippo E, Pillon M, Putignano O, Scionti J, Shevelev AE, Žohar A, and Tardocchi M

Abstract

At present, magnetic confinement fusion devices rely solely on absolute neutron counting as a direct way of measuring fusion power. Absolute counting of deuterium-tritium gamma rays could provide the secondary neutron-independent technique required for the validation of scientific results and as a licensing tool for future power plants. However, this approach necessitates an accurate determination of the gamma-ray-to-neutron branching ratio. The gamma-ray-to-neutron branching ratio for the deuterium-tritium reaction ^{3}H(^{2}H,γ)^{5}He/^{3}H(^{2}H,n)^{4}He was determined in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas at the Joint European Torus in predominantly deuterium beam heated plasmas. The branching ratio was found to be equal to (2.4±0.5)×10^{-5} over the deuterium energy range of (80±20)  keV. This accurate determination of the deuterium-tritium branching ratio paves the way for a direct and neutron-independent measurement of fusion power in magnetic confinement fusion reactors, based on the absolute counting of deuterium-tritium gamma rays.

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

20. Development of fast 2.5 MeV neutron detectors for high-intensity stray magnetic field environments.

Author

Molin AD, Guiotto F, Putignano O, Rosa MD, Franz P, Grosso G, Monguzzi A, Cippo EP, Pollice L, Rigamonti D, Tedoldi LG, Zuin M, and Tardocchi M

Abstract

Several small to medium-scale magnetic confinement fusion devices operate using deuterium as fuel. These low neutron rate (108-1010 n/s) devices rely on 2.45 MeV neutron measurements to validate physical models and to assess their performance. Given the modest rate, neutron monitors have to be placed as close as possible to the machine to maximize data gathering. In these regions, intense stray magnetic fields could affect the detector's performance. In this work, the development of a neutron detector based on an EJ-276D scintillator crystal coupled with a SiPM and a custom-made readout system is presented. The detector has particle discrimination capability and is insensitive to magnetic fields., (© 2024 Author(s). All article content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).)

Published
2024
Full Text
View/download PDF

21. Conceptual design of a GEM (gas electron multiplier) based gas Cherenkov detector for measurement of 17 MeV gamma rays from T(D, γ) 5 He in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas.

Author

Putignano O, Croci G, Muraro A, Cancelli S, Caruggi F, Gorini G, Grosso G, Kushoro MH, Marcer G, Nocente M, Cippo EP, Rebai M, Rigamonti D, and Tardocchi M

Abstract

The only method for assessing the fusion power throughput of a deuterium-tritium (DT) reactor presently relies on determining the absolute number of 14 MeV neutrons produced in the DT plasma. An independent method, developed and investigated during the recent DT campaign at the Joint European Torus, is based on the absolute counting of 17 MeV gamma rays produced by the competing T(D, γ) 5 He reaction that features a very weak branching ratio (about 3-6 × 10 -6 ) when compared to the main T(D, n) 4 He reaction. The state-of-the-art spectrometer used for gamma-ray measurements in magnetic confinement fusion plasmas is LaBr 3 (Ce) scintillator detectors, although they require significant neutron shielding to extract a relatively weak gamma-ray signal from a much more abundant neutron field. A better approach relies on a gamma-ray detector that is intrinsically insensitive to neutrons. We have advanced the design of a gamma-ray counter based on the Cherenkov effect for gamma-rays whose energy exceeds 11 MeV, optimized to work in the neutron-rich environment of a steady-state, magnetically confined fusion plasma device. The gamma-rays interact with an aluminum window and extract electrons that move into the radiator emitting photons via the Cherenkov effect. Since the Cherenkov light consists of few photons (25 on average) in the far UV band (100-200 nm), a pre-amplifier is required to transport the photons to the neutron-shielded location, which may be a few meters away, where the readout elements of the detector, either a silicon or standard photomultiplier tube, are placed. The present work focuses on the development of a scintillating GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) based pre-amplifier that acts as a Cherenkov photon pre-amplifier and wavelength shifter. This paper presents the result of a set of Garfield++ simulations developed to find the optimal GEM working parameters. A photon gain of 100 is obtained by biasing a single GEM foil to 1 kV.

Published
2023
Full Text
View/download PDF

22. Fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics in the Joint European Torus deuterium-tritium 2 campaign (invited).

Author

Nocente M, Kiptily V, Tardocchi M, Bonofiglo PJ, Craciunescu T, Molin AD, De La Luna E, Eriksson J, Garcia J, Ghani Z, Gorini G, Hägg L, Kazakov Y, Lerche E, Maggi CF, Mantica P, Marcer G, Maslov M, Putignano O, Rigamonti D, Salewski M, Sharapov S, Siren P, Stancar Z, Zohar A, Beaumont P, Crombe K, Ericsson G, Garcia-Munoz M, Keeling D, King D, Kirov K, Nave MFF, Ongena J, Patel A, and Perez von Thun C

Abstract

A new deuterium-tritium experimental, DTE2, campaign has been conducted at the Joint European Torus (JET) between August 2021 and late December 2021. Motivated by significant enhancements in the past decade at JET, such as the ITER-like wall and enhanced auxiliary heating power, the campaign achieved a new fusion energy world record and performed a broad range of fundamental experiments to inform ITER physics scenarios and operations. New capabilities in the area of fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics were available as a result of a decade long enhancement program. These have been tested for the first time in DTE2 and a concise overview is provided here. Confined alpha particle measurements by gamma-ray spectroscopy were successfully demonstrated, albeit with limitations at neutron rates higher than some 10 17 n/s. High resolution neutron spectroscopy measurements with the magnetic proton recoil instrument were complemented by novel data from a set of synthetic diamond detectors, which enabled studies of the supra-thermal contributions to the neutron emission. In the area of escaping fast ion diagnostics, a lost fast ion detector and a set of Faraday cups made it possible to determine information on the velocity space and poloidal distribution of the lost alpha particles for the first time. This extensive set of data provides unique information for fundamental physics studies and validation of the numerical models, which are key to inform the physics and scenarios of ITER.

Published
2022
Full Text
View/download PDF

23. The novel Mechanical Ventilator Milano for the COVID-19 pandemic.

Author

Abba A, Accorsi C, Agnes P, Alessi E, Amaudruz P, Annovi A, Desages FA, Back S, Badia C, Bagger J, Basile V, Batignani G, Bayo A, Bell B, Beschi M, Biagini D, Bianchi G, Bicelli S, Bishop D, Boccali T, Bombarda A, Bonfanti S, Bonivento WM, Bouchard M, Breviario M, Brice S, Brown R, Calvo-Mozota JM, Camozzi L, Camozzi M, Capra A, Caravati M, Carlini M, Ceccanti A, Celano B, Cela Ruiz JM, Charette C, Cogliati G, Constable M, Crippa C, Croci G, Cudmore S, Dahl CE, Dal Molin A, Daley M, Di Guardo C, D'Avenio G, Davignon O, Del Tutto M, De Ruiter J, Devoto A, Diaz Gomez Maqueo P, Di Francesco F, Dossi M, Druszkiewicz E, Duma C, Elliott E, Farina D, Fernandes C, Ferroni F, Finocchiaro G, Fiorillo G, Ford R, Foti G, Fournier RD, Franco D, Fricbergs C, Gabriele F, Galbiati C, Garcia Abia P, Gargantini A, Giacomelli L, Giacomini F, Giacomini F, Giarratana LS, Gillespie S, Giorgi D, Girma T, Gobui R, Goeldi D, Golf F, Gorel P, Gorini G, Gramellini E, Grosso G, Guescini F, Guetre E, Hackman G, Hadden T, Hawkins W, Hayashi K, Heavey A, Hersak G, Hessey N, Hockin G, Hudson K, Ianni A, Ienzi C, Ippolito V, James CC, Jillings C, Kendziora C, Khan S, Kim E, King M, King S, Kittmer A, Kochanek I, Kowalkowski J, Krücken R, Kushoro M, Kuula S, Laclaustra M, Leblond G, Lee L, Lennarz A, Leyton M, Li X, Liimatainen P, Lim C, Lindner T, Lomonaco T, Lu P, Lubna R, Lukhanin GA, Luzón G, MacDonald M, Magni G, Maharaj R, Manni S, Mapelli C, Margetak P, Martin L, Martin S, Martínez M, Massacret N, McClurg P, McDonald AB, Meazzi E, Migalla R, Mohayai T, Tosatti LM, Monzani G, Moretti C, Morrison B, Mountaniol M, Muraro A, Napoli P, Nati F, Natzke CR, Noble AJ, Norrick A, Olchanski K, Ortiz de Solorzano A, Padula F, Pallavicini M, Palumbo I, Panontin E, Papini N, Parmeggiano L, Parmeggiano S, Patel K, Patel A, Paterno M, Pellegrino C, Pelliccione P, Pesudo V, Pocar A, Pope A, Pordes S, Prelz F, Putignano O, Raaf JL, Ratti C, Razeti M, Razeto A, Reed D, Refsgaard J, Reilly T, Renshaw A, Retriere F, Riccobene E, Rigamonti D, Rizzi A, Rode J, Romualdez J, Russel L, Sablone D, Sala S, Salomoni D, Salvo P, Sandoval A, Sansoucy E, Santorelli R, Savarese C, Scapparone E, Schaubel T, Scorza S, Settimo M, Shaw B, Shawyer S, Sher A, Shi A, Skensved P, Slutsky A, Smith B, Smith NJT, Stenzler A, Straubel C, Stringari P, Suchenek M, Sur B, Tacchino S, Takeuchi L, Tardocchi M, Tartaglia R, Thomas E, Trask D, Tseng J, Tseng L, VanPagee L, Vedia V, Velghe B, Viel S, Visioli A, Viviani L, Vonica D, Wada M, Walter D, Wang H, Wang MHLS, Westerdale S, Wood D, Yates D, Yue S, and Zambrano V

Abstract

This paper presents the Mechanical Ventilator Milano (MVM), a novel intensive therapy mechanical ventilator designed for rapid, large-scale, low-cost production for the COVID-19 pandemic. Free of moving mechanical parts and requiring only a source of compressed oxygen and medical air to operate, the MVM is designed to support the long-term invasive ventilation often required for COVID-19 patients and operates in pressure-regulated ventilation modes, which minimize the risk of furthering lung trauma. The MVM was extensively tested against ISO standards in the laboratory using a breathing simulator, with good agreement between input and measured breathing parameters and performing correctly in response to fault conditions and stability tests. The MVM has obtained Emergency Use Authorization by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic and Health Canada Medical Device Authorization for Importation or Sale, under Interim Order for Use in Relation to COVID-19. Following these certifications, mass production is ongoing and distribution is under way in several countries. The MVM was designed, tested, prepared for certification, and mass produced in the space of a few months by a unique collaboration of respiratory healthcare professionals and experimental physicists, working with industrial partners, and is an excellent ventilator candidate for this pandemic anywhere in the world., (© 2021 Author(s).)

Published
2021
Full Text
View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources
See catalog results